Latin: imbali yophuhliso. Ngawo amayeza

Xa iYurophu umiwe ngabantu abathetha iilwimi ngoku obizwa ngokuba kwabafileyo, oko kukuthi, yiya kokusetyenziswa buncokola. Omnye wabo - ulwimi Latin. Imbali yophuhliso yayo iqala kokuba ixesha lethu, kodwa abantu basebenzisa namhlanje, kwinkulungwane xxi. Ukufunda le ulwimi isisifundo enyanzelekileyo kumaziko amaninzi emfundo. Yintoni Latin? Esifunda ngayo? Iimpendulo - kweli nqaku.

lidala

Homeland Latin - Rome Ancient. Abantu ngokuba lowo le ulwimi unina owayephila BC ngenkulungwane II. Kodwa baye bafunda ukuba babhale kakhulu kamva. Imbali ulwimi Latin ngokusondeleyo ezinxulumene ne kudala. Oku kuchazwa yimpucuko ezazikho phambi zamaXesha Aphakathi. Malunga nabantu bakhe mihla bayazi ngenxa mpumelelo yenkcubeko amaRoma namaGrike. AmaRoma amukela kakhulu ukusuka abemi izifundiswa ngakumbi Greece, kuquka isithethe boncwadi.

Le yabhalwa

Imbali ulwimi Latin, njengayo nayiphi na, ngokuxhomekeke periodization. Zeelwimi kunye mbali bodwa ixesha akudala, bamandulo postclassical. Ngoxa AmaRoma uhlanga abadibenanga, baye bethetha lwakudala Latin. Kodwa ke eyomeleleyo yaba uBukhosi baseRoma, inkcubeko ngamanye, kwaye nalo ulwimi. upelo senziwe, ukuba sele isiya isohluka nangakumbi. AmaRoma baqala ukuthetha nokubhala ulwimi, ngoku ekuthiwa yaduma Latin. Ke ngoko abanye abemi we bukhosi waqalisa ukuguqulela imisebenzi amaGrike, yaye udale into entsha. Nokufika ubuchule iincwadi zamandulo zamaGrike namaRoma uqalisa zehlabathi ukubhala kunye nemibongo.

iincwadi

Nokufundiswa kwayo nayiphi na intsimi zobugcisa - na, ngaphezu kwabo bonke, imbali ulwimi Latin. Ukuvela waseRoma kunye nophuhliso yayo inkcubeko waba negalelo elikhulu inkcubeko yehlabathi. Okokuqala, kweli lizwe kwakukho imithetho iincwadi zonqulo e Latin. Emva koko wathi kubo, nababhali. Umntu wokuqala eRoma mandulo, nto leyo unomdla kakhulu iifom zesihobe - yi Liviy Andronik. Kodwa akazange abhale nto yabo, kodwa nje iguqulelwe umbongo enkulu kaHomer kaThixo. abantwana baseRoma ixesha elide wafunda ukubhalwa incwadi malunga neyokudinga ezimangalisayo Odysseus.

Le ncwadi yokuqala

Imbali umdla ulwimi Latin kunye noncwadi lu dityanisiwe ubuncinane esonwabisa ubomi zopolitiko eRoma yamandulo. Iimfazwe kunye nezinye iintlekele ziye udale isizukulwana esitsha neembongi nababhali abangazange ukuguqulela imisebenzi kwamanye amazwe, kunye nokudala imibhalo aseRoma lweenkobe. Gnaeus Nevij, umzekelo, wabhala le ntlekele eyahlulelwe ukuya kwenye Punic Wars.

Ukongeza, njengoko kwiintlanga zonke, namaRoma amabali zabo, apho iimbongi ukudala imisebenzi zoncwadi. Iinkolelo waseRoma Intshabalalo yaMandulo ukufundela abantwana besikolo kunye nabafundi. Ukwazi le ibonwe kuyimfuneko kuba le apho ababhali laseRoma yamandulo esondela izifundo. Yaye, bona, waboleka isithethe nababhali kamva. Imbali ukuvela nophuhliso ulwimi Latin kukwanxulunyaniswa amagama afana Plautus, Virgil, Horace. Amazwi zefilosofi baseRoma, ababhali, abezopolitiko kunye izilwi ezisetyenziswa kwintetho yanamhlanje. Nangona ezinqabileyo kule yokuqala.

Zeziphi iilwimi baka Latin?

Kuba abo bafunda nzulu Italian, iSpanish okanye isiFrentshi, isiLatini kubaluleke kakhulu. Imbali kuphuhliso wakhe yenye amacandelo Romance Studies - isayensi lifunda inani elikhulu ngeelwimi, nto leyo ngukhokho nto bemi eRoma yamandulo. Latin - izifundo kunyanzeliswe ikhono of philology kunye Ezolimi. Nangona uqeqesho kukho idla kuphela uguqulelo iitekisi, unkqaya izaci isifundo ezisisiseko negrama. Kodwa oku ngokwaneleyo ukuqonda amazwi amaninzi kangakanani isiFrentshi, Italian okanye naluphi na olunye ulwimi na Romance neyemboleko bexesha bakhe, Virgil kunye Horace.

abanemvume

In the Ages Aphakathi, isiLatini, ngaphezu kwabo bonke, ulwimi ibandla. Yaye ekubeni ibandla kwakuxhomekeke yonke, yaye olu lwimi ukho kuzo zonke iinkalo zobomi. Izazinzulu ngeli xesha zaqokelelwa kakuhle ukufunda nokubhala lidala, wafundela luphuculwe Latin, imibhalo abazinikeleyo ezininzi nesihloko ezibalulekileyo ezifana kwimbali ulwimi Latin. Ngokufutshane lohlulwe ngezigaba eziliqela. Ngaphandle esidala, classical nasemva weklasiki, qelele njengoko Latin ephakathi.

Nokuba sele kwelanga Mandulo Latin akazange athi kuphela abantu abantsundu, abangafundanga. EYurophu, amaxwebhu asemthethweni kunye nembalelwano ushishino olwenziwa kuphela ngolo lwimi. Kwihlabathi jikelele eluntwini ingakumbi kubekho utshintsho, kwaye oku kuchaphazela nto. Kuye sazivelela, kuvela izinto ezintsha lungelelanisa. Kodwa xa lo wolwimi ukuba kwindawo yesibini, wahlala isifundo enyanzelekileyo kuzo zonke izikolo.

Latin kwaba isifundo esingundoqo amagqwetha elizayo, ukuba kukho ukuthetha malunga noogqirha. Xa inoveli "The Life of Monsieur de Moliere" yi M. Bulgakov uchaza ngalisayo inkqubo noqeqesho kweli xesha. Ophambili le ncwadi, umbhali edume comedy Moliere kaThixo, umfana nzima ke Wafunda isiLatini, ukuba maxa wambi kwabonakala kuye ukuba igama lakhe lingabalulekanga Jean-Baptiste, kunye Zhoganes Baptistus.

Ezithathwe noHippocrates

Xa amajoni anobukroti amaRoma wawoyisa amaGrike phambili, baye bakwazi ukusebenzisa hayi nje impumelelo yenkcubeko yamaGrike, kodwa zenzululwazi. Okokuqala, apho ukuqalisa - ukufunda iincwadi noHippocrates. Oku bafunda ndoda, njengokuba usazi, yaba ngunozala impiliso zamaGrike. Imbali kuphuhliso lolwimi Latin amayeza ebuyela ngqo nezi transfers.

amayeza

Amanye amagama zamandulo zamaGrike ngonaphakade intetho zamaRoma. bezele zizinto abantu oyisa, kodwa ekuhambeni kwexesha kwabonakala kunye noogqirha zabo. Eyona idumileyo - Klavdiy Galen. Le Scientist wabhala ngaphezu kwekhulu imisebenzi. ingqalelo ekhethekileyo wahlawula imiqathango, ekholelwa ukuba ziyinxalenye ebalulekileyo imicimbi zonyango. Kodwa amaxhwele yokuqala eRoma mandulo kwakusekho njengabathinjwe kwanamaGrike. ekuhambeni kwexesha, amakhoboka bafumene inkululeko yabo, wafundisa ezikolweni. Ekuqaleni, bonke magama kuphela isiGrike, kodwa imbali ulwimi Latin kunye nesigama zonyango zihlobene. Ngokuboleka ngolwimi noHippocrates ukuya intetho koogqirha baseRoma ngonyaka ngamnye uya uncipha.

Iinkqubo uCelsus

Negalelo elikhulu kuphuhliso lwesigama zonyango wazisa Aulus Korneliy Tsels. Le ndoda ubuntu ubhetyebhetye, waye lweli ukutshintshwa kwamagama emveli isiGrike Latin zonyango. UCelsus wabhala imisebenzi yakhe ngolwimi lwabo lweenkobe. umsebenzi lo gqirha uye waba imfuno indalo kwesigama yokunyanga abantu kule mihla.

In the Ages Dark zophuhliso amayeza bama. Njengoko, ke, nazo zonke ezinye amasebe yenzululwazi. Amalungelo Society of the Church. Kwadlula ukungazi. Kuba phantse leminyaka imithi yaseYurophu apho waba akukho tshintsho. I-Arabhu, elingumthombo, Siphumeze lukhulu kule ndawo. Kwaye xa iyeza eYurophu wamkhumbula, kuqala, saqalisa uphuhliso lwemicimbi zonyango - yinguqulelo kwisiLatin of azibhala Arab, leyo, ngasendleleni, kukho nto kodwa inguqulelo evela yesiGrike.

Renaissance

Va XIV kunye ngenkulungwane XVI eYurophu kokuba azalwe, ngokukodwa amayeza. Oogqirha kwaphinde kuleyo yeelwimi eyabhalwa ngazo mandulo. Kwiinkulungwane wadala ulwimi zonyango jikelele. Oogqirha abahlala kumazwe ahlukeneyo aseYurophu kufuneka ukuba baqonda nomunye. iincwadi ezipapashiweyo kunye nezichazi-magama. Ngenkulungwane XV, kwafunyaniswa kwelinye iilayibrari zisebenza nilibale ugqirha waseRoma uCelsus. umsebenzi Roman Yaba ishicilelwe, yaye isigama esisetyenziswe ngoogqirha ehlabathini jikelele namhlanje.

Vezaliy Andreas - ugqirha enkulu anatomist kwexesha. Le Scientist yaba itshati yokwakheka, ngokusekelwe kumsebenzi umbhali waseRoma zibhaliwe. Ukongezelela gretsizmov ezikhoyo, waba ngumseki kunye amagama amatsha Latin. Noko ke, abaninzi kubo kamva waphuma nokusetyenziswa.

komthetho wamaRoma

nempembelelo kwi isigama labameli Latin. Imbali umthetho uthatha inemvelaphi kwithiyori Umthetho. Oko kukuthi, kuba ngumthombo lwesigama ngeelwimi ezininzi. Isizathu kukuba kanye amagama. Latinism kuba yipropathi kwenkqubo yezomthetho mihla. A indima enkulu apha kukuba kwinkalo esemthethweni amaxwebhu aphakathi zabuya kuphela in Latin. Ngenxa yale fund terminological ngamazwe yasekwa.

Kwezinye iilwimi, amagama anxulumene isigama zomthetho, uthethe namhlanje Latin, ngaphandle naluphi utshintsho kwenziwa. Inani elikhulu Latinisms ekhoyo kakhulu kwiilwimi Romance. Iqela German kwezo yokuzifaka ngaphantsi.

philology

ngeelwimi elizayo kwakhona ukufunda Latin. Indima ulwimi kwinkqubo yemfundo zobunene enkulu. Ekwakuthethwe kuye kwafika zonke iilwimi Romance. Ngokuboleka intetho lamaRoma amandulo kunye ezikhoyo namhlanje isigama le isiFrentshi, abavela kunye baseSpeyin. Ngako oko, kuba abafundi philology yamaRoma, kubaluleke kangaka Latin. Imbali igrama, nefonetiki kunye namanye amacandelo Ezolimi - konke kufuneka ukwazi olunzulu Ukufunda ulwimi lwasemzini.

Latin zaba nempembelelo kakhulu kwi lokuqulunqa nokuphuhlisa iilwimi ezininzi, ngoko kubalulekile ukuba abawafundi nje kuphela amagqwetha elizayo kunye noogqirha. Umfundi ulwimi Latin, aniphe isigama sakho kwaye yenza kube lula ukufunda amagama amatsha. Kuyinto alfabhethi Latin sisiseko zonke iilwimi zaseYurophu, kunye noshicilelo phonetic wenqwelwana.

Kwakhona Latin yiyo egqibayo ulwimi mihla Russian. Iqulethe amagama ngaphezu alishumi lamawaka ababevela ngolwimi yamandulo yamaRoma.