Customs Union - yintoni na le nto? State of the Customs Union

I-Customs Union amiliswe ngenjongo yokudala indawo enye, yaye ngaphakathi kuso kukho imisebenzi amasiko kunye nezithintelo kwezoqoqosho. Ngaphandle ke zembuyekezo, ezikhuselayo kunye namanyathelo anti-inkunkuma. Customs Union ibandakanya ukusetyenziswa lweerhafu amasiko aqhelekileyo kunye namanye amanyathelo anjongo ukulawula urhwebo impahla kunye namazwe angaphandle.

definition

Customs Union - ezitshatileyo eziliqela ithi ilungu, leyo kuqhuba imisebenzi ndibanisela kwinkalo nkqubo amasiko. Kwakhona uyekwa imisebenzi amasiko kunye nomda phakathi kwamaqela, nangenxa kwamanye amazwe angenise uluhlu lwamaxabiso amasiko aqhelekileyo.

indaba

Le manyano lokuqala ezinjalo zavela kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba, ogama nxaxheba France kunye Monaco.

Ngenkulungwane yokuqala yamashumi amabini, waqukumbela Customs Union - yi Switzerland kunye seLizwe Liechtenstein. Unako kwakhona Yenza umzekelo kokugqitywa zenkulungwane yamashumi amabini, isiVumelwano Jikelele ngomhla lwamaxabiso kunye noRhwebo, i-European Economic Community lasekwa ngo-1957, nto leyo nya zonke izithintelo kurhwebo phakathi kwamaqela, yaye yaseka lwamaxabiso amasiko aqhelekileyo urhwebo namazwe wesithathu. I-Association European kwasekwa 1960 lorhwebo olukhululekileyo, leyo wapheliswa irhafu kwi amasiko kunye nezithintelo lobuninzi kwamalungu association yorhwebo.

Amazwe abathatha inxaxheba eEC kunye namazwe afta kusekho umahluko akhoyo kwimimiselo amasiko akukho imisebenzi eqhelekileyo kurhwebo, kumazwe yali abanayo Customs Union, kodwa izivumelwano ebandakanya intsebenziswano kunye noncedo mutual kwimiba amasiko.

izixhobo eziqhelekileyo, iindlela kunye neefom zobhaliso kwempahla ziye zaqaliswa mboniso zorhwebo. izivumelwano Ityikitywe ngomhla lula zavunyelwa. Ezi zivumelwano ukukhawulezisa ukuhamba kwempahla, ukomeleza kwiimalike zehlabathi nokuthintela zonke iintlobo zokuphula.

Ngo-2010 yena wadalwa iyuniyoni amasiko eyodwa, ebandakanya Russia, Kazakhstan kunye Belarus. Oku kubandakanya ukudalwa ummandla amasiko abangatshatanga kwaye inikeza yonke imisebenzi yolawulo.

Kulo nyaka, wangena endlwini Customs Union of Kyrgyzstan, Russia, kwangaxeshanye eqinisa isikhundla sayo.

Ukwamkelwa koMgaqo-Customs Union

October 6, 2007 asayina iSivumelwano phakathi Russian Federation, Belarus kunye Kazakhstan engokutshintshwa umanyano amasiko omnye.

NgoJulayi 1, 2010 ngokungqinelana ne-Code Customs waba intsimi amasiko olunye yokusebenza kumazwe amathathu.

Bayiyeka isibhengezo kunye nobhaliso kwi nezithethe kwi kwimida amazwe amathathu. Impahla Ungasa ngaphandle ukucoca, leyo iqeda iindleko. Zihamba lula kakhulu kwaye kunciphisa iindleko impahla lokuthumela.

Emva kummandla Union kuvela Space Eliqhelekileyo Economic (CES) nge omnye abasebenza emarikeni iinkonzo, nto leyo ukongeza kurhwebo luquka iinkonzo kunye nezinye iindawo ezininzi msebenzi.

2015 Customs Union yabalasela umcimbi omtsha. elinye ilungu yokungena mbutho wenza utshintsho abanye geopolitics. Isakhiwo entsha lombutho Customs Union (Kyrgyzstan, eRashiya, Kazakhstan kunye nabanye) ziya ukwandisa ubudlelwane borhwebo kumazwe NB.

Overview

Customs Union - umbutho ejolise ekuphuculeni kwinqanaba kwezoqoqosho States Lungu. market wadala abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi 180 nemali turnover of $ 900 ezigidi.

Umqukumbelo iimpahla Customs Union ukuba ukuhamba ngokukhululekileyo kulo mmandla kunye nesenzo jikelele.

Ukuba kumazwe angaphandle ababhala Enyanisweni, umsebenzi Excise ukuhlawulwa ayikho kuyimfuneko, kwaye izinga VAT zero.

Kwimeko kwempahla eRashiya evela Kazakhstan kunye Belarus, abasemagunyeni irhafu Russian ukurhafisa umsebenzi izinto zekhaya kunye VAT. Customs Union - yinto ifomu lula kunye neendleko-esebenzayo yentsebenziswano.

isakhiwo

Amalungu NB zombutho (Customs Union)

- Russia kunye Kazakhstan (ukusukela 01.07.2010).

- Belarus (ukusuka kwiminyaka 06.07.2010).

- Armenia (ukusuka kwiminyaka 10.10.2014).

- Kyrgyzstan (ukusuka kwiminyaka 08.05.2015).

Abaviwa zobulungu:

- Tajikistan.

- Aram.

- Tunisia.

Kunye nale amazwe umviwa Customs Union ingqalelo kwixa elizayo. Ukwandiswa lombutho akwazi ukuphucula kwimarike yehlabathi. amazwe umgqatswa Login ye-Customs Union (Tajikistan, Syria, Tunisia) - ithemba yamazwe aphuhlileyo ngakumbi ngenxa yokwanda yezikhundla zabo.

amabhunga olawulo

nebhunga lolawulo Ephakamileyo - i-International Council of IiNtloko zoMbuso nezooRhulumente. Kwakhona, ngokutsho kwisivumelwano esekwe kwiKomishoni i-Customs Union, nto leyo umzimba esisigxina ezingummiselo.

Amaziko ezisemagunyeni eziphezulu ngo-2009 wayeqhuba amanyathelo esibanzi ukwenzela ekhuselekileyo isiseko kwisivumelwano somsebenzi ne esemthethweni ye-Customs Union.

Xa isigqibo abongameli yamazwe ilungu le-Union yasekwa Economic Commission njenge ulawulo supranational esisigxina regulatory umzimba, nto leyo ilawulwe Ephakamileyo kwiBhunga lezoQoqosho yaseYurophu.

The main eziluncedo

Izinto eziluncedo iphambili ye-Customs Union kuba kwezolimo xa kuthelekiswa ne kwindawo yorhwebo sikhululekile:

• Ngomhla kummandla Customs Union yehla kakhulu iindleko edala, inkqubo kunye nentshukumo kweempahla.
• ixesha neendleko ezezimali, Vuka ngenxa nezithintelo zolawulo, zehla kakhulu.
• Inani kweenkqubo amasiko ezifunekayo elingaphesheya ukungeniswa kwempahla abavela kumazwe angaphandle lihlile.
• Ziluncedo iimarike, entsha impahla.
• Ubunye umthetho amasiko kwakhokelela ekubeni lula yayo.

I-Customs Union kunye WTO

Xa inkqubo nokudalwa Customs Union iye yavakalisa amaxhala amaninzi malunga nemimiselo ntswela isithuthi kunye nemithetho WTO.

Ngo-2011, lo mbutho uwonke ushwankathelwa up zonke iirhafu zayo ukuthobela ngokupheleleyo kunye nemigaqo ye-WTO. Ukuba urhulumente we-Customs Union uya kungena WTO, uya phambili WTO imithetho.

Ngo-2012, iRashiya wajoyina i-WTO, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekubeni sokuvuselela Common Customs weRhafu yamazwe Customs Union ngokungqinelana neemfuno WTO. Inqanaba 90 pesenti imisebenzi yokungenisa yahlala injalo.

ngaphakathi

NgoNovemba 2014 intsingiselo enyama Belarus eRashiya yavalwa. Lo mqulu malunga 400,000 neetoni. Nangona kunjalo, kwicala Russian lithathe amanyathelo qinisa ulawulo lwempahla ahanjiswayo anqumla umda Belarus, yaye kuchasene imithetho olulula wenqwelwana kwempahla, ezisebenzayo kummandla Customs Union.

Abakhi mkhanya waphawula ingxubevange kakuhle iindlela ze-Customs Union kunye indlela kwakhona kumazwe angaphandle-eRashiya kwavalwa impahla zaseYurophu. Umzekelo, ongenisa neentlanzi Belarus, apho kungekho eKFC elwandle, ukwanda nge-98 ekhulwini eRashiya.

Belarusian uMongameli AG Lukashenka Ndacaphuka yi izithintelo ze kwicala Russian icala Russia lokwaphula imithetho ye-Customs Union kanye nokudelela umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe.

Ngokutsho kwabo babukeleyo, amanqaku, imithetho abe kwindawo, njengoko apho kwimeko kwezithintelo ngu Russia kurhwebo ukuthuthwa kweempahla icala Belarusian unalo ilungelo ukuthobela imiqathango yesivumelwano.

Ngowe-2015 Belarus wabuyela ulawulo umda umda Russian, ngoko besaphula imiqathango EAEC iSivumelwano. Kwathiwa isaziso ukwala anokubakho engange njenge lwemali zokuhlala kunye nembuyekezo zentlawulo zeedola US. iingcali Russian bakholelwa ukuba meko, ukudityaniswa kwemimandla iwa phantsi ukuhlasela.

ukugxekwa

Ngo-2010, bezama yimikhosi inkcaso ukuhlela-zimvo ngenxa yokulahlwa isivumelwano senziwa. Kazakhstan wenza ibango ulwaphulo kwamalungelo geqe.

Kuye kwenziwa ezigxekayo le-Customs Union kwezi zinto zilandelayo:

• Ill-kuchaziwe ngokwemigaqo yorhwebo kunye nokuqiniselwa iimpahla.
• iimeko WTO zabekwa iRussia ku Kazakhstan kunye Belarus, ezo amalungu mibutho ngasentla na.
• Engenayo kunye neerisithi kusolwa ngokungafanelekanga isasazwe phakathi kwamazwe athatha inxaxheba.
• I-Customs Union anisizakali njenge current project kunye nxaxheba ezinokubakho.

Ngelo xesha, uphando lubonisa ukuba inani yezizathu ezizinzululwazi i-Customs Union namaqondo zoncedo nenzuzo nxaxheba bayo.

Bekukwakho wacebisa ukuba Customs iManyano phantom, akunakwenzeka njengeziko ngumntu yezopolitiko.

Imibono kuluntu

Ngo-2012, i-Centre for Uhlanganiso Research uluvo uhlolisiso yabanjwa kwi yaseYurophu Development Bank. Olu phando zabandakanya ico kunye eGeorgia. Lo mbuzo wabuzwa: "Uvakalelwa njani malunga nento yokuba uqoqosho Belarus, Kazakhstan naseRashiya ziye simanyene?". iimpendulo ezilandelayo yamkelwe, engenayo kunye nokusebenzisa ngobulungu kwi-Customs Union:

- Tajikistan: "positive" 76%, "abakhathaleli '17%" ezimbi "2%.

- Kazakhstan: "positive" 80%, "abakhathaleli '10%" ezimbi "5%.

- Russia: "positive" 72%, "abakhathaleli '17%" ezimbi "4%.

- Uzbekistan: "positive" 67%, "abakhathaleli '14%" ezimbi "2%.

- Kyrgystan: "positive" 67%, "abakhathaleli '15%" ezimbi "8%.

- Moldova "Ngokuqinisekileyo" 65%, "abakhathaleli '20%" ezimbi "7%.

- Armenia: "positive" 61%, "abakhathaleli '26%" ezimbi "6%.

- Belarus: "positive" 60%, "abakhathaleli '28%" ezimbi "6%.

- Ukraine: "positive" 57%, "abakhathaleli '31%" ezimbi "6%.

- Azerbaijan: "positive" 38%, "abakhathaleli '46%" ezimbi "11%.

- Georgia: "positive" 30%, "abakhathaleli '39%" ezimbi "6%.

imibono isazi

Ngokutsho kuNobhala Customs Union Commission Sergeya Glazeva, NB kuyingenelo zombini ngokwemiqathango geopolitics, kwaye ngokubhekiselele kuqoqosho. Le Kuyimpumelelo enkulu ukuba ziyanceda ezininzi engenakuphikwa ukuya States amaqela.

Ngokutsho FTF Russian inkokheli Andrei Belyaninov kwinkomfa ngo-2009, i-Customs Union ekuqaleni ukusebenza kwayo kuya kudala iingxaki kumashishini kunye namagunya namasiko, kodwa loo nto yinto nje xesha lotshintsho.

UMongameli Belarus Alexander Lukashenko sinika inkcazelo ye-Customs Union njengenyathelo ngakumbi ukuqinisekisa ukuba indalo kwindawo enye koqoqosho, eya kuba ifomu efanelekileyo lobudlelwane kwezoqoqosho phakathi kwamazwe athatha inxaxheba.