Labantu Afghanistan. Afghanistan Abemi: nobuni yobuhlanga kunye nobuninzi

Afghanistan - ilizwe eyaziwa kuthi, ngelishwa, ingxelo emkhosini. Ekhalela ekulweni ngoozwilakhe zeenkqubo okolofashistskie, ekuweni epheleleyo kwezoqoqosho - zonke ezi zinto negalelo kubemi Afghanistan.

Kwenzeka ntoni nge kweli lizwe ngoku?

Afghanistan endleleni eya ukuzimela

History of Afghanistan waqalisa kumaxesha amandulo. Okokuqala malunga nabantu abahlala la mazwe, ababalulwa nguHerodotus ubabiza paktienami. Umbhali-mbali yena engazange abe kwezi ndawo yaye esazi malunga Afghan amandulo kuphela emilonyeni zabanye. Paktienov UHerodotus uchazwa bakhona, benxibe izikhumba zezilwanyana. Enye imbekiselo elibalulekileyo Afghan esiyifumana encwadini yeembali Chinese.

Ngenkulungwane XI, aba bantu Uchaze mbali Arab Abu Nasr Muhammad. Wathi Afghanistan ubomi ezincotsheni zeentaba kunye nabakhenkethi abapasa rob. Nangona ezi iinkcazelo, aba bantu ngokukhawuleza amkele inkcubeko "ephucukile". Ulwamkelo lokugqibela Islam bobabo kwinkulungwane XIII.

Kwangaxeshanye, intsimi Afghanistan elitsha ezoyiswa Mongols.

Kwinkulungwane XVIII ilizwe sele yinxalenye uBukhosi basePersi. Afghanistan waphakamisa eziqhubekayo eziliqela yaye bakwazi ukuyila ubulawuli ezimbini ezizimeleyo.

umbuso wokuqala Afghanistan waba uBukhosi Durrani, yasekwa ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XVIII. Kungekudala, Afghanistan liye enkundleni yomzabalazo phakathi Russian kunye uBukhosi British. Isizathu sokuba leyo indawo elilungileyo geographical kweli lizwe. Ngowe-1919 Britain Kwanyanzeleka ukuqaphela ukuzimela karhulumente.

modernity

Ngowe-1973 ukumkani indawo yi kombuso inkqubo republic, kwaye ezintlanu bamlandela revolution, nto leyo ikhokelele uMongameli Daoud wabulawa. AmaKomanisi. Urhulumente omtsha ngoko nangoko liqalise inyathelo olukhulu. ukulahlwa ekhethekileyo emasikweni yabangela secularization.

Ilizwe yaqalisa imfazwe yamakhaya. ESoviet Union wayikhupha imikhosi ku Afghanistan ukunceda ekujonganeni Mujahideen, leyo ngemali yi-United States, China kunye namanye amazwe. Ukuqhubeka uxhathiso ngenkani eSoviet Union ukurhoxisa amajoni ayo.

Kwiminyaka 90 ukuzuza amandla Taliban intshukumo, bavakalisa ngokwabo ukuba uyawalwela umdla Pashtuns (ngoko bazibize Afghanistan). IBhodi le qela bawankqaya yabemi Afghanistan njengoko ngexesha zobandlululo nenkohlakalo.

Emva September 11, 2001, eli lizwe uyazifihla bin Laden. Esi sizathu sokuba kweMelika. Emva kokuwa Taliban ulawulo wambumba urhulumente mihla - Islamic Republic of Afghanistan.

Imfazwe Civil usaqhubeka.

Afghanistan Abemi: Isishwankathelo

Sele sibonile, imbali yeli lizwe kwakungelula. Lonke uluntu lwehlabathi uthetha Ndibandezelekile kakhulu Afghanistan, kunye inani lasekwa ngo iimfazwe eziqhubekayo.

Ngubani kweli lizwe Ngokutsho koqikelelo ezahlukeneyo abemi abantu abamalunga nezigidi ezingama-30. labemi Afghanistan kaThixo ayiqondakali zasedolophini. Belali benza 80%. Literacy esezantsi. Nmb ukufunda 45% yamadoda%-15 kuphela abasetyhini.

Afghanistan uhlala ilizwe ngokwaneleyo namhlanje. Nangona into yokuba umfazi ngamnye uzala-avareji abantwana 6, lokusweleka kweentsana lelona liphezulu ehlabathini. Iminyaka Life ingadluli kwiminyaka 45.

Pashtuns

State of Afghanistan akukho ukufana ezahlukahlukeneyo. Abantu abaninzi baninzi - Pashtuns. Inkoliso yabantu beli uhlanga ohlala eIndiya, njengoko e Afghanistan, apho phambili uhlanga, bahlala% 30 kuphela inani elipheleleyo labantu. Thetha Pashto ulwimi, lalo kwiqela Iranian.

Ngomhla ubuso Pashtuns mihla yabonisa kwimbali yamandulo Afghanistan. Ngubani na phakathi kwabo na division ngamandla kakhulu rhoqo yesizwe.

Olawula ukuziphatha lwentlalo Pashtunwali Code. Imithetho ye iqumrhu ivame elifuna. Umzekelo, umthetho Islamic ithi ukuqinisekisa ubunyani tshintsho kufuneka amangqina ezine, yaye imithetho Pashtun wedwa amarhe ngokwaneleyo. Umfazi ahluthwe ilungelo ilifa lomhlaba, nangona elifuna ukuba wabeka inxenye yempahla emtshatweni. umthetho Islamic okunqanda uDlamini igazi, yaye Pashtunwali uthetha ngqo malunga imfuneko yalo.

Aba bantu babambelele Cartoon Islam. Taliban wasebenzisa version yayo emikhulu.

Tajiks

Tajiks benza malunga nama-30% (njengoko uqikelelo ezahlukeneyo) Abantu e Afghanistan. Abemi kunzima ukubala ngenxa neemeko zasekuhlaleni kunye nobunzima ukuhamba ngexesha lemfazwe.

Tajiks, Pashtuns kwahlukile ikakhulu ukuzinikela isebe Shiite of Islam. Nomsebenzi yemveli aba bantu - ezolimo. Usapho ugcina Amanxiwa iyantlukwano ngokobuzwe yamandulo. indlela Ngokwemveli kwesilisa yobomi.

Uzbeks

Yaye inxalenye enkulu ezizweni Turkish abathetha ulwimi Afghanistan. Uluhlu ikhokelwe Uzbeks. Eyona engundoqo Umsebenzi we-Uzbeks - ezolimo.

Kwiindawo zokuhlala compact amaziko emfundo esekwe kuyo inkqubo yokufunda ithatha indawo yolwimi yesizwe.

Ndawonye Pashtuns kwaye Tajiks, Uzbeks bayinxalenye isithuba esinye Iranian yenkcubeko.

kwezinye izizwe

Afghanistan kwaye abantu zezinye izizwe. ingxenye enkulu yabantu eTurkey.

Kuyinto ekhaya ukuya malunga nezigidi 3 Hazaras. Oku abantu Iranian Iranian kunye Mongolian imvelaphi. Bona Muslim Shiite.

Sunnis aba Pasha'i - abantu ezincinane (kukho malunga ne-100 lamawaka). Nomsebenzi yemveli aba bantu - ezolimo.

Kwi ntshonalanga aimaq abantu baphile - iqela zezizwe, eziphantse-ephila. Ziphila ukusetyenziswa encinane kwinkalo yezolimo. Aphila ngokucinezela iinkomo.

Turkmens abahlala kwimimandla emdeni Turkmenistan. Kuba ubomi Afghanistan Turkmens abarhola imfuyo kufuywe nakwikhaphethi.

Nuristanis - iqela elincinane izizwe, luluphi unqulo mde walondoloza yobuhedeni. Kangangethuba elide, isimo sengqondo ngokubhekisele kwabo walihesha ye nabasemagunyeni basekuhlaleni. Xa kowama-2000 Nuristanis wavuka kwiphondo yabo - Nuristan.

Apha siye zidweliswe aba izizwe zonke Afghanistan. Abemi iqulathe Pamirs, Brahui, gurjar, Kirghiz, Afshar kunye nabanye.

Inkolo ne Society

Isikhundla Islam kumGaqo-Afghanistan siseko. Inani labemi asisininzi bathi Islam. Abaninzi kubo sabelane ngomoya US Islam, 15% amakholwa Muslim - i Shiites.

UbuKristu e Afghanistan bathi abantu basemzini. Kuba abemi lizwe lokuguqula Islam sono silingenwe kukufa.

Uninzi amaNdiya yabaleka Afghanistan kuba Taliban ndalitshutshisa. AmaHindu kwanyanzeleka ukuba ukunxiba armbands ezizodwa olubenza njengoko non-Muslims. Abafazi kwanyanzeleka ukunxiba burqa.

Eli lizwe uluntu yomSikh, Bach. amawaka aliqela abantu abenza iinkolelo zesithethe, kodwa inani labo ngokuthe ngcembe ukuhla.

iilwimi

Iilwimi olwenziwe wamaphepha - Pashto kunye Dari.

Pashto - kuba lolwesizwe le Pashtuns, ngubani ongowakhe iqela Iranian. Dari - lulwimi le Afghanistan Tajiks.

ngeentlobo ezininzi zentetho abambalwa ezisetyenziswa kubomi bemihla ngemihla. Bilingualism kweelwimi iqhelekile kuluntu Afghan.

Imeko abafazi

Ngeendlela ezininzi, intlalo-ntle yoluntu ixhomekeke kwisikhundla yamabhinqa kuyo. Imizamo yokuqala yenziwa ukuze athambise umthetho kwinkulungwane XIX. Le yimpumelelo kakhulu Inkululeko yabantu abangomama kwenzeka ebudeni bolawulo lobuKomanisi kwaye ubukho amabutho Soviet.

Ukuze ixesha elide ingakhange kuhlala. Nobudlova edume Taliban lawulo. Abafazi ayengavunyelwa ukuzakhela ukuphuma ngaphandle kokuba ikhatshwe isalamane eyindoda. Ngaphandle kwekhuselo ukubonakala kwindawo kawonke kwakuyingozi. Amantombazana usenothinteleka ukufumana imfundo. Abafazi Afghanistan ababanga nako ukufumana umsebenzi kwakhona, wawa ngokupheleleyo zibe ukuxhomekeka ebantwini.

unyango yayifumaneka ngenxa yokuba umfazi Ungasusa ugqirha ababhinqileyo kuphela. Kodwa amantombazana ayengavunyelwa ukuba asebenze. Ukufa abasandula ziyaqheleka.

New Afghanistan emva kokuwa Taliban waqalisa endleleni lenkululeko. Wavulwa ukufikelela kwimfundo kunye nomsebenzi. Kodwa yonke into ayikho kamnandi.
Abasetyhini e Afghanistan lingama bangafundanga. Badla musa nokuba iincwadi zezazisi. 97% abasetyhini musa nokuba uyazi ubukho ukukhulelwa,-20% ubunzima ukusuka intswelo ubunzima bomzimba.

umnotho

Afghanistan phakathi kwamazwe ahlwempuzekileyo ehlabathini. Kumazwe asakhasayo akunakwenzeka ukuba lokuhlela: uphuhliso kunye nenkqubela wayeka ndawonye emfazweni.

Industry ngeyiphi ngokupheleleyo. Isiseko yoqoqosho - kwezolimo yemveli. Ukususela 1980, urhulumente Afghanistan uye umthengisi enkulu umlaliso poppy ehlabathini. Ingeniso evela kwintengiso iziyobisi ezibumba ngaphezu kwesiqingatha sengeniso yesizwe.

YoBuyiselo-complex mveliso - into kwexesha.

Ingxaki abanqolobi

Ukususela ngo-2003, uluntu lwamazwe ngamazwe wayeyiqonda Taliban njengombutho kwabanqolobi. Ekubeni ilahleko ulawulo koninzi Afghanistan, Taliban baye benza izenzo ngezikweko yabemi.

amaxhoba amaninzi befikisa kunye nabantwana. Ngo-2007, abanqolobi yabulala inkwenkwe. Yena wabekwa icala ukufunda ulwimi IsiNgesi.

Ukufudukela e Afghanistan

Ngokuphawulekayo zasinciphisa labemi beli lizwe ngenxa yeemfazwe. Oku kwanciphisa inani labantu kweli lizwe, hayi nje kuphela ngenxa yenani elikhulu amaxhoba, kodwa ngenxa yokufuduka ubunzima ukusuka Afghanistan.

Umnqweno ezingundoqo iimbacu Afghanistan - ukufumana uxolo nokuzola leyo kwilizwe labo, abakwazi kufumana. Ngelishwa, ngamanye amazwe, laph ukufumana bekwimeko ongeloncedo ngokuxhomekeke ucalulo yobuzwe neyenkolo.