I-Universal Declaration of Human Rights kunye nobume yayo ngokomthetho

Uxwebhu yaziwa kakhulu amalungelo oluntu ehlabathini - i-Universal Declaration of Human Rights (bempahla). main umongo walo kukuqonda sibubona ixabiso babantu ubomi, kwakunye umgaqo kwamalungelo ephambili yomntu phezu amalungelo karhulumente kunye ulongamo yayo. Ngowe-1945, xa kwinkomfa eLondon, iZizwe Ezimanyeneyo ezaziswe, oko kwenze ukuba inkqubela mkhulu kwimbali kunye namalungelo oluntu. Umhlathi 3 Inqaku lokuqala UN Charter ithi malunga enye yeenjongo eziphambili lombutho - impumelelo zokuzisa lokukhuthaza kunye nokusasazwa intlonipho yamalungelo oluntu kunye neenkululeko ezingundoqo kubo bonke, kungakhathaliseki ukuba ulwimi, inkolo, isini okanye uhlanga. Itshata waba imvumelwano yamazwe ngamazwe kunye uxwebhu iyabophelela kwabo wasayina. Laphehlelelwa efanayo 1945 neKomishoni yamaLungelo oluNtu phantsi kwephiko le-UN, kwaba ukulungiselela okhethekileyo bill lwamalungelo womntu, ukukhokelwa nguye ulandelwe yonke kungumzekelo abantu bonke kunye nezizwe njenge. Lo Mthetho osaYilwayo iye yaba yinxalenye Charter lombutho entsha ehlabathini.

I-Universal Declaration of Human Rights ayenziwanga yi kwesi senzo. Ngaphezu koko, uMthetho oYilwayo akazange ziquka izinto ezininzi ekhusela amalungelo oluntu, yaye abaninzi imibutho engekho phantsi korhulumente baqalisa ukwenza iingcebiso kunye nezongezelelo. Ingakumbi, afuna ukuba ngamnye State, yaba yinxalenye weZizwe eziManyeneyo, uthembise ukuba ukuqinisekisa ukuba abantu abahlala kula mazwe banikwa amalungelo asisiseko - ebomini, inkululeko yesazela, inkululeko ngamnye, kubukhoboka, ubundlobongela kunye nendlala, njalo-njalo. d. I- UN Charter kwakukho ilungiselelo njengako apho amalungelo oluntu inkxalabo onke amazwe. Kwimbulambethe Charter ithi iintlanga united bazimisele kwakhona ukholo lwethu kumalungelo oluntu angundoqo, ixabiso nesidima ubomi babantu, ukuba amalungelo alinganayo abasetyhini kunye namadoda, kunye neentlanga ezincinane - ezinkulu. Ngaloo ndlela waqala ifundwe kwamalungelo oluntu.

Ebudeni intlanganiso eyodwa yebhunga lolawulo leZizwe eziManyeneyo - iNdibano yeZizwe eziManyeneyo - kwaqhutywa 1948 ngomhla ka December 10, abameli abasuka kumazwe 8, waba phakathi kuyo eSoviet Union, Bazila ngexesha ivoti. Kodwa ke iindwendwe eNdibano nangoku sele ngamxhelo ivume nkcazo-jikelele engeemfanelo zoluntu, inkcazelo jikelele apho ngolu hlobo lulandelayo. Olu xwebhu ichonge uluhlu kwamalungelo angundoqo yokuba wonke umntu ehlabathini, nokuba ulwimi, isini, inkolo, umbala, ezopolitiko nezinye izimvo, ezesizwe nezentlalo, impahla okanye namanye amawonga. Oku uthi urhulumente kufuneka akhusele hayi kuphela abemi baso ngemithetho yaso, kodwa abemi kwamanye amazwe - kwimida yesizwe akukho ngumqobo ekuncedeni abanye ekukhuseleni amalungelo abo.

Ngoko ke, inxalenye yokuqala UN Bill of Human Rights waye nkcazo-jikelele engeemfanelo zoluntu. 1948 kwaba isiqalo ukusuka apho ukuqalisa ukwenza isampuli ngamazwe olumisiweyo amalungelo oluntu, dibana olu xwebhu. E Vienna, ngowe-1993, amalungu kwiNkomfa yamaLungelo oLuntu kumazwe 171, emele 99 ekhulwini abemi behlabathi, waqinisekisa ukulungela oorhulumente zabo ukuqhubeka ukulandela lo mgangatho.

I-Universal Declaration of Human Rights kwi intliziyo komthetho wamazwe ngamazwe, kodwa ngokwayo ekuqaleni hayi uxwebhu esibophelelayo ngokusemthethweni. Noko ke, ekubeni uluhlu ngokubanzi imigaqo ekuvunyelwene, oko kukuthi, Kakade ke, kwafuneka amandla enkulu yokuziphatha uluvo uluntu ehlabathini. Ukongeza, urhulumente, zisebenzise yona becaphula oku njengento nemeko sezomthetho nezopolitiko, isiBhengezo wanika ulwamkeleko olongezelelweyo kwi kumanqanaba zamazwe ngamazwe nezesizwe.

Ukuba semthethweni ezi zimiselo ziye zifumaneka kuphela ngo-1966. Ngoko ke izizwe kumalungelo oluntu, ezopolitiko, zenkcubeko nezentlalo noqoqosho ezivunyiweyo. Zezona inxalenye yesibini neyesithathu ka-UN Bill of Human Rights. Amazwe beqhuba ezi Nezivumelwano, ilikhobokazana eliganelwe izilungiso umthetho yayo ukuze ube nokukhusela amalungelo oluntu. Kamva, le nkcazo-jikelele kwamalungelo oluntu nenkululeko eziqulathwe ukuba kuqiniswe kwezinye iimvumelwano kunye neminqophiso. Ngoko ke, ngeli xesha, amalungiselelo alo zithathwa enyanzelekileyo. Ngoko ke, akukho mgaqweni ukuba kulandelwa, kwaye uxwebhu yomthetho, imigaqo ekufuneka zihlonitshwe ngabo bonke States.