Kumajelo eendaba, isipho ilungileyo, ukutya okukhanyisayo ... Le ncwadi - yintoni na le nto?

Umntu ngamnye kuthi uyayazi into incwadi. A into encinane, kodwa kuyabiza intliziyo, evula ihlabathi elitsha. uthando Special abafumana iingcali bokwenyaniso uncwadi, incwadi abathandi abangakwaziyo ukuphila usuku ngaphandle kokufunda. Kwihlabathi kukho kudidi yonke imisebenzi yoncwadi. Ahluke eziliqela iimpawu, kodwa jikelele umyalezo omnye - ulwazi ingxelo kumfundi. Sizama ukuphendula lo mbuzo: "? Le ncwadi - yintoni na lo".

ukudlulisa ulwazi

Imbali le ncwadi iya kude emva kwinkulungwane edluleyo. Kuyinto kuphela ngoku baqhelile ukubona wakhe kuligquma entle ukhuseleko nzima, nto leyo evumela ukuba bagcine umgangatho iminyaka ezayo. Ukwenza yinxalenye kwendalo le ncwadi njengoko umfanekiso olubonakalayo kwi umthengi singanikeli ngqalelo ngaphantsi kwe umxholo.

Kodwa ekhangela kokusemva, sinako zithi kokuqonda wencwadi - kodwa ukudluliselwa kolwazi, umyalezo mayibhekiswe komnye umntu. Ngenxa yoko - inkanuko abantu bakudala ukudlulisela ezifunyenwe ulwazi kwizizukulwana ezizayo. Emva koko ke kufuneka benze akukho ndlela. Noko ke, abameli ephucuke yamandulo bafumana indlela yokuphuma.

Yayiyintoni kuqala?

Xa sibhenela ilizwi-ukusekwa, kunye Proto-Slavic ulwimi "ncwadi" - isongwe, iimakhishithi ngesteyipla, leyo miqulu indawo. inkqubo nokurekhodisha ulwazi iye yaba yinxalenye ebalulekileyo knigorazvitiya. Ukuze ukugcina oko, ookhokho bethu wasungula iindlela yokuthetha eziluncedo. Eyokuqala babo baba amacwecwe odongwe, kwaye emva kokuba khosi baya metal sheets amaxolo.

Iipleyiti kahle lokugcina. Clay kunye wax, afakiwe ngokulinganayo iingenelo neengozi yokuzisebenzisa. Ngenxa yoko, kwimeko yokuqala, kwipleyiti kwafuneka ukuba aqhumisele ukutshixa okubhaliweyo ingathotyelwanga ukutshintsha. Xa usebenzisa wax Umbhalo acinywe. ERoma bamandulo eziplangeni, abe eqiniselweendlwini, omnye komnye. Obizwa ngokuba iKhowudi, bakha kwase mihla le ncwadi.

Development yeefomati ncwadi

Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba eYiputa yamandulo wasebenzisa yeengcongolo, egqalwa eliphuma eziqhelekileyo kuthi iphepha namhlanje. sheets zakhe zokuyixakatha kuloo misongo - iifomati yokuqala zeencwadi, apho, kunye nentlaka, ukuba usebenzise ngokubanzi. KumaXesha Aphakathi zasasazwa iincwadi ngesandla-ebhaliweyo (manuscripts). Ukuba sidalwe iindibano zocweyo, kunye nabo baba ngesandla omhle, yaqanjwa indawo umbhali. Le inks yoshicilelo esetyenzisiweyo layingcongolo Iintsiba. imibala Kamva, ivumela ukuba ukupeyinta ngqangi iye isetyenziswe.

Woodcuts (ngokwe mihla, le template usetyenziso ezininzi) yokuqala ukuvela ngenkulungwane XIV. Wood usike matrix, nto leyo lifakwe inki zize ziprintwe iikopi ezimbalwa. Ekuhambeni kwexesha lethu, nkqubo yenza kube lula ukuba ulikope.

ncwadi indawo kuphuhliso loncwadi

Inkangeleko uncwadi Old Russian enxulumene indalo sokumiswa eRashiya ngenkulungwane IX. Kweli xesha yangaphambi-lamaKristu yokubhala sele likhona. Ngeli xesha ziquka nokudalwa oonobumba Glagolitic, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekubeni ekubunjweni-alfabhethi, ngokwesiko obizwa ngokuba oonobumba Cyrillic. Ukwamkelwa of Christianity yabalasela kunye nokuqaliswa inkcubeko ncwadi. Omnye imisebenzi yokuqala zoncwadi yaba "Ntshumayelo Umthetho uthi, Makube lubabalo," ebhalwe ngu Metropolitan Hilarion kwinkulungwane XI. Kamva kukho "I Tale of adlulileyo Iminyaka" yaye "Ukuyalela" Vladimir Monomakh. Elilandelwe ngu "I Lay of Igor", "tale yokutshatyalaliswa ryazan".

Ngophuhliso uncwadi kule ncwadi Russian kwinkulungwane elandelayo bafumane ukubaluleka zoluntu ngokubanzi. Ukukhanya ephumayo ziyahlonelwa: Pushkina (ingqalelo uyise loncwadi ukhokho), iYunivesithi, Tolstoho, Turgeneva kunye nabanye ababhali abaninzi baziincamisa. Gold, Silver Age ukutshintshela amalungelo abo ngonaphakade mihla - eliphawulwe kukwanda ibonwe sokushicilela kunye nesiqalo nokufika inani elikhulu ababhali ndlela ezahlukeneyo.

ingqalelo ekhethekileyo kufuneka ihlawulwe kwi iincwadi Russian ngexesha eSoviet. Wamiswa yi lixesha elinzima eli lizwe. Ababhali abaninzi kuye kwanyanzeleka ukuba baye ekuthinjweni, kodwa ngengqiqo ngokubanzi ayikho ngenxa yokungabikho elaziwayo lomculo imisebenzi. Ngaphezu kwekhulu ifumene indawo Imibongo yayo, umxholo yemfazwe revolution, umz, uvuthondaba, elingezenzululwazi, kwicala omkhulu, lyrics, ngokoqobo magic, eminqubeni, iintsomi emaphandleni nasezidolophini. inkqubela ingakumbi iintlobo ezingaziwayo okanye kancinane-eyaziwa ngaphambili umcuphi Thriller, yothando, post-kwimpucuko, ngokoqobo, conceptualism, imiqondiso, iniyo-ngokoqobo. Asinguye wonke umfundi mihla ukuqonda ezi ngcamango, kodwa azikho njenge uhlobo elizimeleyo.

Abalobi imisebenzi

Ukutyhubela imbali ende uluntu yokufunda ncwadi waqhelana eziliqela ababhali. incwadi ababhali ayikho ubuntu. Endaweni yoko, baba "abahlala inginginya", ngokufuthi ukubhala ngayo oko akubona ngeenxa zonke. Kwakukho abo amelwe uluntu kunye nezimvo ezintsha zibe zingabotshelelwanga ngoko nangoko bafumana ingqalelo. Kwabo enxulumene kakhulu uhlobo iingcinga kunye nabameli yayo aqaqambe: Vladimir Obruchev, Alexander Belyayev, UGrigory Adamov, Vasily Aksenov, Kir Bulychev, Ivan Efremov Anatoly Dnieper. Entendeni ilungelo ndinabazalwana Strugatsky, kugqalwa ezaziwa yesayensi Soviet.

Kwihlabathi lanamhlanje, funda incwadi esasebenza. Njengenxalenye karhulumente kumsitho of the Year of Literature program iya kubamba uthotho lwemisebenzi ejoliswe ukwandisa ukubaluleka le ncwadi. amathala eencwadi amaninzi kweli lizwe liya kuba ngamatheko, promotions and liphikisa. Yonke incwadi lover uya kufumana into entsha nenika umdla omkhulu.

iifomati ncwadi Modern, ukongezelela yesiqhelo iinketho ncwadi zibandakanya iincwadi electronic and audio. Eyokuqala yenzelwe ukuba bafunde medium yedijithali. Amaxesha amaninzi i-CD kunye DVD CD-ROM, abadlali DVD, amacwecwe. inkalo yesibini usendleleni yokuba kufuneka ukuphulaphula, kuba iquka komsindo.

incwadi namhlanje

Xa imeko yangoku yale ncwadi lenze iinguqulelo ezininzi. INtsalela iimbono ezingundoqo iimveliso eziprintiweyo, yahlulelwe kwii oolindixesha, iikhompyutha eziphathwayo kunye albhamu, eziqhelekileyo kuthi iifomati ncwadi eyenziwe kunye nesicelo kumaqweqwe ngesandla okanye ikopi nzima, imifanekiso graphic, ezithambileyo kunye nzima. Kodwa ke kaninzi oko kwamenza ukukholelwa ukuba le ncwadi - loo nto imisebenzi yenzululwazi okanye boncwadi ngohlobo inkupho yento ezakushicilelwa.