Kostroma: labemi, ukwakhiwa yobuhlanga

zokuhlala yamandulo Russian ngasechwebeni iVolga, isixeko Kostroma, labemi, inani abahlali aya kuxhomekeka ngokutsha kwinqaku ukuvela ngenkulungwane ye-12. Ukutyhubela iinkulungwane isixeko ekhula, ukutshintsha, ephuhlisa, kwaye konke oku kubonakala ubunjani kunye nobungakanani abemi balo. Namhlanje Kostroma bobabo iqela zokuhlala naphakathi eRashiya of. Le dolophu uneempawu ezikhethekileyo ezichaphazela abemi balo.

I indawo okuyo of Kostroma

Xa km 300 ukusuka eMoscow ukuya mpuma, phezu iVolga, elichweba ezinkulu - Kostroma. Le dolophu ukwakweli kwisiza mlomo endala lomlambo kwegama elifanayo. Kostroma amanga zombini kweenxweme Gorky Reservoir, owayebonakele kwinkulungwane yama-20 kunye inxalenye waphuphuma kummandla eyayisaziwa ngokuba (amadlelo okt. E. Water) Kostroma bay. Phakathi komzi iqhuba nemisinga eziliqela kunye nemilambo ezincinane, leyo afakwe kwi ityhubhu, ukwenzela ukuba ukuphazamisa abahlali.

Le yokuhlala imi Kostroma yeKapa kwaye yanele agudileyo obutofotofo landscape ubomi. Le ndawo iyonke kwimimandla yasezidolophini yi 144,4 ezikwere zeekhilomitha. imizi emikhulu Umgama sisondeleyo: to Yaroslavl - 65 km, ukuba Ivanovo - 105 km.

Yini ephawula labantu? Kostroma ukhula ngenxa ukufunxeka chu umzi zokuhlala ezikufuphi. Agglomeration Kostroma kancinci, kodwa yanyuka.

Hlola History

Ilizwe apho namhlanje Kostroma, waqala ukuhlala kwixesha Neolithic (5-3 leminyaka BC. E.). Abameli ezipetshiweyo kunye Volosovsky iinkcubeko abahlala apha, wanika amagama imilambo eziphambili kunye namachibi. Kukholelwa ukuba uluntu yokuqala esisigxina kwintsimi yaba izizwe Finno-Ugric. Nangona kunjalo, uhlalutyo yembali amagama endaweni akusoloko kuqinisekiswa kulo nguqulo. Okokuqala, abantu ababehlala kulo uninzi xesha, loo nto ayithethi ukwakha iidolophu ezinkulu, ngokusisigxina. Kuqinisekisiwe umhla ongumsunguli ukuhlala nesiza Kostroma ngazo 1152. Umbhali-mbali V. N. Tatischev uphando ubomi Prince Yuriya Dolgorukogo, bafika kwisigqibo ukuba kwi ekudibaneni iVolga kunye Kostroma Rivers yaba zokuhlala, eyasungulwa. Abembi bezinto zakudala uqinisekisa ukuba indawo mzi kukho iinkcubeko eziliqela kokubhalwa kwembali, kodwa ke ngenxa yezizathu ezingaziwayo abantu ushiye le ndawo. Ngoko ke, inguqulelo ye kokusekwa isixeko uYuri Dolgoruky ukhangela kakhulu ebonakalayo.

Ngenkulungwane ye-12, uTheodore wenza ibandla lidala Kostroma. Kwakhona, kukho ulwazi malunga nokusebenza maxe- ezintathu yamandulo. Inani labantu Kostroma lalilikhulu ngokwaneleyo ukulungiselela ixesha. De ngenkulungwane ye-14 dolophu waba ilifa Yaroslav Vsevolodovich kunye nenzala yakhe. Ngowe-1364 Kostroma yaba yinxalenye ubulawuli eMoscow, ukususela kweli xesha kuqala uphuhliso oluzinzileyo Ngokokuhlala kunye nokwanda kwenani abemi balo. Ngowe-1709 isixeko wafumana iwonga kwiphondo, oko kukhokelele ekwandeni nommandla wayo. Ngowe-1781 th uKumkanikazi uCatherine II watyikitya isicwangciso ngokutsha zokuhlala ngokubanzi. Yena wayebona nokuphelisa izakhiwo ezininzi ukuzithethelela kunye nokudalwa zoluntu kunye nobumelwane.

Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-18, esi sixeko baqala ukuphuhlisa ishishini, oku kukhokelela ukuba ngama ethile yabemi. Umjikelo wesibini zemfuduko ku Kostroma kwisiqingatha sesibini 19 - kwinkulungwane yama-20. Xa ngcono kakhulu ubomi umgangatho, kukho imisebenzi emitsha. Ngezoshishino kwexesha yiSoviet, iye nayo kwakhokelela ekwandeni kwenani labantu.

Ebudeni beMfazwe Yehlabathi II apha ukuba bakhutshwe amaziko onyango, mveliso, yaye zemfundo ezininzi. Ekubeni 50 ukumimitheka kwezoqoqosho iqala esixekweni, yaye oku kukhokhelela ekufuneni ngendalo nemiba ezintle inani labahlali.

Ngexesha perestroika Kostroma kangangoko ongaphantsi ngaphezu kwezinye iindawo ezininzi, lifumana ukuhla ngokwedemografi, nangona ngokuqinisekileyo. Oku kungenxa ulondolozo uqoqosho esi sixeko. Namhlanje Kostroma uqala ukuphuhlisa imimandla emitsha yengqesho labemi, nto leyo iba nefuthe entle nezibalo.

sezulu

Kostroma fanele kummandla nganiso imozulu lizwekazi. Apha kukho uluvo impembelelo efudumeleyo Atlantic Ocean, enika abanye ukuthamba ebusika. Ngokwembali, abemi abaninzi beso sixeko (kubandakanywa Kostroma) kuxhomekeke intuthuzelo lwemozulu. Ngoko, kwi ezinemiphetho ngqwabalala phambi kwabantu selilos abangaphantsi kwe in eshushu. I-avareji lobushushu yonyaka kuloo mzi 4.2 degrees.

Amaxesha onyaka e Kostroma, kwakunye kuyo eRussia, abanye zipakishwe kwikhalenda zakudala. Summer iqala ekupheleni kuka May luze luphele ekupheleni kuka-Agasti. Kobushushu zasehlotyeni - 22 degrees, inyanga angasisichenge kuyo kwaye lawona - Julayi. Amaqondo obushushu ebusika zigcinwe kwi-avareji malunga -10 ° C. Kodwa kwiintsuku ezimbalwa iseason kunokuba kuneqabaka kakhulu kakhulu, nkqu ukuya degrees 30.

Administrative-indawo distribution division namanani

Namhlanje Kostroma - yinto iziko ezinkulu zengingqi. Ngokusesikweni, isixeko abelwe iiyunithi indawo ezinkulu ezintathu: Central, Zavolzhsky kunye neendawo mveliso. Nokuba igama kubonakala phezu nkcukacha yelungu ngalinye.

Kostroma, abemi bawo iindawo kakhulu ezahlukeneyo, une ariya ecacileyo kunye nengxinano yabemi ophezulu kunye nenani elikhulu yamadlelo ukuba ngokusesikweni inxalenye kwesixeko. Ezi ziquka kwilali Pervomaisky, New, elezeMisebenzi, Rebrovka, Karavaevo, Karimov kunye nabanye. Kwakhona kulo mzi, kukho inani elikhulu yezithili, inani apho likhula rhoqo ngenxa izakhiwo ezitsha.

Ubuninzi babantu yesibini eliphezulu le ndawo - Zavolzhye. Ngo-mveliso kunye Amadlelo konga ngaphantsi, kodwa indawo kwezahlulo isixeko ikhula rhoqo.

iziseko Kostroma

inqanaba comfort ubomi isixeko kubalulekile ukuba nomtsalane uluntu kunye nabasebenzi. iziseko zentlalo, ingakumbi kwiidolophu ezinkulu, kubandakanywa inkqubo yezothutho. Kostroma, inani yabemi (abantu) apho ngokwenyusa kancinane, kuquka ngenxa kukufakwa zokuhlala ipoma kuneengxaki yendlela ezicacileyo. Bona ahlangene into yokuba abemi kwifektri kunye neendawo Zavolzhsky rhoqo umsebenzi kunye neenkonzo ezahlukeneyo baya kumbindi wesixeko. Yaye umlambo ebewenza yi iibhulorho ezintathu kuphela, ngoko ngethuba leeyure kwincopho evela kwezinye iindawo, umzekelo, Malyshkova, eshiya kunzima.

Isixeko iibhasi zezithuthi zikawonke, iibhasi netroli, nxantathu. Noko ke, iindawo kude ahlangene ziko kakhulu ngeebhasi, umthamo wakhe umkhweli esezantsi. Center elibonelelwe kakuhle amashishini injongo zentlalo, kukho iivenkile ezininzi, cafes, amaziko olondolozo kunye namaziko enkcubeko. Kubo bonke aloo mzi kuphela indawo isixeko esitsha liyi iziseko aphuhliswe kakuhle, abemi kwezinye iinxalenye sixeko kaninzi kuye kufuneke ukuba uye kwiziko ukuze bafumane iinkonzo. Konke oku kuchaphazela nomtsalane kummandla Kostroma abantu phezu lexinene abantu kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo kulo mzi.

ubukhulu nobuninzi

esweni rhoqo malunga nemiba inani nabahlali Kostroma yaqala ngo-1811. Emva koko, ezweni elinabantu amawaka-10 zabantu. De kwaba yinkulungwane ye-19 uzinzo kumanani abemi kwakungekho ngabaza yafikelela abantu 4 amawaka iminyaka eliqela. Kodwa ukusukela ngo1856 inani Kostroma ohlonelwayo. Kwakungekho de-2000, xa nemiba ezimbi ziliwaka abantu yabhalwa kuqala.

Nokuba kule minyaka iimfazwe neziphithiphithi Kostroma wahlala sisixeko nomtsalane aphile. De-2011, oko kuncitshiswa ngomyinge abemi eliwaka. Kodwa ekuhambeni kwexesha wabuyela isithethi udibanisa. Namhlanje, inani labantu Kostroma ngabantu malunga 276.700. Ukukhula kwiminyaka embalwa edlulileyo ukuya ku amawaka-3. Bantu. ngamnye ngonyaka. Ubuninzi babantu avareji kuloo mzi abantu 1,900 square kilometre. Kuyinto ngaphezulu kabini kwe-avareji kummandla Kostroma.

kuqamba lobuzwe kunye nolwimi

Inkoliso yabemi Kostroma - Russian, malunga 93%. Le yesibini ngobukhulu uhlanga - Ukraine (0.88%). Amanye amazwe zithiwe thaca hi mpimo lowutsongo: Tatar - 0,35%, Armenian - 0,26%, Roma - 0,24%.

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, Kostroma, labemi likhula ngokuthe ngcembe, nazo umkhwa lonke ukwandisa inani labantu abafudukayo, ingakumbi evela eUkraine, kodwa wayeziva lizwe-ngqo ekungeneni Central Asia.

iyantlukwano ngokwesini yabantu

Kostroma, labemi, inani lamadoda nabafazi abo kwisifundo kwezentlalo uhlolisiso olunzulu, abonela mkhwa iyonke Russian of ratio ngesondo. Kwi-avareji, inani lamadoda lingaphantsi kwe abafazi nge-20%. Ngokuba iwaka zonke amadoda kukho 1204 abafazi. Njengoko ngokunjalo kulo lonke elo lizwe, inani elivisayo lamakhwenkwe ekuzalweni oxhaphakileyo kancinci phezu inani lamantombazana. Yaye ubudala, lo mlinganiselo ziyohluka, afikelele bexabiso ebudaleni.

Age umahluko sabantu

I-avareji bempilo eRashiya kuxhaphaka ziyanda, yaye oku ugcina Kostroma. Inani labantu ngaphaya yobudala yomhlala kwanda. Inani abahlali phantsi ubudala ukusebenza malunga ne-15%, kwaye eli nani ngokwenyusa kancinane. Inani abahlali abangaphezu kweminyaka wepenshini yi-24%. Inani labantu abasebenzayo - 61%.

nezibalo

Ukuchonga umgangatho wobomi kule ngingqi ngokubanzi kuqikelelwa iziphawuli ezifana amazinga zokuzalwa kunye nokufa. Abemi elikhulayo Kostroma kwiminyaka yakutshanje sinxulumana kunye nokukhula rate wokuzalwa kunye yokufuduka. Ukususela ngo-2013, ireyithi ukuzalwa esixekweni kuncitshiswa malunga 0.2 Umntu ngamnye abemi amawaka. Mortality yehliswe ngabantu malunga 0.4 nganye 1 amawaka. Cel. Kutsha nje izicwangciso flow ezayo ukuhla.

izinto demographic

Ukubalwa izinto demographic kuvumela ukuqikelela uphuhliso loqoqosho kulo mmandla. Kostroma, ogama abemi kwiminyaka yakutshanje kwandisa kancinane, sibhekisela "ukuguga 'umzi.

Iminyaka Life luyanda, liyancipha lokufa, ezala e ngamathontsi amancinane, neengcali bathi amathuba okuhambisa ezinkulu negative zesi salathisi kule minyaka izayo. Zonke umkhondo ngentla yokuba umlinganiselo ukuxhomekeka liyenyuka. Namhlanje, wonke umhlali omeleleyo Kostroma kufuneka inike yokuhlala kodwa mna enye indoda 0.4. Kwaye kwixesha elide, lo mthwalo uza kunyuka. Iphucula kananjalo factor zingumthwalo pension, ukusukela inani labantu abangaphezulu kweminyaka yomhlala ukusuka komnye unyaka ukuya komnye uya kwandisa kuphela. Konke oku kuquka iingxaki ezithile kwezoqoqosho nezentlalo.

uqoqosho Kostroma

Ubungakanani nomgangatho kubemi ingcole kakhulu iphenjelelwa nezalathisi zoqoqosho. Ukuba abantu ingeniso ezinzileyo kunye isiqinisekiso kwixesha elizayo, baya ukuba uzale abantwana. Ukuba bathe bahlala eninzi, kungcono ukuba nidle, ukufumana unyango lwamayeza ngcono kwaye baphile ixesha elide.

Kostroma, abemi ngokuthe ngcembe ukhula, eyenza ngokwayo ngaphandle kwizixeko ezininzi Russia inani elikhulu lwamashishini ezizinzileyo. Apha asebenza iifektri ekuveliseni components izithuthi, umoya, okonga umbane, ukufudumeza, ezorhwebo, izixhobo zihlale efrijini. Uqhekekile umzi aphuhliswe kakuhle iimveliso zokutya, imveliso, noshishino lwempahla eyolukiweyo. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ishishini lokhenketho likhula ngokukhawuleza, mbi - nkonzo. uqoqosho esixeko abaneengxaki kunye utyalo-mali, uphuhliso kwimimandla ebalulekileyo ekuhlaleni yempilo, imfundo kunye nenkcubeko.

umsebenzi

Ukuba umsebenzi kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba zabantu kule ngingqi. Kostroma, abemi (inani yabemi) apho kwandisa kwaye uqoqosho ukusebenza ozinzileyo, uyahluka inzuzo evela kwizixeko ezininzi Russian abangasebenzi eliphantsi. Kuyinto 0.8% kuphela. Sebenza emzini ngokwaneleyo. Noko ke, kukho ingxaki abasebenzi abaneziqinisekiso kakhulu. amaziko omsebenzi ikakhulu zinika amathuba abasebenzi, kodwa abantu kwimfundo ephakamileyo, ingakumbi kwabasetyhini abangaphezu kweminyaka engama-30, kunzima ukufumana imisebenzi entsimini zabo.