Iindleko Ithuba - yintoni na le nto?

Nayiphi na inkqubo nobomi - uthotho unyulo. Ukugqiba ukutyala imali efunyenwe kwi ukuthenga izixhobo ezitsha, umnini uyala inani olungenasiphelo lezicelo kunokwenzeka. Apha kwaye kukho iindleko ithuba. Kuthelekelelwe iingeniso kwisigqibo ngakwicala le ndlela emva ikhondo ecwangcisiweyo amanyathelo. Bona agcwele inzuzo ayenalo apho ishiywe, ukwenza ukhetho lokugqibela. ingqiqo kwabalelwa - imbono ifanele khulu ukusombulula ezi ziganeko zibini efanayo. Umzekelo, ukhetho phakathi ukuthenga kwingeniso efunyenwe kwixesha langoku izixhobo ezitsha okanye ukwanda abaqeshwa lweshishini umsebenzi.

History of the isifundo

Igama elithi "Iindleko ithuba" - imveliso yoyilo le ngezoqoqosho yaseOstriya Friedrich von Wieser. Wasebenzisa kuqala oko kwincwadi yakhe "The Theory of kuQoqosho Social," epapashwe ngo-1914. Noko ke, ingcamango kukade icangcisiwe, ekuhlaleni zemfundo. Benjamin Franklin yaqulunqa ilizwi odumileyo: "Ixesha yimali -". ingqiqo yakhe ochazwe kwincwadi ethi "Icebiso abarhwebi abatsha" ngo-1764. Franklin ucaphula umzekelo wendoda osebenzayo iidenariyo ezilishumi ngemini. Cinga ekuphumleni kwakhe. Makube okuchitha zokuzonwabisa sixpence semini. Xa uqala kuqala, iindleko zawo ecacileyo. Le sixpence. Nangona kunjalo, kukho ezinye iindleko ithuba - i iidenariyo ezintlanu, leyo angazuza kwisiqingatha ngosuku. Ngenxa yoko ibinzana edume Franklin elo xesha - oko kusoloko imali. Kukwabonakala phambi ingcamango yokuba ixabiso ithuba kwisincoko "Into yokuba sibone noko kungabonwa" Frederic Bastiat, ebhalwe ngo 1848. Umbhali ucaphula umzekelo ngesafobe komlilo eyaphukileyo. It debunks inkolelo eqhelekileyo oko intlekele, imfazwe, ubunqolobi, kunye nezinye yamashwa nga negalelo ekukhuleni koqoqosho. Undoqo lwesafobe lo mfana ukuba ke unkqonkqozile le window waza wabaleka waya yokubhaka. indawo lakhe kubiza kwiiyunithi 3000. Abanye abantu bakholelwa ukuba lo mcimbi a negative. Glazier uza kufumana i iiyunithi ezongezelelweyo 3,000 eqhelekileyo, ngoko ukuchitha nabo, yaye oku kuya kukhokelela ukuvuselela uqoqosho lwengingqi. Noko ke, anjalo, ngokutsho Bastiat, kukho impazamo. Ihlala yokuba-zonka kufuneka bachithe imali igcina kwakhona i window kweyakhe ipokotho. Yaye esi sixa-mali siya kufumana ezinye abavelisi ngaphantsi kule ngingqi. Ngapha koko, bangaba abathengi ezinokuba-zonka. Ngoko ke, uqoqosho khange natyetyiswa, yaye baphulukana iiyunithi eziqhelekileyo 3,000. Abameli Keynesian ikholelwa ukuba inkwenkwe sinokuzuza uqoqosho, kodwa kuphela ngamaxesha obunzima, xa ebilindelekile imithombo. zezoqoqosho Austrian efanayo Bastiat ngexesha lakhe, ukutolika isikweko ngenye indlela. Masithi umfana ngenene ihlawulwe glazier. Ngoko, xa kucaca ukuba eneneni kukho ukubiwa kweeyunithi eziqhelekileyo 3000. Uqoqosho ukuba ahlanganiswe, zixhamle kuphela glazier, nangeendleko abanye.

nokuhlola

Xa usomashishini isigqibo ngengeniso yotyalo, yena wayefuna ukhetho malunga nokubuyiswa aphezulu. Kudla kubalwa izinga elindelekileyo nenzuzo investment kunye nexesha payback. Noko ke, nasiphi na isigqibo sokugqibela luhlale lugcwele ukuvela iindleko ezizezinye. Umzekelo, ukuba usomashishini wenza ukukhetha phakathi ukuthenga izixhobo ezitsha kunye notyalo-mali izibambiso. Yintoni na isigqibo, inxulunyaniswa neendleko ithuba. Nguwo lo ke umahluko phakathi inzuzo kulindeleke khetho lukhethiwe, nokuba, leyo kwafuneka ukuba uyekwe.

iindleko ithuba nabo badlala indima ebalulekileyo ekumiseleni ubume eyinkunzi. Isigqibo ukwandisa lisoloko ezinxulumene ngayo kunye nezinye iimpawu. Kunye nokuchaneka bokuxela ye inzuzo yokwenene kuxhomekeke ukhetho oluchanekileyo. Olunye uphawu obalulekileyo umngcipheko. Kuyimfuneko ukuba ukuthatha ingqalelo xa kusenziwa isigqibo. Ubukho Umngcipheko isizathu sokuba inkampani akusoloko ukukhetha kakhulu ngokorhwebo inokwenzeka, xa uqala, eyongeziweyo lobeko.

Kubomi bemihla ngemihla

Iindleko amathuba ezoqoqosho - ingqiqo esetyenziswa ayifane ngabantu abaqhelekileyo. Kodwa enyanisweni, ukusetyenziswa kwayo ekwenzeni izigqibo ezibalulekileyo malunga nokutyiwa imali, oko kuya kuba luncedo. Ngokomzekelo, cinga ukuthenga indlu entsha enkulu. Uninzi kweli sigqibo nje cinga iingenelo neengozi yokuthenga enjalo, bazakuyivuyela eseleyo lwe-akhawunti yakho yebhanki. Kodwa ke ngenxa yokuba ezingekhoyo iindleko ithuba. Kuyinto kunokwenzeka ukuba indlu enkulu, thina kuyimfuneko kangaka, yaye le mali makuchithwe zokuhamba okanye imfundo eya kuzisa ulwazi olutsha kwakunye namava eya ingeniso kwixesha elizayo. Okanye cinga omnye umzekelo. Masithi sithenga yonke imihla a cheeseburger for $ 4.5. Ukuba oku kuya kuqhubeka iminyaka engama-25, oku kuya kukhokelela kungekuphela ukonakala kweendlela empilweni yethu. Kulo mzekelo, ithuba malini alinganayo $ 52,000. Kwaye oku, ukuba kuphela ukubeka izinga inzuzo lotyalo-5%.

iindleko ecacile

Kukho iindidi ezimbini iindleko thuba. Obala ezinxulumene neendleko ngqo basis of abenzi. Umzekelo, iindleko zamandla okwabangela ukuba inkampani yenyanga $ 100. Le mali kufuneka ichithwe, umzekelo, ukuba kuthengwe umshicileli. Iindleko ithuba erhwada $ 100.

iindleko ezingachazwanga ngqo

Mu kuya kwa nshita iqela lokuqala iindleko, ukuba abathanga kuvela ngokucacileyo lomncono yenkampani. Bona ezinxulumene semngciphekweni nokungaphumeleli kwezi zixhobo. Ngokomzekelo, omnye umenzi wathenga 1000 iitoni zentsimbi kunye noomatshini ukuqalisa ukuvelisa izixhobo ezithile. iindleko ithuba somlomo kulo mzekelo iya kulingana kwingeniso ezilahlekileyo ngenxa yokuba akazange ithengiswe wayithenga, hayi, ziyaqashwa amandla abo.

Ukukhethwa nobuninzi

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba iindleko thuba - nto kuyo nayiphi na imeko akunakwenzeka ukuba isixa-mali sengeniso kuzo zonke iindlela. Le rate of ubuyela kuphela omnye kubo. Tom, ngubani na imbuyekezo yesibini bekulindelwe. Ukuba umntu ukhetha ukusebenza, njengoko umzekelo Franklin, ngoko olu khetho kwakhona igcwele iindleko ithuba. Ukuba ugqibe ukuya kwi movie endaweni yokuba uhlale e-ofisini, iindleko kwanda. Baya kuba elilingana imali ebiza yazuzwa ngemini, kunye ixabiso lamatikiti.

UMthetho iindleko ithuba

Production amathuba curve ibonisa ukukhetha inkqubo iindlela ezimbini. Ukuba ujonga kuyo, ngoko nangoko kucaca ukuba iindleko ithuba ukwandisa kunye umthamo imveliso yempahla kunye nokuncitshiswa lomnye. Kubonakala ukuba ekuhambeni kwexesha, kufuneka kubingelela ngakumbi nangakumbi sesibini ezilungileyo. nje sithetha ngawo umthetho ukunyuka kwamaxabiso thuba. osebenza ngayo ngenxa yokuba ayizizo zonke izibonelelo jikelele kunye interchangeable. Masithi ombona nengqolowa, kodwa wagqiba ukuqala ngokuthe yokuqhelanisa bakhetha yangaphambili. Noko ke, asingabo bonke ilizwe efanelekileyo ngokulinganayo ngenxa ukugaleleka zombini iindlela zokuphila. Kwaye siza kuqalisa ukusebenzisa iindawo ezingasebenziseki kakuhle ngokuhamba kwexesha.

ukulahlekelwa Deadweight

Ngoku, xa sibonile ukuba indleko thuba - umahluko phakathi ireyithi okulindelekileyo kokubuya ibar yomsebenzi izakubonisa kuphela enye indlela yesibini ilungileyo, usenokucinga ezinye magama. Esondele ngayo intsingiselo ingqikelelo nto ilahleko ezingenakuhlawuleka. Umahluko siyifumana yokuba iqwalasela sele bachitha imali. Xa sicinga ngayo iindleko ithuba, isixa ngxi epokothweni yethu. Uyakwazi nangaliphi na ixesha lilitshintshe isigqibo, nokutyala kwenye ukhetho. Kodwa kuvela ilahleko angahlawulekiyo xa sele imali inzuzo yethu. yokubala yabo inxulunyaniswe yokunqongophala ukhetho.

umzekelo

Xa ingxaki yethu, usomashishini osakhasayo kukho ezimbini. Eyokuqala sikuko ngokutyala imali eninzi. Okwesibini - ukutyala imali yokuthenga izixhobo ezitsha, silindele ukuba uya kwandisa imveliso kwimveliso. Oku kuya kubangela iindleko zokusebenza nokunyusa imida yengeniso. Masithi eziyimveliso phezu izibambiso yi-12%. Kunye nokuthengwa kwezixhobo uya kuzisa% 10 kuphela unyaka mali efakwe nganye. Kakade ke, inkampani aya kuyinyula yokuqala ukhetho - utyalo ngokhuselo. A iindleko thuba - kulo mzekelo 2% yesixa-mali ezifakwa.