Izitomata kwizityalo: ukuchonga, indawo, msebenzi. Meaning of yokondliwa kwizityalo ukuphefumla

Le yokondliwa kwisityalo - a Pore, efumaneka sangaphandle zikhabane. Zisetyenziswa ukuba ngumphunga kwemfuneko namanzi negesi wonaniselwano intyantyambo kunye nokusingqongileyo.

Kuba babeqala kwazeka ngo 1675, xa semvelo Marcello Malpighi wapapasha ukufunyanwa yakhe Anatome plantarum. Noko ke, yena angabi nako ukusombulula injongo yabo yokwenene, nto leyo yaba negalelo kuphuhliso yeengcinga elizayo kunye nophando.

History of the isifundo

ikhuni olulandelayo Marcello owayephila - Neemiya Gryu. Wacebisa ukuba ixabiso yokondliwa kwi impefumlo izityalo ezifana nendima uqhoqhoqho kwi izinambuzane, kwaye ngeendlela ezithile guess wakhe kufutshane inyaniso.

Ngenkulungwane XIX, inkqubela elide lulindelwe kuphando. Ngenxa Hugo von Thandaza noSimon Schwendener waziwa umgaqo osisiseko yokondliwa kunye nokuhlelwa babo Uhlobo lwesakhiwo.

Ezi zinto ziye negalelo ongqingqwa ukuqonda yokusebenza elide, kodwa ke ezinye iinkalo zezifundo elidlulileyo kuqhubeka kufundwa kude kube ngoku.

Isakhiwo sheet

La malungu zesityalo, njengoko sangaphandle kunye yokondliwa, yiya kwilungiselelo lwangaphakathi kwimakhishithi, kodwa kuqala kufuneka sihlolisise isakhiwo yayo lwangaphandle. Ngoko ke, olu luhlu luquka:

• Leaf ipleyiti - iflethi, inxalenye bhetyebhetye, onoxanduva ifotosinthesisi, exchange igesi, komphunga amanzi kunye andise kwezityalo (kwiindidi ezithile).
• Neenqwelwana, na ilaphu zemfundo, nto leyo esebenza ukunyusa nembasa kunye esiqwini. Kwakhona nalo olu xwebhu kuqhotyoshelwe esiqwini.
• Stipule - pair lokusekwa emazantsi, ukhusela ithupha axillary.
• Petiole - sheet tapered isahlulo anxibelelanisa ipleyiti kunye esiqwini. Unoxanduva imisebenzi ebalulekileyo: yokuqhelaniswa ekukhanyeni kunye nokukhula nge ilaphu zemfundo.

Yangaphandle Isakhiwo noxwebhu zisenokwahluka ngandlel ngokuxhomekeke imilo kunye nohlobo (alula / leqela) kodwa zonke iindawo ezidweliswe ngasentla njalo.

Kuba izixhobo zangaphakathi ziquka esingaphandle kunye yokondliwa, kunye neentlobo yokutshata amalaphu ngemithambo. Nganye kwezi zinto iye isakhiwo yayo.

Umzekelo, eli laphu nesigubungelo kwipleyiti Kwicala elingaphandle ubunjwe iiseli, ezahlukeneyo ubukhulu kunye nokumila. Eyona amane, anesibambiso elubala evumela ukukhanya kwelanga ukungena kungena sheet.

iiseli ezincinci ibekwe noko ziqulathe nzulu chloroplasts, ezikunika amagqabi aluhlaza. Ngenxa kwiipropati zabo, ukuba nabizelwa abalandela. Kuxhomekeka iqondo ukuxovwa ke zixinaniswe, phakathi ngokwabo ukwenza noqhoqhoqho stomatal.

isakhiwo

Ubude yokondliwa zesityalo kuyahlukana nedlela uhlobo kunye nobungakanani coverage elizifumeneyo. Uninzi pores enkulu linokufikelela ubukhulu 1 cm. Bakha iiseli stoma unogada elawula inqanaba lokuvula yayo.

Indlela ye intshukumo yabo kunokuba kwaye ezahlukileyo iintlobo ezahlukahlukeneyo. Abaninzi kubo - ngokuxhomekeke kwinqanaba kwamanzi kunye chloroplasts - iiseli turgor inyama unako zombini ukuncipha kunye nokwanda, ngokwenjenjalo ngokulungelanisa imeko kuvulwa yokondliwa.

noqhoqhoqho Injongo stomatal

Mhlawumbi, akukho mfuneko yokuba nihlale kulo mba, njengoko umsebenzi amagqabi. Uyazi ngayo nkqu yesikolo. Kodwa ukuba ukuhlangabezana yokondliwa? umsebenzi wabo - ukuqinisekisa transpiration (inkqubo intshukumo kwamanzi isityalo kunye ngumphunga wayo ngokusebenzisa amalungu zangaphandle ezifana amagqabi, iziqu kunye neentyatyambo), nto leyo kufikelelwe ngenxa umsebenzi iiseli yabalindi. Le ndlela ikhusela isityalo nxamnye omiswe xa kushushu kwaye uthintele inkqubo ukubola ziqala phantsi kweemeko ukufuma ngokugqithiseleyo. operation yayo ilula: xa ubuninzi bolwelo iiseli xi phezulu ngokwaneleyo phezu kodonga uyawa, kunye stomatal noqhoqhoqho luvalwa kwasala kufuneka ukugcina isiqulatho sokufuma.

Ngokwahlukileyo koko, nako ngokugqithiseleyo yayo kukhokelela ubunzima obungakumbi nokuvulwa pores, ekuthe ukufuma kwemfuneko ngumphunga. Ngenxa oku, indima yokondliwa izityalo okupholisa eliphezulu nako, kuba iqondo lobushushu umoya lifinyele ngeenxa nge transpiration.

Kakuhle ngaphantsi umsantsa i kwisisu umoya, nosebenza utshintsho igesi. Air ongena isityalo ngokusebenzisa pores, ukuqala ngakumbi inkqubo yefotosinthsis kunye nokuphefumla. ioksijini agqithisileyo ngoko akhutshelwe emoyeni lonke noqhoqhoqho efanayo stomatal. Kulo mzekelo, ubukho okanye ukungabikho kwalo lisoloko lisetyenziswa ngokuhlelwa izityalo.

umsebenzi sheet

Iphepha umzimba engaphandle, apho esiqala photosynthesis, yokuphefumla, transpiration, Guttation kunye andise kwezityalo. Ngaphezu koko, iyakwazi ukuqokelela ukufuma kunye izinto eziphilayo ngenxa yokondliwa, kodwa kwakhona ukunika nezimo nangakumbi bume izityalo ezintsonkothileyo.

Njengoko amanzi --bume ephambili intracellular, zinomgutyulo nokujikelezisa kulwelo ngaphakathi emthini okanye intyatyambo Kubalulekile ukuba umsebenzi wayo. Kulo mzekelo isityalo nje ngokubamba% 0.2 kuphela ukufuma abapasa therethrough, inxalenye eseleyo eya transpiration kunye Guttation, olwenzeka ngenxa nokuhamba neetyuwa kwezimbiwa lichithakale nokupholisa.

ukuzala kwezityalo kaninzi kwenzeka ukulisika uxhasa amagqabi neentyatyambo. izityalo ezininzi endlwini bazibonise ngendlela efanayo njengoko ekuphela kwendlela ukulondoloza ukusulungeka esiXhoseni.

Njengoko kuchaziwe ngaphambili, a amagqabi elungisiweyo kunceda ukuziqhelanisa neemeko ezahlukeneyo yokusingqongileyo. Umzekelo, inguqu kwi ameva izityalo zasentlango inceda ukwehlisa ukufuma komphunga, ajike kuzenza zibalasele nangakumbi isiqu umsebenzi, kunye nobukhulu enkulu adla ngokusetyenziswa ukulondolozwa ulwelo kunye nezondlo apho iimeko zemozulu musa ukuvumela isitokhwe ukondla rhoqo.

Kwaye uluhlu alupheli. Xa kunzima ukuba uqaphele ukuba le misebenzi minye iintyatyambo igqabi kunye nemithi.

Kwezinye izityalo abanayo yokondliwa?

Ekubeni stomatal uqhoqhoqho uphawu izityalo ngaphezulu, ifumaneka kuzo zonke iintlobo, yaye ngephutha bakholelwa ayinalo, nokuba akukho mthi okanye imbali amagqabi. Ukuphela kulawulo kelp kunye nezinye lisiza.

Ubume yokondliwa kunye nomsebenzi wabo Conifers, yefeni, horsetails, floaters kunye nezityalo mossy zahlukile kwezo kweentyatyambo. Abaninzi kubo ezixwesileyo open day yaye bathathe inxaxheba kutshintshiselwano igesi kunye ungqinisiso; ngaphandle ezi Cacti kunye succulents, ogama pores genge ebusuku kwaye olusondeleyo kuqala kusasa ukuze ugcine amanzi kwiingingqi ngokoma.

Le yokondliwa kwisityalo, omagqabi babhabha phezu kwamanzi, zifumaneka kuphela umaleko aphezulu sangaphandle, yaye "umzimba" uyaphuma - emazantsi. Ezinye iintlobo zezi kwiindawo zokubeka zikhona kumacala omabini nembasa.

indawo yokondliwa

Xa izityalo dicotyledonous slits stomatal ibekwe kumacala omabini kwipleyiti kwimakhishithi, kodwa inani labo emazantsi yi lilikhulu kancinci nje phezulu. Lo mahluko kungenxa imfuneko ukunciphisa komphunga ukufuma ukusuka kumphezulu kakuhle ekwezi wetshati.

Kuba monocots akukho nkcukacha malunga indawo yokondliwa, ekubeni kuxhomekeke indlela amacwecwe yokukhula. Umzekelo, amagqabi a esingaphandle zezityalo, phezulu ukuya ezantsi, iqulathe inani elifanayo pores kwi eliphezulu kwaye kule nwebu asezantsi.

Njengoko kuchaziwe ngaphambili, amagqabi kwakudada phezu elingaphantsi stomatal uqhoqhoqho ndingekho, kuba ukufunxa amanzi ngokusebenzisa Ulobuza, kwakunye nezityalo nezilwanyana zasemanzini ngokupheleleyo ukuba abe kude kangaka, amadoda alwa nawe.

Izitomata of Conifers zikwindawo nzulu ngaphantsi endoderm, ngokwenjenjalo kuncitshiswe ukukwazi kwabo transpiration.

Kwakhona, ekubeni indawo yahlukile ngokumalunga kumphezulu sangaphandle. Ezi kwiindawo zokubeka ukuze kungqanyaniswa "isikhumba" ezinye iiseli ukuya ngasentla okanye ngezantsi, ukwenza imiqolo rhoqo okanye ngokungacwangciswanga saa kwi ijwabu ukutyabeka.

Cacti, sukullentov kunye nezinye izityalo omagqabi abangekhoyo okanye lungiswa kwaye uguqulwe neenaliti, lo yokondliwa zibekwe phezu kwesiqu kunye nenyama.

iintlobo

Le yokondliwa kwisityalo zahlulwe iintlobo ezininzi ngokuxhomekeke indawo iiseli lokuhamba:

• Anomotsitny - ithathwa njengokuba zixhaphakileyo, apho ecaleni kwisuntswana ayahlukanga evela kwabanye ezikuzo sangaphandle. Njengoko omnye zokuguqulwa zakhe ezilula ingabizwa uhlobo laterotsitny.
• Paracytic - iphawulwa ukufana abakufutshane iiseli ezikhapha stomatal isalamane noqhoqhoqho.
• Diatsitny - na icala elingenzi nto-amasuntswana ezimbini kuphela.
• Anizotsitny - type izityalo ezingundoqo kweentyatyambo kuphela, ezintathu iiseli ezihamba, enye yazo lwahluke ngobukhulu.
• Tetratsitny - kuvamile ukuba monocots, uye iiseli amane ehamba.
• Entsiklotsitny - icala yamasuntswana kukho zivaliwe ngeenxa khonkcweni kumise.
• Peritsitny - iyintsobi stoma, hayi edibene iseli ehamba kuye.
• Desmotsitny - kwahlukile uhlobo yangaphambili kuphela xa kukho kwiindawo zokubeka coupling kunye yamasuntswana yesehlo.

Nazi kuphela iindidi athandwa kakhulu.

Isiphumo Imiba Environmental kwi isakhiwo sangaphandle wetshati

Kuba ukusinda kwezityalo kubaluleke kakhulu ngesidanga bhetyebhetye yayo. Umzekelo, kwiindawo ezimanzi luphawulwa iipleyiti zamagqabi amakhulu inani elikhulu yokondliwa, ngoxa kwimimandla eziyimiqwebedu, le ndlela enza ngokwahlukileyo. Akukho iintyatyambo okanye imithi musa zahluke ubukhulu, kwaye inani liye lathotywa kakhulu, ukuthintela ngumphunga ngokugqithiseleyo.

Ngenxa yoko, sinokubona indlela iindawo izityalo phantsi kwempembelelo utshintsho lokusingqongileyo isuka yenze ngokuhamba kwexesha ochaphazela inani yokondliwa.