Izinyithi exutyiweyo: Inkcazo kunye neempawu isicelo uluhlu

Uphuhliso bunxulunyaniswa kwimfezeko. Ukuphucula amathuba okusebenzisa mveliso kunye nendlu ngokusebenzisa izixhobo ezineempawu eqhubekayo. Oku, ingakumbi doped metal. iyantlukwano yabo uzimisele ulungiso ubunakho kuqamba ubuninzi nobulunga eziqalelo alloying.

Natural-ingxubevange intsimbi

Okokuqala intsimbi wakhe otyhidiweyo, nto leyo eye iipropati ezahlukeneyo ukusuka izalamane, kuye kwazenzekela-doped. I nezakha eziwa kokubhalwa kwembali intsimbi kunegama ukwanda izixa nickel. Efunyanwa kulo kumangcwaba amandulo aseYiputa 4-5 zeminyaka BC. e., sakhiwe olufanayo izakhiwo Monument Qutab Minar e Delhi (V c). amakrele damask Japanese ezenziwe ngentsimbi, molybdenum isinyibiliko eDamasko intsimbi iqulethe Tungsten, okufana ngesantya esiphezulu mihla. Ezi isinyithi, esikrwada yayiveliswa kwiindawo ezithile.

Aluminiyamu yemveliso mihla ziqulathe amacandelo zendalo ebuntsimbi kunye imvelaphi nonmetallic, ezibonakaliswa iimpawu zazo kunye neepropati.

indlela yembali

Isiseko kuphuhliso nokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi yasekwa echaza indlela yokunyibilika ngokuyinyibilikisa for steel eYurophu ngenkulungwane XVIII. Xa inguqulelo abangekaphuhli ngaphezulu crucibles ezisetyenziswa kumaxesha amandulo, kuquka ukuba lokunyibilikisa eDamasko, eDamasko ngentsimbi. Ngenkulungwane yokuqala ye-18, eli iteknoloji sele nokuphucula ngendlela engazange mveliso, yaye bavunyelwe ukunyenyisa ubume kunye nomgangatho izinto yokuqala.

• Ukuvulwa ngaxeshanye lweziqalelo ngakumbi omtsha ngamachiza, nizihlabe nabaphandi ukuya imifuniselo kunyityilikiswa zovavanyo.
• impembelelo engentle ngobhedu kumgangatho ngentsimbi ye.
• ubhedu Vula equlathe-6% yentsimbi.

Amalinge lwenziwa ngokwemiqathango yempembelelo ubuninzi nobulunga kwi ingxubevange nawo Tungsten, manganese, titanium, molybdenum, ayibe, chromium, platinum, nickel, i-aluminiyamu, kunye nabanye.

Ukuveliswa lokuqala mveliso ngentsimbi exutyiweyo ne manganese, elasekwa ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XIX. Kwakhona iye yaphuhliswa ukususela ngo1856 njengenxalenye yenkqubo Bessemer of ukunyibilikisa.

Iimpawu kweziyobisi

iimpawu Modern ukuvumela ukunyibilika iintsimbi exutyiweyo ye kuqamba. Imigaqo esisiseko ngale ndlela:

1. amacandelo Alloying zithathwa kuphela xa kuqaliswa ingakumbi umxholo nganye ungaphezulu-1%.
2. Isalfure, hydrogen, phosphorus ingqalelo ukungcola. Le inclusions nonmetallic zisetyenziswa boron, initrogen, lesilicon, ezinqabileyo - phosphorus.
3. Volume kweziyobisi - kukwaziswa kwe amacandelo zibe iziyobisi etyhidiweyo kweli candelo metallurgical. Umphezulu yinkqubo kumphezulu maleko kwe- Ukwanda izinto eziyimfuneko imichiza kwiqondo lobushushu eliphezulu.
4. Kule nkqubo additive, ukulungisa isakhiwo crystalline of "umntwana" lo mbandela. Bayakwazi ukudala okanye ukuphelisa ukungena izisombululo kwaye ibekwe kwi imida ebuntsimbi and non-ebuntsimbi izakhiwo, ukudala umxube ngomatshini yembewu. A indima enkulu edlalwa apha iqondo ukunyibilika izinto omnye komnye.

izakhi alloying

Ngokutsho yokuhlela ngokubanzi, zonke iintsimbi zahlulwe zibe abamnyama bebala. Ukubandakanya ensimbi amnyama, chrome kunye manganese. Coloured yahlulwe ayisindi (aluminiyam, nemagnesium, potassium), enzima (nickel, zinc, ubhedu), amanene (platinum, isilivere, negolide), izinyithi elinjubaqa (Tungsten, molybdenum, vanadium, titanium), imiphunga, umhlaba obunqabileyo eqhumayo. Xa alloying iintsimbi neendidi elibalulekileyo ilula, inzima, isengqiqweni eliyinjubaqa non-ayoni, nazo zonke ezimnyama.

Kuxhomekeka umlinganiselo ezi zinto noseko Massey metal lokugqibela yahlulwe ephantsi-ingxubevange (3%), srednelegirovannye (3-10%) kunye ophezulu (ngaphezu kwe-10%).

yodidi exutyiweyo

Yobuchwepheshe, inkqubo kuthe tye. Amaqondo libanzi kakhulu. Iinjongo eziphambili ngenxa yodidi zilandelayo:

• Ukwandisa ngamandla.
• Ukuphucula iziphumo processing thermal.
• Ukunyuka nokumelana, ukumelana ubushushu, ukumelana ubushushu, ukumelana ubushushu, ukumelana neemeko ndlongondlongo yokusebenza, ubomi nkonzo.

The main amacandelo - ingxubevange ayoni, kunye nesinyithi elinjubaqa, eziquka Cr, MN, W, V, Ti, Mo, nabeBala Al, Ni, Cu.

Chromium kunye nickel - iinkalo eziphambili ocacisa insimbi (X18H9T) kunye elinjubaqa, apho iimeko zokusebenza ebonakala amaqondo obushushu aphezulu kunye nemithwalo umothuko (15H5). Xa isixa-mali ukuya kwi-1.5% isetyenziselwe ii-iibheringi kunye namalungu zochuku (15HF, SHH15SG)

Manganese - sisakhono esibalulekileyo zokuguga-resistant yodidi (110G13L). izixa ezincinane ikhuthaza deoxidation, ukunciphisa yoxinaniso phosphorus nesulfure.

Silicon kunye vanadium - imiba isixa esithile eyandileyo luthambe kwaye zisetyenziswa lokuvelisa imithombo (55S2, 50HFA).

Aluminium efanelekileyo zentsimbi kunye ukumelana enkulu yombane (H13YU4).

Uphawu ebonakalayo isiqulatho Tungsten ezinzile-high speed isixhobo yodidi (ikhasi 9 R18K5F2). umfutho exutyiweyo ukuze ezibengezelayo ngezinto kakhulu nemveliso ukumelana nokusebenza ngaphezu isixhobo carbon ngentsimbi efanayo ngakumbi.

steel exutyiweyo ekusebenziseni ngemihla. Kwangaxeshanye eyaziwa ekuthiwa-aluminium ngempahla Akumangalisi olufumaneke ngokuba iindlela kweziyobisi. Ngaloo ndlela "steel ngomthi" iqulethe-1% chromium ne-35% nickel, nto leyo ebonisa conductivity yalo phezulu thermal, uphawu zokuba ziinkuni. Diamond kwakhona iquka 1.5% carbon, 0.5% chromium ne-5% of Tungsten, leyo kuluphawu njengoko eqinile ngokukhethekileyo, lifana nekalikedo.

nokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi intsimbi

ayina Lahlani zonke yodidi zahluka isiqulatho ebalulekileyo carbon (ukusuka 2.14 ukuya 6.67%), ngokuba lukhuni aphezulu kunye nokumelana, kodwa amandla aphantsi. Ukuze bandise zeepropati kunye izicelo umboniso, kuba doped kunye chromium, manganese, i-aluminiyamu, lesilicon, nickel, ikopolo, Tungsten, vanadium.

Ngenxa iimpawu ezizodwa izinto zentsimbi kunye nokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi yayo - inkqubo intsonkothe ngaphezulu kunayo for steel. Ngalinye leekhomponenti kuchaphazela ukuguqulwa ikhabhoni kuyo. Ekubeni manganese igalelo lokusekwa "ekunene" le mifanekiso, leyo kuphucula elide. Intshayelelo kwezinye carbon kwakhona unalo ifuthe lenguqu ukuya kurhulumente bengasebenzi, ezingwevu isinyithi kunye nokunciphisa iimpawu zayo mechanical.

Ithekhnoloji intsonkothile indawo yokunyibilika ephantsi (in-avareji? C ukuya 1000), ngoxa inkoliso izinto alloying ingaphezulu kakhulu ngaphezu kweli nqanaba.

Ngokuphumelelayo ukuze alloying entsonkothileyo sisinyithi. Kwangaxeshanye, kufuneka kuqwalaselwa ukunyusa amathuba okuba ukungahlali kwabantu castings, ngokuhlaziya umngcipheko bephosa iziphene. Ukwenza inkqubo kakuhle ngakumbi umoya kunye yamaZiko induction. ulandelelwano olusisinyanzelo amanyathelo ilunyango ubushushu yodidi oluphezulu.

ayina chromium uphose luphawulwa ukunganyangeki wear eliphezulu, amandla, ukumelana ubushushu, ukumelana ukwaluphala umhlwa (CHH3, CHH16). Zisetyenziswa kubunjineli kwemichiza kunye nokuveliswa kwezixhobo metallurgical.

Siphose intsimbi exutyiweyo kunye lesilicon, luphawulwa nokumelana eliphezulu nokuzabalazela kwimiphumo iikhemikali ndlongondlongo, nangona iipropati eyanelisayo ngoomatshini (CHS13, CHS17). iindawo Ifomu izixhobo zeekhemikhali, imibhobho kunye iimpompo.

Umzekelo alloying entsonkothileyo kakhulu ukuba ubushushu-enganyangekiyo ngeentsimbi cast. Bona ziqulathe e zesinyithi zabo ekwakhiweni kunye alloying abamnyama ezifana chromium, manganese, nickel. Bona ebonakala nokumelana aphezulu umhlwa, anxibe bokuxhathisa kwaye ukuxhathisa neengxaki eliphezulu phantsi kweemeko ezinefuthe eliphezulu - iinxalenye turbines, iimpompo, Motors, izixhobo kushishino imichiza (CHN15D3SH, CHN19H3SH).

Enye inxalenye ebalulekileyo yobhedu, nto leyo obandakanyeka ezintsonkothileyo kunye nezinye ngesinyithi, iimpawu ekubunjweni ukunyuka ingxubevange.

ingxubevange copper

Lusetyenziswa ifomu yayo enyulu yaye ubunjwe ze zobhedu leyo sezineentlobo ngeentlobo ngokuxhomekeke umlinganiselo eziqalelo eziphambili kunye alloying, nobhedu, ubhedu, nickel yesilivere, kunye nezinye nelziybery.

Coca nobhedu - zinc ingxubevange - hayi doped. Ukuba kuquka ukwakhiwa alloying izinyithi non-ayoni ngesixa ethile - kucingwa ukuba multicomponent. Bronze - it aluminiyamu kunye namanye amacandelo sisinyithi, unokuba itoti okanye tin aqulethe, doped kuzo zonke iimeko. Ukuphucula umgangatho ngokusebenzisa MN, Fe, Zn, Ni, Sn, PB, Yiba, Al, P, Si.

Umxholo lesilicon of iikhompawundi zobhedu iyaphucuka nokumelana babo, amandla kunye luthambe; nebhekile, nelothe, - ukuqinisekisa umgangatho kunye antifriction neempawu ezintle machinability sihlobo; nickel kunye manganese - amacandelo, ebizwa ngokuba yi-aluminium deformable elisebenzayo abe nempembelelo entle nokumelana; intsimbi uphucula iimpawu mechanical nezinki - nobuchwepheshe.

Zisetyenziswa Electrical Engineering njenge ngenxa eyimveliso ezahlukeneyo iingcingo, Manufacturing amacandelo abalulekileyo izixhobo zeekhemikhali, kubunjineli kunye nezixhobo ngoomatshini ukwakhiwa, imibhobho kubananisi ubushushu impahla ekrwada esisiseko eziphathekayo.

aluminium kweziyobisi

Isetyenziswa njenge ukulahlwa okanye wenza aluminium. Doped Metals ineziseko zayo ezi iikhompawundi zobhedu, manganese, okanye nemagnesium (duralumin, njalo njalo), le yokugqibela - yikhompawundi kunye lesilicon, ebizwa ngokuba yi-silumins, nazo zonke iinketho anokwenzeka ngala doped usebenzisa Kr, MG, Zn, Co, Cu, Si.

Ubhedu kwandisa plasticity yayo; Silicon - le fluidity kunye nomgangatho eziwisela iipropati; chromium, manganese, nemagnesium - ukuphucula amandla, iimpawu processing kunye nokumelana xi machinability. Kwakhona nje kumacandelo alloying igalelo yokumelana nokuguga kunye neemeko ndlongo yokusebenza makufikelelwe kuso B, PB, Zr, Ti, Bi.

Iron - isixa kunganqwenelekiyo ukuba zenzeke, kodwa izixa ezincinane ezisetyenziselwa imveliso aluminiyam eneli. Silumin wayedla lokuphosa iindawo ezibalulekileyo kunye housings sobunjineli ngoomatshini. Duralumin kunye Ukubetha i aluminiyamu-based - into ebalulekileyo ekrwada lokuvelisa lweziqalelo igobhogobho, kuquka izakhiwo amandla zokwakha moya, imikhumbi kunye umatshini eziphathekayo.

izinyithi exutyiweyo abandakanyeka kuzo zonke iinkalo zoshishino ezifana nezo kuphuculwe iimpawu koomatshini nakwezobugcisa, xa kuthelekiswa umbandela iqala. Uluhlu lweziqalelo alloying kunye namathuba ubuchwepheshe bale mihla ukuvumela ukwenza utshintsho ezahlukeneyo ukwandisa izakhono kwezenzululwazi neteknoloji.