Izinto Electrotechnical, iimpawu kunye nezicelo

Ukusebenza ukuqina oomatshini zombane kunye nezityalo ixhomekeka nemeko yokugquma, izixhobo zombane apho izinto zisetyenziswa. Bona luphawulwa iseti iipropati ezithile xa mazifakwe iimeko magnetic field, kwaye ifakwe Izixhobo ngokusekelwe kwezi zalathisi.

izinto zombane Classification ikuvumela zahlulwe zibe ngamaqela ahlukeneyo zokwambathisa, semiconducting, eqhuba nezinto nosiba ukongeza iimveliso eziphambili: capacitors, abaqhubi, isolators nezinto semiconductor lilungile.

Materials ukuba amasimi nganye Imagnethi yomhlaba okanye yombane kwiipropati ezithile, kwaye abakhuselekanga radiations ezininzi ngaxeshanye. izinto Magnetic ngokuqhelekileyo yahlulwe izinto okwanamhlanje Imagnethi yomhlaba kunye nezinto ngemagnethi. Xa ubuchule umbane kakhulu abaqeshwe ngokuqhelekileyo okunamandla ngemagnethi.

materials isayensi

Le nto kuthiwa into, lubonakala bahluke kwezinye izinto ubume kwemichiza, iimpawu kunye nolwakhiwo iimolekyuli kunye atom. Iyeza le kwenye ezine ithi: sukube, eqinileyo, ulwelo okanye iplasma. Electrical kunye nezinto zokusebenza enze ukufaka iintlobo ngeentlobo zemisebenzi.

izinto Ukuqhuba adlulisela components flow electron zinika bodwa Heating. Ukusetyenziswa izinto resistor ukuguqula amandla ombane abe bubushushu, izinto zemveliso zokwakha bagcine imilo yabo, umz, izindlu. izinto zombane kunye zokwakha ezifunekayo ukuze enze imisebenzi akukho namnye kodwa eliqela enxulumene, ezifana njengoko yokwambathisa kwiimvavanyo umthwalo wombane, nto leyo izisa ukuba izinto zezakhiwo.

izinto zombane kwezesayensi - inzululwazi ojongene kwinkcazelo iimpawu, isifundo ukuziphatha lomba phantsi kwempembelelo umbane, ubushushu, ingqele, amasimi Imagnethi yomhlaba kunye nezinye izifundo zesayensi iimpawu ezithile efunekayo ukwakha oomatshini zombane, izixhobo kunye nofakelo ..

Guides

Ezi zibandakanya izixhobo zombane, nto leyo isalathisi engundoqo wavakalisa conductivity ye yangoku yombane. Oku kungenxa ubunzima kwento kusoloko electron okwangoku okwanamhlanje lubotshelelwe ngumongo nokuba abathwali isigxina free. Bona ukuhambahamba komzila molecule enye ukuya kwenye kwaye ukudala current. Izinto eziphambili conductive ingqalelo ubhedu, i-aluminiyamu.

Ukuze izinikezeli kukho izinto zibe resistivity ρ sombane <10 ^-5, apho impahla yi ngumbhexeshi elihle ngesalathisi 10 ^-8 Ohm * m. Zonke iintsimbi ukuba elungileyo yangoku itheyibhile 105 elements 25 kuphela zesinyithi, kwaye ukusukela koku iqela ezahlukeneyo zezixhobo 12 yokuziphatha umbane kwaye zithathwa nje semiconductors.

Nokwakheka izinto zombane kuvumela ukusetyenziswa kwayo njengee-arhente kwi ithi sukube kunye ulwelo. Njengoko metal ulwelo kwiqondo lobushushu eqhelekileyo lisetyenziswa mercury kuphela, apho urhulumente yendalo. I ezinye iintsimbi esetyenziswa ababhexeshi kuphela ulwelo sikwimo eshushu. Ukwenzela ababhexeshi ezisetyenzisiweyo kunye ulwelo conductive, umzekelo electrolyte. iimpawu ezibalulekileyo izinikezeli, ebavumela ukwahlula kubo ngokwecebo iqondo Unikezelo lombane, iimpawu conductivity thermal zithathwa kunye nokukwazi ngezizukulwana thermal.

izinto Heating

Ngokungafaniyo ababhexeshi, dielectrics ubunzima iqulethe inani elincinane elektroni ezamahala side. Ipropati iphambili ukwimo kukuba layo ukufumana ezichaseneyo yentsimi yombane. Le meko luchazwa yokuba phantsi kwempembelelo iintlawulo ezinxulumene-nombane bafudukela kwicala imikhosi nokwenza. Umgama offset mkhulu, kungona zombane amandla endle.

izinto zombane zokwambathisa aba kufutshane imilinganiselo ngaphezu ezincinane isalathiso conductivity, yaye ngaphantsi iqapheleka ngaphezu iqondo nokwehlukana, nto leyo ibonisa ukuba ukuchithachitheka kunye nolwabiwo amandla thermal. Le conductivity le Heating isekelwe kwi intshukumo isimaphambili se imali encinane dipoles ezamahala iishifti kwi intshukumo yasendle. Emva nokwehlukana, iifom into Heating kunye wokwephuka ezahlukeneyo, ngamanye amazwi, iintlawulo ezimbini iimpawu ezahlukeneyo kwakheka phezu komhlaba.

dielectrics Isicelo kakhulu kakhulu umbane, ukususela ukusetyenziswa iimpawu element esebenzayo kwisixando sokwenziwa.

Ukuze into esebenzayo, kunye iipropati efanele ulawulo, ziquka:

• pyroelectrics;
• electroluminophors;
• piezoelectrics;
• ferroelectrics;
• electrets;
• nezinto emitters kwi-laser.

izinto Basic zombane - iimpawu Heating zezenzi, olusetyenziswa zokwambathisa ezikhoyo izixhobo kunye capacitors lohlobo oluqhelekileyo. Ukuba uyakwazi ukwahlula izahlulo ezibini kwisekethe yombane enye kwenye nokuthintela ephuphumayo izityholo zombane. Ekubeni ukuzikhetha lwenziwa nge kwiindawo yangoku-Ukuthwala kumandla yombane baseleyo emhlabeni okanye phezu kwezindlu.

bahlukaniswa i yokwambathisa

Xa izinto eziphilayo nezingaphiliyo Heating yahlulwe, kuxhomekeke ekwakhiweni imichiza. dielectrics ezingaphiliyo azinamgaqo-carbon kumafa yayo, ngoxa iintlobo organic zezi isiqalelo carbon ephambili. izinto ezingaphiliyo ezifana iiseramikhi, mica, iqondo eliphezulu ubushushu.

lwezinto zoMbane kwi unendlela yokuvelisa yahlulwe dielectrics yendalo neyenziweyo. Ukusetyenziswa ngokubanzi zokwenziwa isekelwe kwinto yokuba wokwenziwa ivumela ukunika umbandela mihlaba ezinqwenelekayo.

Ngokutsho isakhiwo molecule dielectrics emkhusaneni molekyuli yahlulwe polar and non-ezibandayo. Le yokugqibela nayo ngokuba cala. Umahluko kukuba ezi athom kunye iimolekyuli phambi kokuba isenzo yabo yangoku yombane okanye akukho kagesi. K iqela cala kuquka Teflon, polyethylene, mica, zwi, kunye nabanye. Le dielectrics polar luqulathe iimolekyuli nentlawulo entle okanye embi, umzekelo na Polyvinyl chloride, bakelite.

iipropati Heating

Njengoko dielectrics yahlulwe ingangumoya, ulwelo kunye aqinileyo. Izinto ezisetyenziswa ngokuxhaphakileyo zombane esiqinileyo. iimpawu zabo isicelo zivavanywe kusetyenziswa parameters kunye neempawu:

• a resistivity umthamo;
• permittivity Heating;
• a resistivity komhlaba;
• 'ngumlingani ka permeability thermal;
• Heating ukulahleka tanjenti engile waveza;
• amandla umbandela phantsi kwempembelelo umbane.

Volume resistivity kuxhomekeke ukukwazi ngezinto ukuxhathisa ukuvuza phezu kwaso rhoqo ixabiso. Isalathisi eguqulweyo resistivity ekuthiwa conductivity isambuku.

Umphezulu resistivity ixhomekeke ukukwazi izinto ukuze sixhathise ngoku rhoqo eliqukuqela kumphezulu wayo. Umphezulu conductivity na ukuthengwa mzobo odlulileyo.

'Ngumlingani ka permeability thermal ibonisa ngesidanga utshintsho resistivity emva ekukhuliseni iqondo lobushushu kweziyobisi. Ngokuqhelekileyo, le uxhathiso kunciphisa kunye ukwandisa lobushushu, ngoko, ixabiso ingumlingani na negative.

Abehla Heating umisela isicelo zombane zemathiriyeli ngokungqinelana ekukwazini ukufunda nokufundisa ukwenza capacitance yombane. Umlinganiselo permittivity wayesisalamane Heating ezibandakanywe ingqikelelo permeability epheleleyo. Ukutshintsha Ukwambathisa Isalathisi umthamo wabonisa odlulileyo thermal permeability lomlingani, nto leyo ngaxeshanye ubonisa ukwanda okanye ukuncipha capacitance kunye ukutshintsha lobushushu.

Kodwa azikweli phezulu Heating ilahleko engile ibonisa iqondo ukulahleka kwamandla chain ngokumalunga nezinto Heating phantsi i ifildi yangoku yombane.

izinto Lubonakala Electrotechnical of Isalathisi amandla Heating, nto leyo ebonisa ithuba kokutshabalalisa kweziyobisi phantsi koxinzelelo. Ekuchongeni amandla yokugaya eziliqela uvavanyo ukuseka isalathisi umda amandla compressive, uqine, ayeguqa, torsional, ifuthe kunye zaphuka.

iimpawu dielectrics Physical nemichiza

Xa dielectrics ziqulathe inani elithile asidi wakhululwa. Isixa potassium hayidroksayidi ngokweemiligremu efunekayo ukuphelisa ubumdaka 1 g wenkqu kuthiwa inani asidi. Asidi ndizitshabalalise izinto eziphilayo zibe nefuthe elibi kwiipropati zokwambathisa ezikhoyo.

izinto zombane iimpawu intw viscosity lomlingani okanye ukukhuhlana, ebonisa iqondo yokumpompoza lomba. Viscosity wohlulwe enemiqathango kunye kinematic.

Degree of ukufakwa kwamanzi kumiselwa ngokuxhomekeke ubunzima amanzi lilo uvavanyo iintsuku ubungakanani element emva ngokuntywiliselwa emanzini kubushushu kwangaphambili. Le kwabalinganiswa kubonisa porosity ngayo umbandela, ukwandisa isalathiso kuguga iimpawu zokwambathisa ezikhoyo.

izinto magnetic

kohlolo lwentsebenzo lepropati otsalayo ibizwa ngokuba ubunjalo magnetic:

• permeability ingundoqo Magnetic;
• permeability isihlobo magnetic;
• lomlingani thermal of permeability magnetic;
• amandla ubuninzi zibuthe.

izinto Magnetic zahlulwe zibe nzima yaye ethambileyo. Iziqalelo soft luphawulwa iilahleko ezincinci ningatyhafi abayikuma magnetization lomzimba sokubambela zibuthe. Zezi akubonakali ngakumbi amaza ngemagnethi nebutho encinane zonyanzelo kunye Ukwanda induction ephakamileyo. ukusebenzisa kwabo abaguquli isixhobo oomatshini kagesi kunye neendlela, amakhaka Imagnethi yomhlaba okanye ezinye izixhobo apho magnetization eyimfuneko ezingekho amandla. Ezi ziquka esulungekileyo intsimbi, intsimbi electrolytic - Armco, permalloy, intsimbi yombane aluminium sheets, nickel-yentsimbi.

izinto eziqinileyo luphawulwa ilahleko ngokweqondo elibalulekileyo kan- of magnetization kwi lo mhlaba otsalayo lwangaphandle. Ukwamkela pulses kanye owahluke ngokwemvelo, izixhobo zombane kwaye iimveliso magnetized, yaye ixesha elide ukugcina amandla agciniweyo. Bona babe namandla eliphezulu zonyanzelo kunye nesikhundla eliphezulu induction intsalela. Elements nezi mpawu asetyenziswa nokuveliswa umazibuthe zokubhala. Abameli Izakhi aluminium esekelwe kumacandelo zentsimbi, i-aluminiyamu, nickel, ayibe, lesilicon.

magnetodielectrics

Le impahla engumxube, 75-80% kwi ekwakhiweni equlathe umgubo magnetic, ubunzima organic intsalela ophezulu polymeric izele Heating. Y ferrites kunye ferrites nokwanda nokuxabiseka umthamo resistivity, iilahleko ezincinci eddy ngoku, nto leyo evumela ukusetyenziswa kwazo ngobuchwepheshe-rhoqo. Ferrites izalathi zozinzo kwiinkalo rhoqo ezahlukeneyo.

INKUNDLA usebenzisa ferromagnets

Zisetyenziswa kakhulu ngokufezekileyo ukudala engundoqo ye jiko transformer. Ukusetyenziswa kwezinto ivumela ukwandisa kakhulu intsimi kazibuthe nesiguquli, ngoxa ukutshintsha ukufunda yangoku ngamandla. kufakelwe enjalo ferrite konga ukusetyenziswa kwamandla ngexesha lokusebenza kwefowuni. izinto zombane kunye nezixhobo emva nempembelelo lwangaphandle ngemagnethi kugcina neempawu owahluke ngokwemvelo, kwaye igcina intsimi kwisithuba ezikufutshane.

imisinga nezakhiwo musa Kwathi emva kokucima umazibuthe, ngaleyo ndlela umazibuthe esisigxina umlinganiselo lusebenza ngempumelelo headphone, iifowuni, umlinganiselo izixhobo, ngekompas, izixhobo lokurekhoda umsindo. zithandwa kakhulu ukusetyenziswa umazibuthe esisigxina, hayi kagesi conductive. ambaxa ndizuze oxides zentsimbi kunye nezinye oxides ezahlukeneyo. Lodestone libhekisela ferrite.

izinto semiconductor

Ezi zinto, anesibambiso ixabiso conductivity leyo lokuphumla le index ukwenzela ababhexeshi kunye dielectrics. Le conductivity kwezi zinto kuxhomekeke kubukho ubumdaka ubunzima, impembelelo yangaphandle kunye nemiyalelo iziphene lwangaphakathi.

Iimpawu electrotechnical qela yezinto semiconductors ubonisa umahluko omkhulu ngalinye ezinye iielementi emkhusaneni isakhiwo, ukwakhiwa kunye neempawu. Kuxhomekeka ngezi parameters, izinto zihlelwa ngeentlobo 4:

1. Elements atom eziqulathe olulodwa lwento: lesilicon, phosphorus, boron, selenium, indium, germanium, kaLayishe waseGalim, kunye nabanye.
2. Kwizinto eziqulathe oxides otyhidiweyo eyakhiwa - lobhedu oxide, isiqalelo esithambileyo esimhlophe, izinc kunye nabanye.
3. Izixhobo kwi antimonide kwiqela zidityanisiwe.
4. izinto eziphilayo - naphthalene, anthracene, kunye nabanye.

Kuxhomekeka emkhusaneni yahlulwe izinto polycrystalline semiconductor nezinto monocrystalline. Iimpawu zezinto zombane kuvumela ukuba nesabelo non-Imagnethi yomhlaba kunye nguvumazonke. Phakathi iinxalenye otsalayo bahlule semiconductors, abaqhubi kunye nezinto non-conductive. ulwabiwo ecacileyo kunzima ukwenza, ekubeni izinto ezininzi ukuziphatha ngendlela eyahlukileyo kwimeko yomsebenzi etshintshayo. Umzekelo, ukusebenza ezinye semiconductors kumaqondo obushushu asezantsi onokufaniswa wachaphazela insulators. Abo dielectrics ngokufudumeza umsebenzi semiconductors.

izinto zizonke

Izinto abahlukaniswa ekusebenzeni kunye nokwakhiwa, ekuthiwa izinto edityanisiweyo, kuba kananjalo izinto zombane. iimpawu zabo izicelo ngenxa indibaniselwano izinto ezisetyenziswayo xa kwenziwa imveliso. Imizekelo amacandelo ifayibha sheet iglasi, fiberglass, umxube zesinyithi conductive kunye eliyinjubaqa. Ukusetyenziswa mixube amandla alinganayo utyhila izinto zisebenza ukuba khona. Maxa wambi yindibaniselwano yeekhomponenti oyintlanganisela kukhokelela ekudalweni njengento entsha ngokupheleleyo ukuya nezinye iimpawu.

izinto ifilimu

scope Greater ukuba icebo lika zombane kunye iiteyiphu kwakuse ziye olufunyenwe izixhobo zombane. mihlaba yabo yahlukile kwezinye dielectrics bhetyebhetye, amandla ngokwaneleyo ngoomatshini kunye neempawu ezintle zokwambathisa ezikhoyo. Ububanzi mveliso yahluka ngokuxhomekeka impahla:

• film zenza 6-255 microns ukwenza, ukukhululwa tape 0,2-3,1 mm;
• iimveliso istro ngokohlobo iitheyiphu bhanya eziveliswe 20-110 microns yesithokothoko;
• obukhulu tape polyethylene wenza 35-200 m, ububanzi 250 ukuya 1500 mm;
• ubukhulu film fluoroplastic yenziwe microns-5 ukuya ku-40, ububanzi 10-210 mm silibone.

Ukuhlelwa izinto zombane ukusuka umboniso likuvumela ukwahlula iintlobo ezimbini: ogxile non-ebomini film. Le ezibonakalayo kuqala isetyenziswa kakhulu.

Iipeyinti kunye Ipeyinti usambathisa zombane

Isisombululo sezinto ezenzayo xa ifilimu iqinisa, zixhobo zanamuhla ze-electrotechnical. Eli qela liquka iibhitum, i-oily oil, i-resins, i-ethers ye-cellulose okanye i-compounds kunye neendibaniso zezi zixhobo. Ukuguqulwa kwecandelo le-viscous kwi-insulator lwenzeka emva kokuphuma kwamanzi kwi-solvent yesisombululo esisetyenziswayo, kunye nokwakhiwa kwefilimu eninzi. Ngendlela yesicelo, iifilimu ziyahlula zibe zihambelane, zifakwe kunye neengubo.

Ukufakela iifarnishi zisetyenziselwa ukufakela ukufakelwa kombane ukwenzela ukwandisa ukuqhuba kwe-thermal kunye nokunyanzeliswa kwamanzi. Ukugubungela iifarnishi kwakha ingubo ekhuselekileyo yokukhusela ngokushushumbisa, isithwathwa, i-oyile kummandla we-windings, iplastiki, i-insulation. Izixhobo ezixhasayo ziyakwazi ukwenza i-lamina mica kunye nezinye izinto.

Izixhobo zokufakelwa kombane

Ezi zixhobo zimelelwe isisombululo samanzi ngexesha lokusetyenziswa, silandelwe ukuqiniswa nokuqiniswa. Iimpawu zibonakaliswe kukuba i-composition ayiqukethe i-solvents. Iimveliso nazo ziseqela "izinto zokhetho ze-electrotechnical". Iintlobo zabo zizalisa kwaye zifakela. Uhlobo lokuqala lusetyenziselwa ukuzalisa iingcambu kwiimbambo zekhebula, kwaye iqela lesibini lisetyenziselwa ukulinganisa imimoya yomoya.

Iimveliso zivelisa i-thermoplastic, ziyancwina emva kokuphakamisa amaqondo okushisa, kunye ne-thermosetting, ngokuqinisekileyo zigcina uhlobo lokuqiniswa.

Izinto ezifake izixhobo zokumisa zombane

Ukuveliswa kwezixhobo ezinjalo, ii-fibers ze-organic kunye nama-creatory artificially created are used. Imifuno yemifuno yemvelo yelinen yendalo, ifilokisi, iinkuni ziguqulwa zibe yimveliso yendalo (fiber, fabric, cardboard). Uthotho lwabantu abasebenzisa i-insulators luhluka kwi-6-10%.

Izinto eziphilayo ezisuka kwi-synthetics (kapron) ziqulethe umswakama kuphela ukusuka ku-3 ukuya ku-5%, ukutshatyalaliswa okufanayo kunye nobuninzi kunye namafayili angaqhelekanga. Izixhobo ezingaqhelekanga ziyaziwa ngokuba zikwazi ukutshabalalisa ngokufudumala okukhulu. Ukuba izinto zifakelwe i-enamel okanye i-varnishes, ukuvutha komlilo kuphakama. Ukunikezelwa kwezixhobo zombane kwenziwa kwishishini lokuveliswa kwamashishini kagesi kunye nezixhobo.

I-lethroid

Iifayibhile ezilungileyo ziveliswa kumashishini kwaye zifakwa kwi-roll yokuthutha. Isetyenziswe njengemveliso yokuveliswa kwee-pads, i-dielectrics enesakhiwo, ama-washers. Iphepha kunye ne-asbestos impregnation kunye nekhadibhodi ye-asbestos yenziwe nge- asbestos ye-chrysolite, idibanisa kwiifayili. I-Asbestos inokumelana nomphakathi we-alkaline, kodwa ibhujiswa kwi-asidi.

Ekugqibeleni, ku funeka kuqatshelwe ukuba ngokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zanamhlanje zokufakelwa kwempahla yombane, ubomi babo benkonzo bunyuke kakhulu. Iifolo zezityalo, izixhobo ezinemifanekiso ekhethiweyo zisetyenzisiweyo, ezenza kube lula ukuvelisa izixhobo zokusebenza ezisetyenziswayo ngokuphucula ukusebenza.