Izifo zezinyosi kunye nonyango. Iinqwelo zokutshabalalisa

Zonke iintlobo zezifo zezinyosi yinkalo yangempela nayiphi na inyosi. Ngelishwa, uninzi lwawo alufundiswanga ngoku. Kule meko, iimpawu ezininzi zezifo zeenyosi azibonakalwanga ngokucacileyo, kwaye kunzima kunzima ukuzijonga ngeaso. Kwaye, oku, kunokukhokelela ekulahlekelweni kweentlobo zeentsapho ngenxa yokungakwazi ukuxilongwa ekuqaleni.

Izifo eziqhelekileyo zeenyosi kunye nonyango lwabo

Okwangoku, abavelisi baye bakhupha inani elikhulu leentlobo ezingenakuthobeka kunye nezizinzileyo zezinambuzane. Uninzi lwawo lunokubakholwa, kuquka eRashiya. Kuzo zonke iintlobo zonyango, zonke iintlobo zezinyosi zanamhlanje, ngenhlanhla, zizinzile. Nangona kunjalo, ezinye izifo, ngelishwa, ziyakwenzeka nakwiindawo zezilwanyana, kwaye ngokuqhelekileyo.

Impendulo eqhelekileyo kumbuzo wukuthi ziphi na iinyosi ezihluphekayo kwiiyopiyari zi:

• Varroatosis;

• I-American and Europe;

• Nosematosis;

• Ascosferosis.

Zonke ezi zifo ziyingozi yaye zinokunciphisa kakhulu imveliso yeentsapho. Unyango lwezinyosi ezivela kwi-varroatosis, iifesi, i-nosematosis kunye nezinye izifo kufuneka ziqaliswe ngokukhawuleza emva kokufumana iimpawu zabo zokuqala. Iyakwazi ukuveliswa zombini kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamalungiselelo ezoshishino, kunye nezilwanyana zamalungu.

Izizathu zokusuleleka kwi-varroa

Ngokumalunga nesi sifo esiyingozi kwaye esihlala sisisigxina, iincwadi ezininzi sele zibhaliswe. Yibangelwa ngumthi we-mite u-Varroa otshatyalaliswayo, i-parasitic kwizinyosi zokusebenza, i-drones, izibungu kunye ne-pupae. Elizweni lethu, lesi sifo saqala ukubhaliswa ngo-1964 kwaye ngoku ngoku siqhelekileyo kwiindawo zonyango.

Kukho ukunyangazeka kwe-varroatosis ekudibanisaneni nabantu abanezempilo abanezigulane. Kwiimeko ezininzi, oku kwenzekayo ngokubiwa kwezinyosi ngeenyosi ezivela kwezinye iindawo zokuhlalisa izilwanyana, ukubekwa ngokukhawuleza kwemihlathi, xa sivakatye inambuzane enye inyosi.

Izimpawu eziphambili

Esi sifo sibonakala, ngelanga, kungekudala. Impawu zokuqala zalo ziyakubonwa kuphela ngonyaka okanye ezimbini emva kokusuleleka. Iimpawu eziphambili ze-varroatosis zi:

• Ukubonakala kwabantu ababi kwintsapho;

• Ukucocwa kweenyosi;

• Ukutshatyalaliswa kwengxenye yomntwana ovulekileyo (izibungu ezonakalisayo);

• Ubuninzi beemvumba ezifile ebhodini.

Xa kuhlolwe ngamehlo, kulula ukubona i-mite ngokwayo.

Indlela yokugcina i-apiary evela kwi-Varroa etshabalalisa

Unyango lwezinyosi ezivela ku-varroatosis - inkqubo inzima kakhulu. Enye yeendlela ezithandwayo kule meko ayinelanga. Ukuthi isifo siphumelele esi sifo sinikwe kuphela ngokulungiselela amalungiselelo okhethekileyo oshishino. Xa abafuyi bezinyosi abanesifo se-varroatosis bafunyanwa kwi-apiary, ezimbini iintlobo zee-agent zihlala zisetyenziswa:

• Amitrases;

• Fluvalinate.

Ngokwe siseko se-amitraz, amayeza afanelekileyo njenge "Aqua-Flo", "Bipin-T" kunye ne "Apimaks" zenziwe. Ngezinyosi, umyalelo wokusebenzisa zonke ezi zixhobo zilula. Isiphumo sihle kakhulu. Ngokusetyenziswa kwe-fluvalinate, ezinjalo izidakamizwa njenge "Api-san", "Varropol", "Fumisan" zenziwe.

Ukongezelela kumalungiselelo akhethekileyo, i-acidic ifowuni isetyenziselwa ukunyanga iinyosi ezivela kwi-varroatosis. Esi sixhobo senza iinkqubo eziphezulu kwiifowuni. Ukuphuphuma kwe-evaporation, i-asidi ye-formic iyabulala izibungu nakwizinyosi zezinyosi.

Ukulungiswa kweBipin-T: imiyalelo yokusetyenziswa

Yilesi siluleko esasetyenziswa rhoqo kwi varroatosis yeenyosi. Faka isicelo entwasahlobo okanye uwele ekungabikho komntwana kwiintsapho. Ukunyanga, 1 ml yesilwanyana ihlanjululwa kwi-2 ilitha yamanzi afudumeleyo. Isiphumo sisilwanyana samanzi. Esi sisombululo siqokelelwe kwisirinji kwaye sinisela umlenze ngesilinganiso se 10 ml kwisitrato esinye. Emva kweentsuku ezi-7, inkqubo iphindaphindiwe. Eyona nto ifanelekileyo, kuyinqweneleka ukwenza le nyango kabini - emva kokuphela kokuqokelela ubusi, okwesibini - ngaphambi kokubeka iintsapho ebusika.

"I-Bipin-T", umyalelo wokusetyenziswa okwenza oko kulula, ayisasetyenziselwa imihlathi kusukela ngaphantsi kwezi-3-4 zezitalato.

Isixhobo se-Apimax: indlela yokufaka isicelo

Kakade, i-Bipin-T ayiyona yodwa imithi eyaziwayo kubafuyi bezinyosi. Ukuthintela nokunyangwa kwe-varroatosis nezinye izifo (umzekelo, i-nosematosis, ascosphere, foulbrood) yinto enokusetyenziswa ngayo i-Apimax. Ngezinyosi, imiyalelo yokuyisebenzisa yile:

• 0.1 L yebhasamu kufuneka ixutywe kunye neelitha ezili-10 zesisombululo seshukela (50%);

• Umxube obangelwayo kufuneka ufakwe kwi-feeder ekhethekileyo uze uwafake emcengeni.

I-American neYurophu i-foulbrood: izizathu zentsholongwane

Kwakhona isifo esiqhelekileyo sezinyosi. Kwaye unyango lwabo, kunye nokuthintela lwenziwa kwimibuchwephesha ethile, apho bonke abalondolozi beezinkophezelekile ukuba bazi. I-agent causative ye-American foulbrood yi-bacterium Bacillus larvae, inye yaseYurophu-i-Melissococcus plutonius. Iintlobo ze-pathogen yokuqala zihlala zisebenza iminyaka emininzi. Kwizibungu ezifile, umzekelo, bahlala bephila iminyaka engama-30. I-agent causative ye-European foulbrood ifa ngokukhawuleza. Ngoko, kwiingubo zomfuyi wezinyosi, unokuhlala ngaphandle kweentsuku ezili-95. Izinambuzane ezindala zizo zombini iintlobo zebhaktheriya azichaphazelekayo. Izibungu kuphela zichaphazeleka yi-American and Europe.

Izizathu ezibalulekileyo zentsholongwane zi:

• Ubusela bezinyosi;

• Ukutshintshwa kwee-spores yizinambuzane ezincinci;

• Ukugqoka okuphezulu ngobusi obunentsholongwane;

• Sebenza emlanjeni ngezandla ezingcolileyo.

Izimpawu zesifo

Iimpawu eziphambili ze-American and European foulbrood zi:

• Ubuninzi beemvumba ezifileyo ezinobusi;

• Ubunjalo bomxube obungabonakaliyo weentlink ezantsi kweeseli;

• Ubumnyama bamabhodlela we-wax kunye nokubonakala kwemingxuma.

Izifo ezibolayo zezinyosi (kwaye unyango lwabo, kunye nokuthintela - iinkqubo ezithwala uxanduva) ziyafumaneka, kuquka ukutshintsha umbala wekhava elibizayo.

Unyango

Akunakwenzeka ukulahla i-foulbroods ngoncedo lwamachiza kuphela. Inyani kukuba ama-agent engamachiza awawubhubhisi i-spores yezifo-mzimba. Ngoko ke, kuphela ukungahlanjululwa kwezinyosi ngokudibanisa namayeza kunceda ukuwunqoba ngokuphumelelayo ezi zifo zezinyosi. Kwaye unyango lwabo, kunye nokuthintela, phakathi kwezinye izinto, kufuneka zibandakanye le mi sebenzi elandelayo:

• Ukudala iimeko ezikhusela i-sporulation;

• Unyango lwemikoko ngokusebenzisa iindlela zokutshabalalisa iinqwelo.

Njengamachiza kunyango lweezinyosi, iinkohlakalo zivame ukusetyenziswa:

• Sulfatizole;

• Norsulfazole;

• Tetracycline;

• Erythromycin.

Yonke le mveliso ingasetyenziselwa ukumiswa kwisiraphu yesiraphu, ipowder okanye isisombululo esivamile.

Ukutshatyalaliswa kwintsholongwane enesifo esithintekileyo nge-foulbrood kuqhutywa ngoncedo lwe-formaldehyde (4 okanye 10%). Kule meko, iinxalenye zensimbi zicutshungulwa ngumlilo. Izambatho ze-beekeeper emva kokutyelela i-apiary kufuneka zitshintshwe imizuzu engama-30. Zinye iindlela eziqhelekileyo zenziwa kunye nokuthintelwa kweentlaka.

Izizathu zokusuleleka kumingcipheko nge-nosematosis

Esi sifo sisoloko sifumaneka kulezo zonyango, ezingenakuthathwa ngononophelo. Ubangela i-nesematosis yezinyosi, unyango lwazo lulula ukuqhuba ngaphezu kwamagqabi okanye, umzekelo, varroatosis, ibhaktheriya uNosema apis. Uhlala kwaye avelise ngokukodwa kwinqwelo yeenyosi ezigulayo. Izizathu zentsholongwane yomhlathi kunye neempumma zidla ngokuba:

• Umswakama ophezulu ngaphakathi kwinquma;

• Ukunqongophala kwePerga entwasahlobo;

• Ukutya okungafunekiyo.

Kwakhona ukukhupha lesi sifo kwizinyosi kunokuvula kunye nesimo sezulu eshushu emoyeni kunye nokuguquka okubalulekileyo ebusika.

Iimpawu ze-nosematosis

Ifom yesi sifo sinezibonakaliso ezibonakalisiweyo. Kule meko, intsapho isoloko ithathaka kancane kwaye ihlala ithatha indawo yebele. Kodwa kwiimeko ezininzi i-nosematosis ephawulekayo ivela kwiiyopiyari. Iinyosi kulo mzekelo:

• Lahla ukukwazi ukuhamba;

• Ngethuba lokugijima kwinquma;

• Baqala ukutya kakhulu;

• Ba ngcikiva.

Ngexesha elithile emva kokubonakala kwezi zibonakaliso, izinambuzane ziyabhubha.

Unyango lwe-Nosematosis

Ukulwa nale sifo kwi-apiary:

• Izinyosi zinikezelwa ngokugqithisa phezulu ngendlela yokutya inkozi kunye ne-antibiotics exutywe nayo;

• Ukuhlaziya uluntu ngokubeka amakhosikazi abancinci kwimingxuma.

Yonke le nkqubo ngexesha elifutshane livumela ukuba ulondoloze intsapho kweso sifo esiyingozi njenge-nosematosis yezinyosi. Unyango luyasebenza kakhulu xa usebenzisa i-antibiotics "iFumagillin-B."

Izizathu zokusuleleka kwi-ascospenosis

Esi sifo kubangela ukuba umhlathi ube njenge-Ascosphaera apis. Ichaphazela ininzi yezibungu ze-drones kwiintsuku ezi-3 ukuya kwezi-4. Kukho isifo ngokusebenzisa iifom zangaphandle. I-Larvae enefungus ehlumayo emzimbeni wabo ilahlekelwa yinkwenkwezi, ifile kwaye iyomile. Ukuqumbisa esi sifo sinokuthi:

• Ubuthathaka bentsapho;

• Ukupholisa ixesha elide kunye nomswakama ophezulu.

Iimpawu eziphambili zesifo

Qinisekisa ukuba i-beehive inesifo se-ascospenosis, kunokwenzeka ngezi zilandelayo:

• Ukufa kweMasters emva kwe-molt yokugqibela;

• "Squealing" isandi se-honeycombs esiswini (ngenxa yezibungu ezomileyo).

I-ascorpheresis iphathwa njani?

Ukuncedisa i-fungus i-Ascosphaera apis kunye nemihlathi idlalwa ngokuchumisa iintsholongwane kunye noshukela olunomphunga oluququzelele "i-Nystatin". Ungayithenga ngokutyelela phantse nayiphi na isitolo sezinyosi. Kwakhona isilungiso esihle salesi sifo ngu-yarrow umquba (umgubo usasazeka ezitratweni).

Ukuthintela izifo

Ukukhusela ukusabalala kwanoma yiphina intsholongwane, kwi-apiary, okokuqala, okokuqala, kufuneka uhambisane neemfuno zokucoceka nokucoceka. Kuloo ndlela inokwenzeka ukuqhuba:

• Ukubekwa ngokufanelekileyo kwe-apiary ngokwayo;

• Ukutshabalalisa ngexesha;

• Ukuqwalasela ukucoceka kokutya.

Indlela yokubeka i-apiary ngokuchanekileyo

Izifo eziqhelekileyo zeenyosi kunye nemiqondiso yazo, kunye nezo unyango - yiloo nto esiyayiqonda ngokubanzi inkcukacha. Nangona kunjalo, kungcono ukuzama ukungavumeli ukusuleleka kwi-apiary kunoko konke, kunokuzama ukuwuqeda kamva. Ukukhusela iinyosi kwizifo, unakho, kuquka, kwaye ukhetha indawo efanelekileyo yimihlathi. Ukuseka iintsapho kufuneka, okokuqala, kungekude nakwizityalo zobusi, ezingenayo nayiphi na inkunkuma yezilwanyana ezinobungozi okanye ezinye izinto ezinobungozi ezinambuzane.

Umda weendawo zeepiyard udla ngo-2-3 km. Lo mmandla, ukongeza kweso sityalo esinezityebi, kufuneka ukuba ubonakaliswe ngokungabikho kwezifo zesifo:

• Amanzi amakhulu;

• Ezinkulu iindlela;

• Iinkomo zeenkomo.

Ukuqwalasela ukucoceka kokutya

Kuba izinyosi zasebusika kufuneka zihambe kwi-25-30 kg yobusi. Kwakhona ku-hive kufuneka ibe khona ngokwaneleyo ePerga. Ehlobo, iinyosi kufuneka zibonelele ngokulula amanzi. Dlulela ngokuqhelekileyo kubaphuza abakhethekileyo, efakwe ecaleni kwesityuba.

Ukukhutshwa komzimba

Le nqubo iqhutyelwa ngokuqhelekileyo ekwindla, emva kokuphela kwendiza. Ukukhubaza zonke izinto zokusebenza zensimbi kunye neenkuni, kubandakanywa nemihlathi. Ngaphambili, zonke izinto eziza kucutshungulwa, zisuse ngotywala. Olu hlobo luyakulungiswa ngokupheka isisombululo somlotha (1 inxalenye yamanzi amanxalenye ama-2). Ukuthintela izifo ezithathelwanayo kwi-apiary, unokutyelela ivenkile yokuloba kunye nokuthenga isisombululo se-formalin (1%) okanye i-iodine monochloride (1%). Iinqwelo emva kokuhlamba ngenye yale ndlela zihanjiswa kwisayithi yekhonkrithi. Apha zomiswa, emva koko ziqhubeka unyango lwama-agent-killings agents.

Ukuchithwa kwe-beehives, izitshixo kunye neenkuni zokhuni ngokuqhelekileyo zenziwa ngumxube we-hydrogen peroxide (10%) kunye ne-acidic (0.5%). Unyango luphindwa kabini, ngekhefu le-1. Isisombululo esilungisiweyo senziwe ngokuchanekileyo kunye ne-inventory kunye nemihlathi. Emva kweeyure ezingama-4 zonke izinto eziphathwayo zihlamba ngamanzi.

Phakathi kwezinye izinto, ukwenzela ukuthintela ukusasazeka kwezifo ezithathelwanayo kwi-apiary, kuyimfuneko ukuyibulala i-disinfect and soil under the hives in the fall, apho inyosi ezigulayo zazibonwa ehlobo. Kule meko, i- bleach isetyenziswe (38%) kwisilinganiso se-5 kg nge-1 sq. Ukuphathwa kwesi sixhobo umhlaba kufuneka utywe kwi-5 cm.

Endaweni yokugqiba

Ngaloo ndlela, sifunde ukuba zeziphi izifo eziqhelekileyo zezinyosi. Kwaye unyango lwabo, kunye nokuthintela kufuneka kwenziwe kwikhokhnoloji ethile. Ukuphelisa intsholongwane emthanjeni, ngokuqhelekileyo ngoncedo lwamayeza emibini, kunye nokucoca ngokutsha. Ungasebenzisa izilwanyana zabantu ukulwa nezifo zeenyosi. Nangona kunjalo, ukusetyenziswa kwezi zixhobo kubaluleke nje kuphela njengendlela yokulungiswa kunyango kunye nokulungiselela amashishini angakumbi.