Ivasi ukupeyinta eGrisi yamandulo. IZimbo ivasi painting Ancient Greece

Kule nqaku, thina, bafundi abathandekayo, qwalasela iindlela zokupenda i-vase ye-Ancient Greece. Olu luhlu lwangaphambili, oluqaqambileyo nolumangalisayo lwenkcubeko yasendulo. Nabani na oye wabona ngamehlo akhe i-amphora, lekif okanye i-skiffos, baya kukhumbula ngonaphakade ubuhle babo obungapheliyo.

Okulandelayo, siza kuthetha nawe malunga neendlela ezahlukeneyo zokupenda, kunye nokukhankanya amaziko atshabalekayo okuphuhliso lobugcisa.

I-Vase yaseGrisi yamandulo

Imizekelo emangalisayo yamaGrisi yamapayipi amandulo agcoba amehlo abo bakhenkethi kwaye iyimfundiso evumelekileyo ekuqokeleleni abaninzi abanokwenza ubugcisa. Ezi nqanawa ezinemibala zivuya kwiintlobo zezakhiwo, iziza kunye nemibala.

Kule nqaku, siza kuqwalasela izitayela ze-vases, ukususela kwixesha le-Hellas. Iifestile zesiGrike (imizobo iya kuboniswa ngezantsi) iphuma ebhodweni elilula, litshiswa kwisibonda, kwipopayi yobugcisa be-antique ngendlela ye-amphora-ebini ebomvu.

Ngenxa yobuhle babo obuhle kunye nobuchule, izinto ezikhawuleza zaba yinto eyaziwayo ekungeneni kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zeYurophu naseAsia. Zifumana zombini kwi-Celtic yokungcwaba, nakwamangcwaba aseMiddle East nakwiNyakatho Afrika.

Inyaniso elandelayo inomdla. Ama-sampuli yokuqala afunyenwe kwi-Etruscan crypts, kwaye ekuqaleni akukho mntu wadibanisa namaGrike. Kuphela ngasekupheleni kwekhulu leshumi elinesibhozo uJohann Winkelmann wabonisa ukuba imvelaphi yamaGrike. Emva kokukufumanisa, imifanekiso yamandulo yeGrike yamaqhosha yaba ngenye yezona zibhloko ezibalulekileyo ekufundeni kwangaphambili.

Namhlanje izitya azivumeli kuphela ukubuyisela iindawo ezininzi zobomi balo bantu, kodwa kunye nokuhlawula imicimbi ehlukahlukeneyo, kunye nokuziqhelanisa namagama obaphathi.

Oku ngakumbi, siza kuthetha ngakumbi, kodwa kwelinye lamaxesha abadwebi be-vass babenomncintiswano. Ukuqwalasela igraffiti, baqhayisa ngelinye ilanga ukuba iinqanawa zabo zingcono.

Amaziko kunye neTechnologists zeVases

Ndiyabulela kwizinto ezifunyenwe ngabadala be-archaeologists namhlanje, ezininzi iimyuziyam zehlabathi ziqhayise iisampuli ze-vases zaseGrisi zamandulo. Kukho iinqanawa zamandulo ezivela kwisiqithi saseKrete kunye neCoramics, i-black and red-guy-amphoras, i-lekifs kunye nezinye iintlobo zokutya.

Kwilizwe, iindawo eziphambili zokuvelisa zaziyi-Attic metropolises yaseAthene neKorinte. Ukongezelela kubo kukho namakhosikazi aseLaconia naseBootiotia. Kwakuyimigaqo-nkqubo yokuba baqulunqa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokuhlobisa imithana yegazi.

Kamva iziko lokuvelisa liya kwi-Italia elisemazantsi. Ngethuba lokuqala lamaGrike, wasuka eKrete waya kwilizwe. Kukho imizi emibili - iSicilian Centurupa kunye neCanosa yaseMzantsi Italy.

Ngokwahlukileyo kukufanelekile ukuhlala kwi-teknoloji eyenziwe ngayo iifriji zesiGrike. Amanani abonisa ukusetyenziswa kwesondo lombumbi kakade kwikhilomitha yesibili BC.

Ukhetho lukhethiweyo ngokwemibala. Kweminye imimandla, kwakunemibala eyahlukileyo - ukusuka kwitshintshile ukuya emdaka. Ukuba loo nto yayinamafutha kakhulu, i-chamotte kunye nesanti zafakwa kuyo. Ukongeza, udongwe ngokukhethekileyo "oludala". Inkqubo yayiquka ukuchazwa kwexesha elide lezinto eziluhlaza kwindawo egumbini emva kokuhlamba. Ngenxa yoko, yaba yinkxaso kakhulu kwaye yanyuka.

Emva koko loo nto yaxoxwa yabekwa kwivili lombumbi. Umkhumbi ogqityiweyo womelelwa emthunzini iintsuku ezimbalwa, ngoko umzobo wawusetyenziswe. Kuphela emva kokuba yonke le nkqubo inikwe into yokukhwela.

Ixesha laseAegean

Imizekelo yokuqala yezobugcisa yiempahla zeMinoan, Minni ne-Mycenaean pottery. Eyokuqala, ngokukodwa, isabizwa ngokuba yi-Kamares (emva kwegama le-grotto kwisiqithi saseKrete, apho iisampuli zafunyanwa kuqala).

Njengoko satshilo ngaphambili, umzobo ofanayo weebumbi ubonakala ngeenxa yesithuba seminyaka yesithathu leminyaka BC. Ixesha lokuqala, elihambelana nexesha lasekuqaleni lamaGrike okanye i-Aegean, lihlulwe izazinzulu kwiinqununu eziliqela.

Iyokuqala yahlala de malunga nekhulu leminyaka elinamanci-nkulungwane BC. Ngeli xesha, iipateni zejometri ezilula kwiindonga ezinemibala eneempawu zegazi zithintekile. Emva koko utshintshwa ngumzobo weNafres. Umi phakathi kweeramikhi zangoku. Into ebonakalayo ebonakalayo yimibala emhlophe ejikelezayo kunye neentyatyambo, ezazisetyenziselwa isiqhelo sempahla yesitya.

Ngenkulungwane yeshumi elinesixhenxe ye-BC, umlingiswa womzobo utshintsha kakhulu. Ngoku izixhobo zelwandle zibandakanya i-octopus, intlanzi, i-corals, i-nautilus, ihlengethwa kunye nabanye. Ukususela phakathi kwenkulungwane yeshumi elinesihlanu, ixesha lokunciphisa liye labonwa kwiprato yaseCretan.

Kodwa kwilizwe, ezibizwa ngokuba yi-archaic vases zikhula ngeli xesha. Okokuqala, apha kuyimfuneko ukuba ufake iiCeramics ze-Mini. Yayiyinqaba, ngaphandle kwemidwebo. Olu hlobo lobumbongo lwalukhona ukusuka kumashumi amabini anesibini ukuya phakathi kwekhulu leshumi elinesibhozo BC. Iyakuthatyathwa yi-Mycenaean ceramics.

Inkulungwane yeshumi elinesixhenxe ye-BC yayinguye ukuguqulwa kwimihlaba yonke yaseGrisi kunye neziqithi zaseCycladic. Ngeli xesha isiko saseMycenaean sisasaza apha kunye neemeti zalo kwii-vases. Abaphengululi bahlula ngamaxesha amane, okukhokelela kwixesha lokuhlasela kweDorian kweli lizwe (kwikhulu leshumi elinanye BC).

Ukuqwalasela umzobo, ekuqaleni kwendawo yaseMycenaean, imidwebo elula yamatte ebomvu ibonakala ngokusesikweni . Ngeli-15 leminyaka ye-BC, zatshintshwa izityalo kunye nabameli belizwe lezilwanyana. Kwaye kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesithathu ngaphambi kokuzalwa kukaKristu, imifanekiso yabantu kunye neenqanawa zivela. Ixesha lokugqibela lidibanisa ne- War War, ehambelana neli xesha.

IJometri

Phakathi kwekhulu leshumi elinesibini, ubugcisa obuhle bobuGrisi bamandulo babulala kunye nayo yonke inkcubeko. Ixesha de kubekho inkulungwane yeshumi ibhekwe "ixesha elimnyama" ekuphuhlisweni kwaba bantu.

Ukuba sithetha ngeekeramics, ngoko ngeli xesha lihlukanisa iindlela ezintathu zokudweba. Xa kufika amaDorians, ezininzi iimpumelelo zenkcubeko yaseMycenaean zilahlekile. Kuze kube ngephakathi kwekhulu leshumi elinanye kwakukho isigaba se-"submican" isiko, xa iifom zeempahla zagcinwa, kodwa imifanekiso yazo yaphela.

Emva koko kuza ixesha le-orthographic proto-geometric. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ii-ceramics zazibonakaliswe ngamaqela angqambileyo eesetyhula kufuphi entanyeni kunye phakathi kwesitya. Phakathi kwazo ngokuqhelekileyo zikhona izijikelezo ezicwangcisiweyo, eziye zenziwa ngoncedo lwekhampasi.

Ukubunjwa okuphawulekayo kwinqanaba le-10 BC. Ngoku kungabonanga kwaye kungabonakali. Ngokuqhelekileyo, izinto zeJomethri zadlala indima yesikhalazo eludongeni lwesitya. Ngaphantsi kwawo kwakukho imifanekiso yezenziwe ngabantu, izityalo kunye nezilwanyana.

Inkqubela yamandulo yamaGrike yaqhubela phambili. Ngethuba lokuphila kukaHomer, kukho ukuthambekisa ukunciphisa indawo yeemfucuza zejometri, ezithatyathwa yintambo yemikhosi eneenqwelo zokulwa okanye intambo yezilwanyana zasendle.

Umbala obalaseleyo wemidwebo yayimnyama okanye ibomvu kwimvelaphi emhlophe. Ngeli thuba, onke amanqaku anthropomorphic ebonakaliswe ngokucwangcisiweyo. Umzimba wamadoda wawusesigxina sexantathu ephihliweyo, intloko - i-oval enefuthe empumlweni, kwaye imilenze yayimele imilingo emibili (ithanga kunye ne-shin).

EMpuma

Kancinci, inkcubeko yamandulo yamaGriki iphuculwe. Imifanekiso iba nzima kakhulu, inkqubo yokuboleka izinto ezivela kwimisebenzi yabantu baseMpuma zenzeka. Ngokukodwa kweli xesha liphuma eKorinte. Kwiminyaka elisondeleyo, lo mgaqo-nkqubo uza kuba yikona kuphela kwipayipi ye-vase.

Ngoko, ngenkulungwane yesibini BC abaphathi bamaGrike baqala ukufumana iimpahla ezivela kwiingubo zangaphandle kunye namaphephethi. Kwiindonga zeempahla "zihleli" i-sphinxes, iingonyama, i-griffins nezinye izidalwa eziphilayo.

Kwakhona uphawu oluphawulekayo lwalo xesha "ukwesaba ukungabi nalutho." Ngoko abaphandi babibiza ngokuba yinto yokuqala, eyahluke kwi-Greek style vase yokubhala isitayela saseKorinte. Kuyo yonke indawo, sazama ukushiya nayiphi na indawo engazalwanga.

Babengababumbi baseKorinte ababeka isiseko sexesha kwiikheramics. Ukuqhuma kathathu, abaye baqulunqa, emva koko bazibonakalisa kumnyama omnyama amphorae, malunga nathi esiza kuthetha ngayo kamva.

Isitayela sokuqhelaniswa sabaphandi sihlukaniswe ngamaxesha aseKorinte neAttic. Kwiyokuqala kwezi zinto, i-painting vase ifumaneka kwizilwanyana zesimmo ukuya kwimifanekiso yemvelo yezilwanyana kunye nokucaciswa okucacileyo kwezidalwa zamathambo. Umgaqo oyintloko wabumbumbi wawusetyenziso oluphezulu lomhlaba wangaphandle weembiza. Ezi nqanawa zinokuthelekiswa nomgca wengubo okanye umgca wocwecwe obandakanya i-vase.

I-Attic ngexesha elifanayo libonakaliswe ngongoma wezinto zejometri entanyeni kwaye kufuphi nezantsi. Inxalenye enkulu eludongeni yabelwe kwiibalo zezilwanyana kunye nezinye izilwanyana, ezenziwa ngepeyinti emnyama.

Iifasesi ezimnyama

Isiphumo sokuphuhliswa kwesimboli seCorinthia kunye neNkqubela phambili kwakuyi-paint-figure figure. Le ngenye yeendlela ezimbini ezidumileyo kunye neendlela ezibonakalayo kwihlabathi la mandulo, kunye nombolo obomvu.

Ubungqina beli nqanaba lomveliso kukuba ababumbi babelwe kwiindawo ezihlukeneyo zamakhosi. Baye basebenze kuphela ekudaleni isimo sesitya kunye nokulungisa isampuli esiphelileyo. Okokuthi, aba basebenzi benziwe ngodongwe kunye nemveliso etshiswayo. Umzobo weeramics wenziwa kuphela ngabakhoboka, abaye babecingwa ngokubanzi ngaphantsi kweebumbi ngeendawo zabo.

Iinqanawa ezilungiselelwe zaxoswa kwiimeko "eziluhlaza". Izindonga ezingenakunzima ngokupheleleyo zivunyelwe ukuba zenze izigqibo kwaye zisebenzise uluhlu lwezinto ezilungiselelwe, okwenzeka emva koko waba ngumhlobiso obalaseleyo. Emva koko umfanekiso wadalwa ngoncedo lwodongwe olumnyama nolunqabileyo olukhethekileyo.

Ngaphambili, kwakucatshulwa ukuba ezo zeramics zazingcwatshwa, kodwa uphando lwangoku luye lwafakazela ukuba yi-slip (uhlobo olumnyama olunobumba) olwenza loo mkhumbi emva kokugcoba.

Ngaloo ndlela, i-vazopis emnyama yayizalwe kwiindonga zaseKorinte, kwiindibano zocweyo zabachwephezi, ababefuna ukuzisa isiqephu sempuma esingaqondakali kwimpilo yemihla ngemihla yamaGrike.

Kodwa emva kwesitayela esaziqhelanisiweyo, apho izilwanyana zithintela khona, kubonakala iiceramics ezimnyama. Sele ilawula imifanekiso yabantu. Iinjongo eziphambili kwakuyimikhosi, imikhosi kunye neendaba zeMfazwe yeTrojan.

Lo mveliso ususela ngowesixhenxe ukuya phakathi kwekhulu lesithandathu BC. Endaweni yayo kuza isitala esibomvu kwizixhobo zeeramics.

I-vase yecala lokupenda

Kukholelwa ukuba umzobo obomvu obhalwe obomvu ubonakala kwi-thirties yekhulu lesithandathu BC. I-Athenan Andokid, ekubeni ngumfundi we-master of ceramics ezimnyama, yaqala ukuzama ngeentyatyambo okokuqala. Enyanisweni, wenza nje into eyahlukileyo. Akukho umdwebo omnyama kwimvelaphi yobumba obungasuki, kodwa umbala omnyama, apho umbala wombala wendalo uvela khona.

Eli lixesha elidumileyo lokuncintisana ngokungabonakali phakathi kwabadwebi be-vass, abasenqululwazi badla ngokuba "ngabavulindlela". Baye basebenza kwiidolophu ezahlukeneyo, kodwa behlala behlala kwesinye kwiimilayezo ze-vases. Ngokomzekelo, kwenye ye-amphorae, umbhalo othi "uEpiphanius akazange akwazi ukwenza njalo" ufunyanwa. Ubumba begraffiti bubhekiswe kwi-Master Eufimid.

Ngaloo ndlela, isimboli esibomvu esicatshulwayo esibhaliweyo sisasazeka ngokubanzi. Usukile ngaphandle kweGrisi. Inkqubo efanayo yeempahla zokupenda itholakala kwi-Italia Yasezantsi. Kwaye kwaziwa kakhulu kwi-Etruscans.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuba ngeli xesha kukho ukuhamba okuthile kwiinkcukacha kunye nokwemvelo kwezithombe. Inani lamaqhawe kwiimpahla liyancishiswa, kodwa umbono, ukunyakaza kunye nezinye iindlela zobugcisa ziqala ukusetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo.

Ngoku i-mastermasters ayigxininisi kwisakhiwo okanye uhlobo oluthile lwemifanekiso (izilwanyana, abantu, izityalo ...). Ukususela ngoko i-vasopresses ihlulwe ngokwemiqathango yempahla. Kwakukho abaculi abaye basebenzisana kuphela ne-amphorae. Kwakhona, iindidi eziqhelekileyo zeemveliso zeramic ziquka izitya, izitya, iifiki kunye nama-dinos.

Ukudweba kwimvelaphi emhlophe

Imifanekiso yokudala i-vase yaseGrike yaqhubeka ikhula. Ukutshintsha iinqanawa ezibomvu zetyhubhu ziza kubakho ubuchule obutsha ngokupheleleyo bezinto zokuhlobisa. Ngoku imvelaphi ayikho emnyama okanye yemvelo, kodwa imhlophe. Kwakhona ngeli xesha i-masters iyaqhubeka nokuqwalasela kuphela iintlobo zeempahla.

Ngokukodwa, umzobo osemgodeni omhlophe wawusetyenziswe kwi-terracotta alabastrones, leksifs kunye ne-aribals. Kukholelwa ukuba owokuqala kule nkqubo wayesebenza i-Psiaks. Wadala iLekif kule ndlela ngo-510 BC. Kodwa i-vassel eyaziwayo kakhulu kwimvelaphi emhlophe nguPistoksen.

Le nkosi yayisebenza njengendlela "yombala omine." Wasebenzisa i-lacquer, upende kunye nokwakha. Umbala ofanayo omgca wamhlophe wawufezekiswe ngenxa yobumba be-limestone, elalihlanganiswe "ngoluhlaza".

Izitayela ezifanayo zeembotyi zivele zisuka kwimveliso yasekuqaleni yezitya ze-ceramic. Ngoku ulawulo olutsha luyadalwa ngobugcisa, njengemifanekiso yokuqala.

Eli xesha lalingomnye wokugqibela kwimbali yesigqabiso samandulo seGrike. Umveliso oqhubekayo waphuma ngaphandle kwelizwe kunye neendawo ezikufutshane. Ukongezelela, ngoku kukho ukuhamba kwiindawo kunye noothixo kunye nezilwanyana. Abaphathi abatsha bajolise kwimpilo yemihla ngemihla yamaGrike.

Kukho iinqwelo kunye nabasetyhini abachaphazelekayo kwimicimbi yansuku zonke, i-theater, ukudlala izixhobo zomculo, imikhosi kunye nokunye kuboniswe.

Gnafia

Kancinci, ubugcisa bokupenda i-vase buhamba ukusuka kwiidolophu eziqhelekileyo zamaGrisi ukuya kwi-colony. Eyona nto ichanekileyo yabaphathi baseMzantsi Italy. Isitayela esidlulileyo kunye nesiqhelekileyo yayingu-gnafia. Le yindlela ekhethekileyo kunye nebalabala yepeyinti, ebonakala ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yesine BC.

Unomsebenzi omkhulu weentyatyambo. Kwakukho oluhlaza kunye nomdaka obomvu, obomvu kunye nolweluhlaza, ophuzi kunye negolide, abamhlophe, abamnyama nabanye. Isalathiso saye saziwa kwiqanaba lokuqala ngeentlobo ezahlukeneyo. Kwiinqanawa kwakukho indebe, umsebenzi wemihla ngemihla yabasetyhini, iiholide ezinsukwini zokuhlonela iDionysus, ukuqhutyelwa kwezemidlalo kunye nabanye.

Nangona kunjalo, kwi-thirties yekhulu lesine BC kwakukho ukukhawulelana ngokukhawuleza kweendlela zokubonisa kunye nezigcawu. Ngoku kusetyenziswa imibala emhlophe kunye emnyama kuphela, kwaye umhlobiso ulula. Ininzi izityalo zibonakaliswe, njengezidiliya, i-ivy kunye ne-laurel, ngamanye amaxesha kukho ubuso bomntu phakathi kwamahlumela kunye nemivini.

Ngaloo ndlela, umzobo we-vase weGrike uqala ukusasaza kulo lonke ummandla waseMeditera ngethuba le-ceramic ebomvu. Emva kwakho konke, kwakucacile kule nkqubo yokuba i-gnafia yazalwa, njengoko iyaqhubeka.

Emva koko, siza kuthetha ngesigaba sokugqibela salolu phuhliso lobugcisa bokudala. Iziko liye lafudukela ekupheleni kwezantsi kweItali.

Canosa kunye neCenturupe

Ukususela kwangoku, i-Greek vase peinture, ekudlulileyo kwithuba leGnafiah, lijika libe yinkalo yemicimbi. Abemi baseRoma babebanomdla kwizixhobo, kwaye izinto ezisetyenzisiweyo zilula kwaye zinokwenziwa.

Kwinqanaba lokugqibela, kukho amaziko amabini okuvelisa - iCanosa ne-Centurupe. Eyokuqala, benza iinqanawa, beyipenda ngemifanekiso e-soluble yamanzi. Esi sidlo sasingaxothwanga kwaye sasingasetyenziswa. Wayefakwa nje emangcwabeni.

Abaphathi beSicilian baseCenturupe baya phambili. Abazange basebenze ukwenza isitya sonke. Ezinye iindawo zazenziwe zaza zityinwa, ezazenziwe zipeyinti kwaye zihlotswe nge-stucco. Emva koko, kwi-crypts kunye ne-sarcophagi, i-shards yayinamathele komnye nomnye, idala ukubonakala kwe-jug epheleleyo, isitya okanye i-goblet.

Ekugqibeleni, ubugcisa obuhle bobuGrisi bamandulo babuyela ensimini yaseItali. Ngoku iiLatins zasebenzisa amava amandulo ukuba zihlobise ubomi beentsapho zabo ezifile.

Njengoko ubona, emva kokuwa iimpahla zaveza Greece ngcembe wafa phantsi zitshone zisabonakala. I-uBukhosi baseRoma yakhiwa njengelizwe lamasoldati patricians, hayi uluntu yentanda babaphandi kunye nabasunguli.

Ngenxa yoko, kweli nqaku siza kuthetha ivazi ukupeyinta ngezinto zakudala. Kuyinto ifom eyintsusa yemisebenzi yobuciko lihombise zeminyaka emibini akukho mntu Museum World. Ivasi ukupeyinta yobuciko Greece yamandulo nangoku amangaliswe abaphandi kunye iingcali zobugcisa.

luck ezilungileyo kuwe, abafundi abathandekayo! uhambo olude kunye nangeengcinga bala.