Mackintosh Charles Rennie - ngokomakhi Scottish, umseki ezoBugcisa Nouveau eSkotlani: kwincwadi engobomi bomntu, imisebenzi ezinkulu

Charles Rennie Mackintosh - umntu owenza igalelo elikhulu kuphuhliso loyilo, umdali sisimbo eyahlukileyo yezakhiwo kanye ngoyena abadumileyo sokuyilwa ngenkulungwane ye-19.

Ukuzalwa mqambi

Umsunguli elizayo lohlobo Art Nouveau wazalwa kusapho ipolisa kwisixeko Glasgow, Juni 7, 1868. Eyona nto iphawulekayo kukuba womzobi enkulu elandelayo, wazalwa phakathi komzi, nto leyo ilifa lenkcubeko Scotland kwaye hayi ukuba ikomkhulu, linama zemali, ushishino kunye nendima nenkcubeko. Ngexesha lokuzalwa komntwana, akukho umntu unokucinga ukuba kwiminyaka embalwa iza kuba omnye ubuntu ezaziwayo-kakuhle, nto leyo siyazingca isixeko Glasgow. I-prerequisite lokuqala oku kuvela eneminyaka engama-5 ubudala, xa umntwana uhlawula ixesha elininzi ukupeyinta, yaye ngokukodwa, umbala umzobo. Abazali inkxaso ngamandla iimfuno uCharles, kunye wabulela kubo wangena isikolo zobugcisa onceda abantu ulangazelelo lwakhe.

Glasgow style

Kule lonke ixesha lokufunda Mackintosh wazama ukuba zizakhele inkampani olutsha ulwimi, unique, ecacileyo nekulula. Ngenxa yale phithi asoloko eboniswe weemilo zendalo, iipatheni zonke iintlobo zezinto, wambamba iliso lakhe. Emva kwethutyana, ebona ukuba afunda nabo babe nemikhwa ezifanayo abazithandayo, ke zidityaniswe zibe liqela "ezine", ngayo iza kuphuhliswa "Glasgow Style", kodwa indlela ezinobuchule ilungu ngalinye qela kuhlala.

Ukususela ngoko, uphuhliso lomsebenzi ezidibeneyo ifenitshala ezahlukeneyo, iipowusta kunye nezinye izinto angaphakathi. Charles Rennie Mackintosh elicebisa ihlabathi bokuyila, ithatha phezu izimbo ethile namanye amalungu eqela, kwaye ngo-1895 eyayibanjelwe imbonakalo yakhe yokuqala nokuboniswa ezobugcisa ipowusta. Noko ke, yena Uthembekile ukuba ubuchule bokwakha, ngokungafaniyo namanye amalungu eqela abo musa ukwabelana iimbono zakhe.

Impumelelo kuqala

Ngowe-1900 Mackintosh Charles utshata uMargaret MacDonald. Kule emtshatweni uya kuba kude kube sekupheleni kobomi, ngenxa intanda yakhe, ubaleka umngcipheko emsebenzini kunye ngokunxulumana. Union wajika kwagqama ophum 'izandla, ngenxa yokuba umfazi wakhe abe vitrazhista okukhethekile kunye opeyintayo, kwaye kananjalo ezininzi izinto. Yena uba Ndithelekelele ka Charles kunye abayila amakhulu ngaphakathi.

Kulo nyaka Makintosh Charlz utyelela mboniso eTurin, nto leyo idala le nkundla Scottish. Ilungu ngalinye "Ezine" wamenywa ukuba bahombise igumbi ukuba umboniso Vienna, ngelo xesha iziko zaphambili avant-garde. Imiboniso of kwi kwidispleyi impumelelo enkulu kwaye ufumane ngokukhawuleza abathengi zabo. Russia Duke Sergei Alexandrovich umema Mac eMoscow. "Glasgow" luya lusiba nochatha ethandwa. Munich, Dresden, Budapest kunye nezinye izixeko ezininzi ukuwabona njengento isimbo, oko ngenkuthalo kusetyenziswa nabayili kakhulu izenzo zabo. Charles uthatha inxaxheba Moscow mboniso izakhiwo, nto leyo imothusa abaphulaphuli kwaye yenza zonke nohlolo Rave, ezele iimvakalelo. Abakhi elikhulu ixesha yokuqikelela kuye creative nekamva eliqaqambileyo.

nokugqama bobuchule

Charlz Makintosh, ogama engobomi umdla ababephila, nguye kuphela ilungu leqela "Four", ngubani inxaxheba ngokuzimisela bokwakha kwaye imiyalelo e Glasgow. 1890 - nokugqama esi sixeko kuzo zonke izicwangciso. Glasgow uba liziko yorhwebo kunye namashishini kweli lizwe. Oku kugqiba uphuhliso liyaphila kwezamasiko kunye namathuba nangokunika kwezobugcisa. Mackintosh wadala msebenzi wakhe wokuqala - "Lighthouse", nto leyo umyalelo eyodwa abavakalisi basekuhlaleni.

Glasgow School of Art

Macintosh umsebenzi waya emva kokuba isaziso kukhuphiswano uyilo ubugcisa yokwakha Glasgow School, afunyanwa yi Makintosh Charlz. yayilula kunye eziqhelekileyo Lo msebenzi. Ukungabikho kwemali ludlale indima ekwakhiweni kwayo kwagqitywa ukwahlula kubini. Inxalenye esemantla yavulwa ngo-1899, yaye West ngonyaka ka 1907. Kwenziwa ngoku kakhulu nemveliso wezakhiwo ozama naye ngokwakhe njengomyili. Zakuba zigqityiwe ukuzaliswa, kuba umahluko ocacileyo phakathi iinxalenye ezimbini kwisakhiwo, kamva ukuba inkqubela ngakumbi yaye "wamemeza". McIntosh ukuzuza edume ngokuba igcisa abanetalente.

Hill House

Impumelelo ihambisa for uCharles emva kwakhe, kwaye ngo-1902 yaqala uziyilela indlu yakhe Hill House ( "Hill House") McIntosh. Indawo yendlu misho ngokugqibeleleyo: Orientation, ukufakwa komgquba landscape. ulawulo ngokupheleleyo phezu projekthi kwafezekiswa nolwazi nabathengi, sivumele experimenti ezininzi nobuganga obukwanjalo. Ukusekelwa Ketrin Krenston, umnini uthungelwano lwendawo leti kuwo umzi, awavumelekanga ukuba alupheleli ngemali. Macintosh wokuqala osebenzisa amaphepha e yeyokuhombisa ndawo. Hill House yeyona yokudala kwaye ngokwezibalo wamitha womzobi projekthi. Style, okubangela ekugqibeleni, oko yasetyenziswa ngendlu kuphela amaqabane Macintosh, apho amalinge ziye zaqhutywa ekupapashweni, kwakunye mibala eveliswa sisixhobo ka 'yindoda' yaye 'nemazi "amagumbi.

Njengoko kucwangciswe liSebe wezakhiwo, kumgangatho ophantsi ezakusetyenziswa manenekazi kuphela, amagumbi amadoda kunye nezinye izibonelelo ezifumanekayo iindwendwe, liphezulu. Amagumbi de Luxe zenziwe ngendlela isimbo ekhethekileyo, ingena kakuhle waya lomqondo jikelele loyilo ekhaya. iifestile eliphangaleleyo, owawukuDonga, eyenziwe eglasi wawutyabeka phezu kweendonga ezimhlophe, iglasi ayitshi, ezisetyenziselwa ukuvelisa iingcango ezingambini kunye izivatho zesilivere, izitulo ithoni nemfusa sofas nge eziphambili lwetshiphu emsebenzi-exhaswa.

rationalism umbhali

Charles italente kukukwazi ukucinga ngokusebenzisa iplani kunye noyilo ingqiqo zonke iinkcukacha omhle umsebenzi into. Kungenxa umnqweno lwengqiqo ubuninzi izimvo zabo Mackintosh Charles wayenomdla ubuchwepheshe bale mihla kunye nezixhobo, ezisetyenziswa ngokukhutheleyo imisebenzi yakhe. Ngenxa yabo ke yaba ngumsunguli ngubani wayengoyiki ukudibanisa eziphathekayo kunye unamatye, sebenzisa esipilini ziintsimbi, kodwa impumelelo yayo kakhulu ukuba ukusebenzisa zeplastiki imisebenzi yabo.

uhlobo Baronial ezendeleyo zakhe ezinde zamaxesha aphakathi of Scotland, ngokuqinileyo wanamathela kwi intloko yakho Macintosh phezu kwakhe, waqondisa uyilo imisebenzi. Architecture of Italy ne Greece, esetyenziswa eSkotlani ngexesha lakhe, ukhala umbhali, ukususela, ngokwembono yakhe, lingakulungele nje ukuba imozulu yasekuhlaleni. Functionalism kudityaniswe kumfanekiso uthando yesakhiwo, ngenxa abathi thandwa womzobi ngempumelelo.

Ukuphela imisebenzi iinkosi enkulu

1914 uba unyaka theka ngenxa komsipha ye intsebenziswano kunye Honeyman. Iqala ixesha elinzima, izale intlebendwane yabaninzi womzobi. Umntu uthi usela, umntu - ukuba awukwazi ukufumana abathengi ezintsha ngenxa yohlobo yayo. UCharles akukho namnye ubethetha kweli xesha kwaye ndicinga ukuba bafudukele Vienna, kuba kungenzeka ilizwe yakhe zaphela, negunya lakhe Austria kakhulu ngaphezu e Glasgow. Izicwangciso kuwa kunye ekuqaleni kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II. McIntosh wafudukela Suffolk, apho wadala uthotho lamaqhosha lemifanekiso. Ngenxa yomsebenzi wakhe iwela phantsi kokubanjwa esolwa zaseMelika. Emva kwethutyana, wakwazi ukuba akhusele umsulwa, kwaye kwanyanzeleka ukuba bafudukele eLondon.

ukhangelo uYobhi nempumelelo ngenxa amabhongo ngokugqithiseleyo Charles Macintosh, eyayibulindile umsebenzi, imeko efanelekileyo. London yezakhiwo uyayiqonda le "Glasgow School" isimbo lixesha kwaye isenza ingqalelo ezakudala. Charles Rennie Mackintosh ayile, iphuhlisa ifenitshala, wenza iintlobo-odolo ukuphuhlisa yokuyilwa amalaphu. Kodwa ke ngoko ayikwazanga ukuqhubeka, kwaye kwacaca ukuba lo imfuneko yokwenza izinto ukuzisa ingeniso kunye ukuzonwabisa. UCharles wadala uthotho izitulo, iphuhlisa iiprojekthi iwotshi, izibane, maziko kunye neetafile. elakho ngaphambi kwexesha, ngokungathi imigca efana isabhokhwe, ngaba zejometri kwaye zisebenza njengoko izisombululo ezininzi unesibindi mihla. Uluhlu lwemveliso yayo ufumana impumelelo, kodwa kungenzeka ukuba yakhiwe lisekhona, ngokunjalo ukudala uthotho lwemizobo.

ifenitshala yombhali Charles Mackintosh

isitulo Model, makwazeke oku namhla, Iyandonwabisa ezingqondweni zabantu abaninzi ndathenga isitulo Macintosh. emva eliphezulu kakhulu, imilenze ngqo kunye isihlalo ngohlobo a trapezoid kudala uluvo into amandulo stylish kakhulu. Ngaphandle koku, le isitulo ilula kakhulu: Millwork ne design rectilinear. Ekulungisweni kunye neenkcukacha ezincinane nje ukuphuculwa eziphambili imveliso yokugqibela. Ukudlala kunye imibala, imathiriyeli kunye neempawu zendalo beenkuni washiya uphawu soze kwimbali. Nanamhla oku, le yasendlini okuthandwa.

Iminyaka yokugqibela yobomi bakhe Charlza Renni Mackintosh

USatyo umyili abe ngaphezulu kunyaka 20 osondeza uphuhliso lwezakhiwo eJamani, ngoxa nesimbo Mac isiba ugugile, lo msebenzi ubalulekileyo inkosi akanamdla kuluntu kwakhona. UCharles safudukela kumazantsi eFransi, oko kukuthi apho uya kuchitha kwiminyaka yokugqibela yobomi bakhe phambi kokufa eLondon ngowe-1928.

USatyo umyili Mackintosh yawo mikhulu, kwaye ngexesha lokudla kwakhe akwamkeliswanga impendulo omkhulu onjalo, ogama kusifanele. Uninzi imisebenzi yakhe esasebenza namhlanje, abanye wasebenzisa, abanye lemveli lenkcubeko lizwe. Ifenitshala owenziwe iiprojekthi bakhe, kukho izinga eliphezulu yentengiso, kwakunye neendlela zayo zoyilo ezisetyenziswa kakhulu ehlabathini namhlanje. Njengoko kudla ngokwenzeka, uzuko ukuqondwa bafumana umnini wayo emva kokufa kwakhe. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku - le yenye babantu ebalaseleyo kwimbali izakhiwo.