Oksijini ukuba endalweni. Umjikelo oksijini endalweni

Ukusukela ekuqaleni uluntu chemistry kwacaca ukuba yonke into ubunjwe material nto ndiyibhalayo imichiza. Le ezahlukeneyo izinto ezinikelwe iikhompawundi ezahlukeneyo izinto ezilula. Okwangoku, vula wangena kule ngamaxesha etafileni Mendeleev 118 imichiza. Phakathi kwabo kufuneka ukhankanye inani elikhokelayo, ubukho echazwe kukuvela izinto eziphilayo emhlabeni. Olu luhlu luquka: initrogen, carbon, ioksijini, hydrogen, isalfure, kunye phosphorus.

Oksijini: imbali amazwe

Zonke ezi zinto, kwakunye nenani kwabanye, zibe negalelo kuphuhliso zazivelela ngayo ubomi emhlabeni kwifomu apho ngoku ubungqina. Kuzo zonke iinxalenye ioksijini oku uhlobo ngaphezu kwezinye izinto. Umoya item eyahlukileyo iye yavulwa Agasti 1, 1774 Dzhozefom Pristli. Ngethuba kulungiselelwa isikali umoya ukucikideka mercury ngokufudumeza ngokusebenzisa lens eqhelekileyo, wafumanisa ukuba ikhandlela utshisa amadangatye eliqaqambileyo ngokungaqhelekanga.

Kangangexesha elide, uPriestley wazama ukufumana incazelo enengqondo oku. Ngelo xesha, igama elithi "umoya yesibini" sele inikwe kule senzeko. Akubalulekanga ngaphambili, le Umsunguli AK Drebbel ngwenya kwinkulungwane ekuqaleni XVII wakhetha ioksijini ize isetyenziswe ukuze aphefumle kwi wokusungula. Kodwa amalinge akhe zange kuchaphazela ukuqondwa indima edlalwe yi-oksijini energoobmena indalo izinto eziphilayo. Noko ke, izazinzulu, ndivule ngokusesikweni ioksijini wafumana yasekhemesti French Antuan loran Lavuaze. Oku kuphinda eksperimenti uPriestley wayeqonda ukuba kusekwe igesi into eyahlukileyo.

Ioksijini idityaniswe zizinto phantse zonke ezilula kunye nezintsonkothileyo ngaphandle neegesi egalelwe nesinyithi amanene.

oksijini ukuba indalo

Phakathi zonke izinto umhlaba wethu eyayikuyo isabelo esikhulu oksijini. distribution oksijini iyafika nezimo kakhulu. Kuyinto ekhoyo ekwimo abotshelelweyo, ngokunjalo free. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ukuba oxidant esiluqilima, sikwimo yento. Oksijini ekubeni indalo njengento ezimeleyo abhalwe engadityaniswanga kuphela umoya ehlabathini.

Equlethwe uhlobo irhasi yaye imele uqhagamshelwano-athom ezimbini oksijini. Kumalunga-21% yabo ngumthamo opheleleyo we-atmosfera.

Oksijini emoyeni, ukongeza uhlobo sakhe njengesiqhelo, ine i imilo isotropic ngokohlobo ozone. Kwemolekyuli ozone iqulathe athom ezintathu oksijini. Umbala oluhlaza zezulu ezinxulumene ngqo phambi kwale ezimbaxa kwi phezulu emoyeni. Ngenxa ozone, ngqongqo elifutshane wave imisebe ilanga lethu ako kwaye akafuni ukuya kumphezulu.

Xa engekho ozone zomgquba yokuphila ibiza zitshatyalalisiwe, efana ukutya agcadwe a oven.

Iplanethi kwehayidrosfere lwesi sakhi ingohlobo ebotshiwe kunye iimolekyuli ezimbini hydrogen kwaye yenza amanzi. Umlinganiselo oksijini elwandle, iilwandle, imilambo kunye komhlaba kuqikelelwa malunga 86- 89%, kuthathelwa ingqalelo iityuwa iyapheliswa.

In eqweqweni mpilo ingohlobo abotshelelweyo, kwaye yeyona ixhaphakileyo. isabelo sayo malunga ne-47%. oksijini ekubeni kwindalo ayiphelelanga nemiluko emhlabeni, le nto iqukiwe zonke organic abantu. isabelo sayo avareji ifikelela 67% yabo ubunzima lilonke zonke izinto.

Ioksijini - sisiseko sobomi

Ngenxa umsebenzi omkhulu oxidizing ioksijini eyaneleyo indibanisa lula iziqalelo ezininzi kunye nezinto ukwakha oxides. igcwala umthamo High element inika inkqubo eyaziwa-kakuhle olulophu. Mpilo kwakhona inxaxheba kwinkqubo igcwala kade.

indima oxygen kwindalo njenge arhente onamandla oxidizing yi zilahleka kwinkqubo msebenzi ubalulekileyo eziphilayo. Ngokusebenzisa le nkqubo imichiza, iiarhente igcwala, ikhuphe amandla. izinto zayo eziphilayo sebenzisa ukuze baphile.

Izityalo - umthombo oksijini emoyeni

Ngelo lokuqala lokusekwa umoya umhlaba mpilo wayekho kwi imeko ebotshiwe ngohlobo yeKharbon dayokhsayidi (carbon dioxide). Ekuhambeni kwexesha, izityalo zazikwazi ukufunxa carbon dioxide.

Le nkqubo yenziwa ngenxa ukuba ukuvela photosynthesis. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, ngethuba lobomi izityalo kwizigidi zeminyaka kwi koMhlaba efunde isixa esikhulu mpilo.

Ngokutsho izazinzulu, kwixesha elidlulileyo, inani layo ubunzima kwafikelela-30%, kunye namaxesha nesiqingatha ngakumbi ngoku. Izityalo, kokubini elidlulileyo kwaye ngoku, baphenjelelwa kakhulu umjikelo ioksijini kwindalo, ngaloo ndlela iintlobo enezityalo nezilwanyana iplanethi yethu.

ixabiso oxygen kwindalo kakhulu, kwaye kubalulekile. ngokucacileyo inkqubo zasendle metabolic isekelwe phezu ubukho oksijini emoyeni. Xa ukungabikho kwalo, ubomi iba nzima kwifomu apho siyazi. Phakathi abemi umhlaba uya kuba kuphela anaerobic (akwazi ukuphila ngaphandle kukho ioksijini) eziphilayo.

Ngokunzulu umjikelo oksijini endalweni ngokuxhomekeka ukuba kumazwe ezintathu udibaniso ukudibanisa kunye nezinye izinto. Njengoko oxidizer esiluqilima, ngokulula kakhulu isuka free-ifomu enxulumene. Kwaye kuphela enkosi nezityalo, nto leyo isisihla yi ifotosinthesisi carbon dioxide, iyafumaneka ifomu free.

uphefumla izilwanyana nezinambuzane inkqubo isekelwe kokufumana ioksijini engadityaniswanga ukuba reactions igcwala-unciphiso, kulandele ifumane amandla ukunikeza ephilayo. oksijini yokuba kwindalo, ebotshiwe ezamahala, ibonelela umsebenzi epheleleyo ebalulekileyo zonke izinto eziphilayo emhlabeni.

Evolution kunye 'chemistry "planethi

Kwemvelo of ubomi kulo mhlaba lathembela kakhulu ukwakhiwa ezithile koMhlaba, ubume izimbiwa kunye namanzi karhulumente elulwelo. Khemikhali Ukubunjwa uqweqwe, umoya kunye nobukho amanzi aba sisiseko ngemvelaphi ukuphila emhlabeni yaye wazimisela ulwalathiso nasekusungulweni eziphilayo.

Ngokusekelwe ezikhoyo "chemistry" umhlaba zazivelela weza carbon ubomi zomgquba esekelwe amanzi kuphela, amachiza, kwakunye nokusebenzisa ioksijini njengoko oxidant ukuvelisa amandla.

enye kwemvelo

Kweli nqanaba bezenzululwazi ayiphikisani ithuba lokuphila kwezinye iimeko-bume kwe iimeko ezisentlabathini, apho isiseko nolwakhiwo molecule ephilayo ongahle ufumaneke lesilicon okanye esiyityhefu. A eliphakathi ulwelo nje kuphela kusenokuba umxube ammonia yolwelo kunye helium. Njengoko ubumnandi, oko kumelwa ngokohlobo hydrogen kunye elubhorha of helium kunye nezinye iigesi.

Zeziphi iinkqubo pathways kuba phantsi kweemeko ezinjalo ukuba inzululwazi yanamhlanje ayikho kodwa nako kukhombisa. Nangona kunjalo, oku yokuzivelela wobomi kwamkelekile kakhulu. Njengokuba ubonakala kwexesha, abantu ijongene rhoqo kunye nokwandiswa kwemida ekuqondeni kwethu ihlabathi nobomi kuso.