Ionosphere - yintoni na le nto? layers ionospheric

koMhlaba ubunjwe iindawo eziliqela kunye sisincoko ezahlukeneyo. Stratosphere, exosphere, eziFihliweyo, ionosphere, kunye nezinye izaleko ukukhusela bonke ubomi emhlabeni ukusuka kwimitha onzima cosmic. Asingabo bonke bephela iqanjwa oksijini mali eyaneleyo ukuze ukuphefumla. Kodwa ngamnye owenza imisebenzi yayo. Hi xikombiso, le ionosphere - kukho umaleko oluphezulu emoyeni eme ngaphezu km 50. Oku kunjalo igama ngenxa yenani elikhulu ion benziwa ngenxa yokuvela kwemitha yelanga. Bona kugcina uninzi kwimitha cosmic.

Ionosphere: ukwakheka

Lo maleko yeegesi ngumxube zegesi. Kukho ootitshala abambalwa kakhulu, ngoko ukuthetha malunga emoyeni kakhulu kule ephakame. Kungenxa yoko le nto iindiza kule ndawo akwenzeki. Uninzi ionosphere koMhlaba iqulethe atom cala-nitrogen neoksijini. Kodwa isakhiwo zalo ezisisiseko - i-plasma quasineutral, apho inani amasuntswana ngokuqinisekileyo umthetho malunga lilingane inani embi ityala. ion ezinjalo ziyanda kunye umgama ukusuka eMhlabeni. Ngoko ke, lo ionosphere ngamanye amaxesha ibizwa ngokuba plasma esingxotyeni woMhlaba.

Isakhiwo olusisiseko ionosphere ukusuka iikhilomitha ezingama-50 ukuya 100 ngaphezu komhlaba komhlaba - na ioksijini, initrogen, kunye sodium. Kodwa emva 100 km baqale kulawula hydrogen kunye helium.

ingcaciso yegama

Le ionosphere - ngomaleko yeegesi, ukuze igama ngenxa iqondo eliphezulu ionization. Yeyona umthombo wayo X-reyi kwaye kwelanga yelanga. Ion - into embi icala electron. Kulo ionosphere, ingqalelo liphezulu kakhulu. Inqanaba ion kuchaphazela kancinane magnetosphere komhlaba. Kodwa isixa elektroni insimbi ngokufuthi kwandisa ngexesha ezithile, ngokunjalo ngenxa sicatshulwa odlulileyo i-Umhlaba kwimibutho eyahlukeneyo yasezulwini, umzekelo, amasuntswana esibhakabhakeni. Ebusuku, akukho xa kungekho radiation solar kwinqanaba ionization kwempembelelo reyi galactic yesiqalo.

Ezithile ezikhokelela yokuba kwemali ngqo ukuya Umhlaba amasuntswana eziziziqalelo - protons, electron. Bathi ezichaphazela bonke, kunokudala koMhlaba. Kodwa ke inkoliso radiation nzima isalityaziswa kwi ionosphere. kakhulu oku kwandisa ionization yayo.

Isifundo ionosphere

Lo maleko yeegesi kubonakele ku izazinzulu kwinkulungwane yama-20 ekuqaleni E. Appleton, Barnet M., kunye M. G. Breit Tuve. Bafumanisa ukuba ezinobude kweekhilomitha ezili-50 ukususela kukho umaleko iigesi ebonisa amaza erediyo. Naye waqala ukuba bagcine. Kuye kwafumaniseka ukuba ionosphere rhoqo iyahluka. Nokuba ebudeni bemihla ubume kunye nezinye iimpawu zayo utshintsho. izixa ezahlukeneyo yeegesi kwi zavsimosti ukuphakama. Ngoko ke, lo ionosphere wahlulwe ngeengcamba ezintathu.

Kodwa ukuqonda ngokupheleleyo iimpawu kule nxalenye yolu umoya abantu inokufumaneka kuphela kwisiqingatha sesibini kwinkulungwane yama-20. Sasifunda kunye nezikhululo ionospheric ezisentlabathini. Waza waqala ukuba bacande kulo evela ngaphakathi. irula Okokuqala, ngoko ke Hewana waya emoyeni ephezulu phezulu. Kwaye abantu bakwazi ukuqonda oko ionosphere. nokubunjwa kwayo ithe yaphandwa ukusetyenziswa imijukujelwa kunye spectrometer abaninzi. Kwakhona kuyenzeka ukuba silinganise nezinye iparameters:

• ubushushu;
• yoxinaniso ion;
• Unikezelo lombane;
• imithombo ionization;
• kwelanga kakhulu nzima.

Hlola ionosphere kwakhona ngokusebenzisa iindlela radio - ekufundweni amaza erediyo kubonakala. Kwaye kutshanje baqala ukusebenzisa Hewana ebhodini ezo kwizikhululo ixhokonxa isaphonononga ionosphere ukusuka ngentla. Oku bavumela ingcamango maleko yayo zeentaba, ongayi kuba nako kufundwa ukusuka eMhlabeni.

layers ionospheric

Yinto yinxalenye imozulu nalo fani. Kuyo kukho ngeengcamba ezintathu ukuba izidanga ezahlukeneyo ionization negesi mninzi.

• Kule nwebu asezantsi, ngokwandisa ukuya ayi-90, lo ionization liphantsi. Le umoya insimbi phantsi kweempembelelo izaqhwithi zemagneti, umhlaba, ngokunjalo yi-X-reyi kwelanga. Ngenxa yoko, ngelo ionization Ubusuku nangakumbi lifinyele.
• Umaleko yesibini uvela iikhilomitha ezingama-90 ukuya kwezili-120. Lubonakala yi ezixineneyo kwe le ion, nelenyuse kakhulu emini imisebe yelanga. Kulo maleko, oko kubonakala amaza erediyo oluphakathi kunye elifutshane. Le ndawo kuthiwa umaleko ionosphere Kennelly-Heaviside, ngubani kuqala wayifunda.
• Amanye amalungu ionosphere ngaphezu km 130 umaleko wesithathu. Inqanaba ubuninzi ionization elifana neli kwintaba ephakame ngumgama oziikhilomitha ezimalunga ne-200. Lo maleko kwenza kube lula ukudlulisa mfutshane-ngumtshangatshangiso amaza erediyo imigama ezinkulu. Ndivula IsiNgesi yamachiza Appleton umaleko.

Yintoni i ozone

Ngezantsi ionosphere i ozone. Ikhusela Umhlaba kwiimpembelelo eziyingozi imitha yelanga kunye ukusuka ufudumele. Izazinzulu lubonise ukuba ozone luyingenelo kuzo zonke izinto eziphilayo. Ukunciphisa imali yayo okanye akukho nefuthe elibi kwimpilo yabantu. zinemingxuma ozone, leyo esafunyanwa kwinkulungwane yama-20 emva kwexesha, ukuba ukwanda kwenani zomhlaza. Ezinye izazinzulu ezinxulumene neenkqubo ezinjalo ezikhutshwayo igesi emhlabeni komhlaba, kunye nokutshatyalaliswa lamanqanaba insimbi aphezulu esesibhakabhakeni, leyo yingozi ultraviolet radiation ukuba kudlule.

Isiphumo ionosphere kunomathotholo

A iqondo eliphezulu ionization zezulu kule umaleko emoyeni zingachaphazela unomathotholo. Kakubi wamwisela amasuntswana ahamba ngokungakhethiyo unakho ukutshintsha indlela amaza erediyo kwaye uqala amandla. Ngenxa yoko, kukho ingxolo enkulu, Ukunyamalala kanomathotholo okwethutyana okanye ngokuchasene noko, ukwanda izikhululo zikanomathotholo slishimosti ezikude.

Izazinzulu lubonise ukuba ionosphere - kodwa umaleko yeegesi, nto leyo eyenza ukuba andise namaza erediyo. Kwenzeka ukuba ngenxa kula radoivolnam kwaye lo maleko kwi-20 kwinkulungwane yama-20 yavulwa.

Kuba transmission echanileyo ngakumbi amaza erediyo phezu imigama emide kufuneka ukufumana ndawana refraction ionosphere, reflection baya kufumana ukusuka apho kuloo ndawo apho ufuna. Enye ingxaki kukuba ezinye amandla kwelifunekayo ion embi ityala. Ezinxulumene oku isenzeko apho kwamaza ngokukhawuleza damped kwi ionosphere, wegqitha ngcono mfutshane. Ngaphezu koko, unxibelelwano radio kuguga ngexesha izaqhwithi owahluke ngokwemvelo, apho ionization lifinyele.

Ekutshatyalalisweni ionosphere

Wonke umntu uyayazi lo ihlabathi kufunekayo emoyeni. Le ionosphere iyafana - nguwo umaleko ekhusela ezinye esicwangciswe kwimitha engaphandle nzima. Ngoko ke, kubalulekile ukuba nokubunjwa kwayo kugcinwa kwinqanaba eqhelekileyo. Kodwa imisebenzi yabantu kwiminyaka yakutshanje kukhokelela kukuba lo maleko yeegesi iqala ukubola. Ngokomzekelo, xa ibaleka isithuba laboratory "Skayleb" kwi ionosphere leyo betekisi izixa elikhulu hydrogen.

Ezinye zikwenze hayi nempembelelo ngaphantsi malunga nokuqulunqwa kwenqaku emoyeni. Space "Shuttle" kuphosa ngexesha ukutshiswa isixa esikhulu chlorine, carbon monoxide, aluminiyam oxide, hydrogen. A "Energia" - ezininzi nitrogen oxide. Konke oku uyayonakalisa zikhabane esebenzayo le ionosphere, kwaye ukucutha ubuninzi ozone. kwamafutha eyintsalela ixesha elide ukuze yande emoyeni eliphezulu. Ingakumbi ezininzi ziqulathe stratosphere. Le ionosphere akuva ngokukhawuleza utshintsho kumafa layo, ngoko ke ion batyumke ngokukhawuleza.

Kubonakala ukuba xa silubaleke isiphekepheke lonke nendlela kwiipaseji flight ibunjiwe, ebizwa njalo-umngxuma ionospheric. Kweli nqanaba, reyi yesiqalo kusichukumisa emoyeni nokufikelela kumphezulu womhlaba, echaphazela kakubi zonke izinto eziphilayo.

izibane

Ionosphere - indawo apho wakha emangalisayo enjalo ezimibalabala aurora. Oku kwenzeka phantsi kweempembelelo kwemitha evela emajukujukwini. Xa indawo ityala amasuntswana ahamba emhlabeni ziphakathi zikhabane engentla ionosphere, lo perturbation le ion kwenzeka, apho ezantsi kubonwa ukukhanya elihle inemibalabala. Eyona nto yenza oku nkqubo lwaze kwi zidada ionosphere umthetho amasuntswana avela elangeni. Ukuba akunjalo lo maleko "umoya elanga 'ukuze abatshabalalise bonke ubomi on Earth.