Benthos - a ... ezincinane, nekton, benthos

Kwizidalwa, nekton, benthos - amaqela amathathu ukuba kungabelwana zonke izidalwa zasemanzini. ifomu ulwelwe ezincinane nezilwanyana ezincinane ukuba idada kufutshane kumphezulu kwamanzi. Nekton iquka izilwanyana ezinokuthi ukudada ngokukhutheleyo yehle emanzini, oko intlanzi, amahobe, iminenga, ookrebe kunye nabanye. Benthos - izinto eziphilayo ezihlala kwiingcamba ephantsi yazo yokuhlala emanzini. Oku kuquka izilwanyana, ezinxulumene neendawo eziphila kuzo kunye emazantsi, ziquka echinoderms ezininzi, intlanzi shark, intlanzi, molluscs, annelids , njalo-njalo.

Types of eziphila elwandle

izilwanyana zaselwandle bohlulwa babe ngamaqela amathathu: kwizidalwa, nekton, benthos. Zooplankton thaca behla izilwanyana zidla wayemfutshane ngesithomo, kodwa unako akhule kakhulu indawo yobukhulu enkulu (umzekelo, jellyfish). Zooplankton kwakhona ziquka i iintlobo okwethutyana mibungu ye ezisulelayo ziyakhula zihambe uluntu kwizidalwa kwaye bazibandakanye amaqela afana nekton, benthos.

iklasi Nekton yenza i nxalenye inkulu izilwanyana eziphila olwandle. A iindidi zeentlanzi, kwengwane, iminenga, eels, dolphins, no squid - yonke imizekelo nekton. Olu didi ebanzi kuluntu uquka iqela izidalwa ezahlukeneyo kakhulu ukuba zahluke kakhulu enye kwenye ngokweempawu ezininzi.

Yintoni na benthos? Uhlobo lwesithathu zezilwanyana zaselwandle ukuba bachithe ubomi babo bonke olwahlala emgangathweni wolwandle. Eli qela libandakanya lobster, korale, iintshulube ezahlukeneyo, iinkumba, iimbatyisi kunye nabanye abaninzi. Ezinye zezi zidalwa, ezifana lobster kunye iinkumba ungahambisa ngokuzimeleyo ngpaha komzantsi, kodwa indlela yabo yokuphila ukuze ehambisana emazantsi olwandle, ukuba akwazi ukuphila kude kule meko. Benthos - izinto eziphilayo ezihlala phantsi lwaselwandle kuquka izityalo, izilwanyana neentsholongwane.

Kwizidalwa - lolona hlobo luqhelekileyo yobomi kwemvelo

Xa Ucinga ubomi kolwandle, kuthi kusenjalo yonke imibutho ngandlel 'ithile edibene nakwiintlanzi, nangona eneneni intlanzi - hayi lolona hlobo luqhelekileyo ubomi olwandle. Iqela elikhulu le kwizidalwa. Amanye amaqela amabini - nekton (izilwanyana ngenkuthalo baqubha) kunye benthic (izinto eziphilayo, kubemi ezantsi).

uhlobo Uninzi kwizidalwa mincinane kakhulu ukubona ngeliso lenyama.

Kukho iindidi ezimbini eziphambili kwizidalwa

• Zondla, leyo uvelisa ukutya iphotosynthesis. Uninzi lwabo ulwelwe ezahlukeneyo.
• Zooplankton, apho zidla ezinyosini. Oku kuquka a izilwanyana ezincinane kunye kwindawo iintlanzi.

Kwizidalwa: ulwazi ngokubanzi

Kwizidalwa - abemi obungabonakaliyo-bume ipelagic le. Zezona amacandelo efunekayo ikhonkco lokutya kwindawo emanzini, njengoko zibonelela sesondlo nektonic (intlanzi, intlanzi kunye squid) kunye benthos (imfunxa elwandle). Kwakhona nempembelelo jikelele umhlaba onokuphila, njengoko intsalela macandelo koMhlaba ubukhulu becala kuxhomekeke umsebenzi wabo photosynthesis.

Igama elithi "ezincinane" livela kwisiGrike Planktos, gama elo elithetha "ukuhambahamba" okanye "behla benyuka". Uninzi ezincinane uchitha ubukho bakhe, kwakudada namanzi olwandle. Noko ke, asingabo bonke iintlobo yinjongo, iintlobo ezininzi uyakwazi ukulawula iintshukumo zabo, yaye ukusinda yabo ixhomekeke phantse ngokupheleleyo ukuzimela kwabo.

Imilinganiselo kunye nabamele kwizidalwa

Ngobukhulu kwizidalwa yahluka ukusuka iintsholongwane ezincinane ubude yayo 1 micrometer ukuya jellyfish intsimbi wakhe gelatinous kunokuba ukuya ku-2 eemitha ububanzi, kunye nemisipha nga ukwandisa mitha ngaphezulu kwama-15. Noko ke, inkoliso eziphilayo planktonic zizilwanyana ngaphantsi kwe-1 ezinga- ubude. Zikhona ngeendleko izondlo emanzini olwandle kunye iphotosynthesis.

Abameli kwizidalwa iintlobo ezininzi eziphilayo, ezifana ulele, iintsholongwane, lenyama, lombungu izilwanyana ezithile ezineqokobhe. Uninzi protists planktonic ezi eukaryotes, eziphilayo ikakhulu kwiseli enye. Kwizidalwa lungahlulwa-hlulwa ibe ziiphytoplankton, zooplankton kunye ezincane (iintsholongwane). Zondla owenza photosynthesis kunye zooplankton amela abathengi heterotrophic.

nekton

Abameli nekton ezi neendadi esebenzayo kwaye kaninzi eziphilayo ezininzi ezaziwayo amanzi olwandle. Ezi amarhamncwa eziphambili ezininzi imixokelelwane ukutya zaselwandle. Umahluko phakathi nekton kunye ezincinane azisoloko elibukhali. izilwanyana ezininzi ezinkulu (umz, tuna) bachithe inqanaba mibungu ngohlobo ezincinane, kanti nqanaba omdala nekton mikhulu kunye esebenzayo.

Uninzi nekton ezi ekuyo le ntlanzi, izirhubuluzi, ezanyisayo, molluscs ezineqokobhe. Iqela elikhulu ibandakanya intlanzi, ezihanjiswayo kukho malunga nama-16,000 iintlobo. Nekton nayo yonke ubunzulu nobubanzi yolwandle. Iminenga, oonombombiya, zamanzi abameli ezithile nektonic kumanzi ezibandayo. Iindidi omkhulu nekton afumaneka emanzini emvula.

Eyona ndlela ezahlukeneyo ebomini kunye nokubaluleka kwazo kwezoqoqosho

Oku kuquka kwakhona esiyimamali ngobukhulu uMhlaba, umnenga blue, amila ukuya 25-30 eemitha ubude. Ezi zigebenga, kwakunye neminye iminenga ikhamisile awadli ezincinane kunye micronekton. Abameli inkulu nekton ukrebe iminenga, leyo ukufikelela ubude-17, kwakunye iminenga unamazinyo (orcas), i-shark enkulu emhlophe, tiger shark, tuna Bluefin, kunye nabanye.

Nekton sisiseko loshishino lokuloba ehlabathini lonke. Anchovies, herring, sardines jikelele phakathi olunye-kwekota ukuya kwesinye kwisithathu isivuno yonyaka yolwandle. Ngokoqoqosho nekton ezibalulekile nazo squid. Halibut kunye cod ke iintlanzi shark, ezinexabiso lorhwebo njengokutya abantu. Ngenxa umthetho, ukuba geni amanzi ithala.

benthos

Iyintoni na intsingiselo yegama elithi 'benthos "? Igama elithi "benthos" livela bentos isibizo lesiGrike, lithetha "enzulwini yolwandle." Le mbono lisetyenziswa eziphilayo ukuchaza uluntu eziphilayo komile, kwakunye nezigqeba amatsha afana amachibi, imilambo kunye nemisinga.

eziphilayo benthic nga zihlelwe ngokobungakanani. Ukubandakanya macrobenthos izinto ezinkulu kuno 1 nawethu. Le eyahlukileyo neegastropods, bivalves, iinyibiba ulwandle, iinkwenkwezi ulwandle karhataka iinkumba. Eziphilayo kunye nobukhulu ezisuka mm 0.1 ukuya 1 iintsholongwane ezinkulu zimbini ngemixokelelwane ukutya ezantsi, enza indima ubushushu inkunkuma biogenic, iimveliso zaseprayimari irhamncwa. Esi sigaba sibandakanya microbenthos eziphilayo ezincinane kwe-1 ezinga-, oko diatoms, iintsholongwane, kunye ciliates. Asizizo zonke izinto benthic abahlala ezike, abanye abahlali abahlala kwi substrates enamatye.

Kukho iintlobo ezintathu ezahlukeneyo benthic

1. Infauna - eziphilayo eziphila phezu kolwandle, wangcwatyelwa esantini okanye ezimela kweqokobhe. Baye ukuhamba oluncinane kakhulu, abahlala ezike bachanabeke okusingqongileyo kwaye abe impela ekulindeleke ukuba ubomi obude. Ezi ziquka amaqokobhe elwandle kunye neentlobo kweembaza.
2. Epifauna uyakwazi sihleli, siyashukuma malunga phezu kwintsele yolwandle, ukuba kokuba lugxunyekwe khona. Ziphila ngokufaka ukuya ematyeni okanye neetyuwa ihamba ecaleni kumphezulu. It sponge, iimbatyisi, iinkumba, ezizinkwenkwezi kunye oononkala.
3. Izinto eziphila emhlabeni olwandle, kodwa kwakhona ukudada kumanzi angaphezu kwawo. Ezi ziquka soft ezantsi iintlanzi - puffers, flounder usebenzisa ezineqokobhe nemibungu njengomthombo ukutya.

Uxhulumaniso phakathi ipelagic kunye nokusingqongileyo benthic

Benthos - eziphilayo abadlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuhlaleni zaselwandle eziphilayo. iintlobo benthic liqela ezahlukeneyo, nto leyo ikhonkco ephambili kwikhonkco lokutya. Baya ukuhluza amanzi ekhangela iidipozithi ukutya izinto ezisusiweyo organic, ngokwenjenjalo kukucoca amanzi. Emazantsi kweelwandle neelwandlekazi ezifakwe izixhobo ezingasetyenziswanga organic, ezithi ke ngoko kwaye wabuyela eziphilayo benthic kwikholam emanzini. Le nkqubo ehlukene lomba zomgquba ngowona mthombo obalulekileyo zezondlo kwaye kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa imveliso eliphezulu yokuqala.

Ingqiqo ipelagic kunye benthic bume zihlobene kwindlela ezininzi. Umzekelo, nezinto ezincinane ipelagic ngowona mthombo obalulekileyo ukutya izilwanyana eziphila emhlabeni ethambileyo okanye ezilulwalwa. Anemones kunye barnacles bakhonza isihluzi zendalo zamanzi ezingqongileyo. bume Formation ipelagic kwakhona oluqhutywa phaya ezantsi ngenxa ukobuza iimveliso crustacean kunye nokutshintshiselana kwizidalwa efile. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, nezinto ezincinane eyenza neetyuwa olwandle zamathambo, zisetyenziswa ukugqiba iminyaka imvelaphi nasemaweni.

eziphilayo emanzini zihlelwe ngohlobo ezihlala kuzo. Izazinzulu zikholelwa ukuba indawo yezi zilwanyana kunefuthe elikhulu ngendaleko lwabo. Ngaphezu koko, inkoliso yabo ziqhelana kakuhle ebomini kwindawo ethile bona bahlala. Yintoni umahluko ophambili phakathi kwala maqela mabini, ekuthiwa kwizidalwa, benthos kunye nekton?

Kwizidalwa - izilwanyana ezincinane okanye ezincinane xa kuthelekiswa nezinye iindidi ezimbini. Nekton ke ngokukhululekileyo zokudada izilwanyana. Yintoni na benthos? Oku kuquka ukuba uhamba njani ngokukhululekileyo, nabo eziphilayo musa ukumela ubukho babo ngaphandle emgangathweni wolwandle. Kuthekani eziphilayo ezihlala kakhulu kwi emazantsi, kodwa unako ukudada - kwengwane, sawfish, flounder? iintlobo enjalo ubomi kubizwa kakuhle nektobentosom.