Development: imithetho zophuhliso lwentlalo. Imithetho Development Economic

Ezinye imithetho jikelele kuphuhliso lwezixokelelwano nazo kusetyenziswa ngokunxulumene eluntwini. Xa sithetha injini, sithetha iphela liyilwe iinxalenye kunye nobunye. Le bunye, nto leyo ebaluleke kakhulu, nto ayipheleli izinto alo.

Inkampani kwakhona le nkqubo yingqokelela elilungelelanisiweyo zabantu. Thina ke sonke inxalenye yayo, ukuze uninzi lwethu uyazibuza ziphuhlisiwe ngayo. Laws of ingafunyanwa ngokuqwalasela umthombo inkqubela. Kuluntu basebenzisane Sphere yokwenene "indalo" ezintathu, nto leyo reducible omnye komnye. Ngoko ke, kuqala kwiinto zonke, ukuba ihlabathi izinto kunye endalo obukhoyo ngokuzimeleyo bengqondo kunye nentando yomntu, oko kukuthi, i injongo kwaye ngokuxhomekeke kwimithetho ezahlukeneyo physics. Okwesibini, lilizwe apho izinto kunye nezinto sikho a kwezentlalo, ngenxa yokuba iimveliso zezinto ezenziwa luluntu, ukubulaleka kwakhe. Ihlabathi wesithathu ukujongwa yabantu, elizimeleyo ngokwentelekiso ihlabathi injongo kunye i_i_isiseko iingcamango zokomoya. Baye galelo likhulu inkululeko.

Nature njengomthombo yophuhliso lwentlalo

Kwihlabathi imvelo umthombo lokuqala ukuqinisekisa uphuhliso lwentlalo. Imithetho yophuhliso lwentlalo ngexesha langaphambili lidla ngokunxulunyaniswa ukuthembela kuyo. Oku sisiseko zempilo yoluntu, nto leyo, ngokudibaniselana nayo ngcono. Musa ukulibala ukuba imithetho yendalo kuye kwakhokelela ekubeni yimbonakalo yomntu. Ephucuke inkulu, Akumangalisi, ababezalelwe ezindimeni imilambo emikhulu, kwaye impumelelo enkulu kakhulu ehlabathini yophuhliso kwenkqubo nkulu lwaqhutywa kumazwe kunye kwimozulu epholileyo.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba nqanaba langoku yentsebenziswano phakathi yoluntu kunye nendalo yamakishwa ingqiqo zentlekele eziphilayo. sizathu kwakhe olona ufakelo abantu eko- endalo, ngokunjalo ngoyaba imida yokunganyangeki yayo impembelelo. Abantu bavala amehlo abo imithetho ezingundoqo zophuhliso, ukuba silibale ngayo yonke into ukusukela yenzuzo zexesha elifutshane kwaye ungawuqwalaseli imiphumo. Kuyimfuneko ukutshintsha ukuziphatha nokuphila ezigidi zabantu on Earth ukuqhubeka uhlobo inokubonelela thina kunye nezibonelelo eziyimfuneko.

Indima kobuchwepheshe ekuphuhliseni uluntu

Lo mthombo elandelayo - njengeyo- zobugcisa, oko kukuthi indima zobugcisa kwakunye inkqubo ukwahlulwa yabasebenzi kubume bentlalo. Kwakhona Ukubonelela ngophuhliso lwentlalo. Imithetho yophuhliso loluntu namhlanje badla aliqulunqileyo, ethatha njengesiseko nendima zobugcisa. Oku akothusi - ngoku ngenkuthalo ukuba ngcono. Noko ke, ngokutsho Adorno, umbuzo nokubaluleka yobugcisa kunye noqoqosho - yinto yintoni eza kuqala, inkukhu okanye iqanda. Kananjalo ingabalelwa uhlobo kunye nohlobo lamandla oluntu, luqinisekiswa kakhulu inkqubo zentlalo ubudlelwane. Ingakumbi kubonakala konke oko namhlanje, xa zichake iikhonto yoluntu post-mveliso. Le ntswela esisiseko kulo mzekelo kukho phakathi kwendoda batshutshiswa luqwalaselo enobuntu ikhona iphethe usongo kwihlabathi zobuxhakaxhaka bolwazi. Ezininzi iingxaki uphuhliso yayo esebenzayo.

Imithetho zophuhliso lwentlalo ngoko eqala ukuba ziqwalaselwe, kugxininiswa engabonakali. Kuyo, thina ngoku ukuxoxa.

Sikhulu ngokomoya njengomthombo inkqubela yezentlalo

Lo mthombo yesithathu yophuhliso lwentlalo kuxhomekeke engabonakali, ekuphunyezweni izimvo wempangelo okanye zonqulo. zithandwa kakhulu kwimbali yaba ingcamango Lobuthixo, oko kukuthi, ulawulo kunye noluntu abanye abasemagunyeni ephakamileyo yonqulo. Kulo mzekelo, imbali yoluntu ibonwa ekusebenziseni intando kaThixo, umntu umele aqonde ukuba ukuloba ebomini, akugxininisi iingxaki emhlabeni, yaye, ngaphezu kwabo bonke, ukulungiselela Kusukela obungunaphakade.

Xa kwimibhalo P. Sorokin, A. Toynbee, owoyiswayo imithetho yalo nophuhliso loluntu, ixabiso esisiseko bobabo kwimfezeko yokomoya, yokuziphatha kunye nonqulo ngayo, ubuhlobo nemivuzo kunye isohlwayo njengoko oyena nobangela womanyano lomntu wonke. Abo babambelela imilinganiselo wamaKomanisi, bakholelwa ukuba ubukomanisi yenye "injini" engundoqo inkqubela abiza eninzi yabantu kumzabalazo ukwakha uluntu nje kunye nokukhululwa uluntu.

Imijikelo kwimbali uFernand Braudel

UFernand Braudel, umbhali-mbali French, wayekholelwa ukuba iziganeko zexesha elidlulileyo - eluthulini, kwaye okona kubalulekileyo - oko iintsingiselo kunye nemijikelo elide ngaphezu kwekhulu leminyaka. ingqiqo yentanda yemijikelo zembali ezinxulumene ne ekuqondeni imithetho yophuhliso lulonke. Unokuqhuba linearly (oko kukuthi, ukususela ekudalweni kaThixo kwehlabathi de iMini Yomgwebo), okanye cyclically, xa kwabonakala ukuba sibuyele ngaphambili, kodwa kwelinye inqanaba (imbali isantya).

3 iintlobo zeenkcubeko bodwa Pitirim Sorokin

Pitirim Sorokin wayekholelwa ukuba iintlobo-3 ezisisiseko zezityalo zingahlukaniswa kwimbali yoluntu: ukuba uthanda izinto, esiphakathi kunye nonqulo. Xa inkcubeko uhlobo yokugqibela isingqi kunye nentshukumo imbali emiselwe intsebenziswano kwimiyolelo ezintathu: zabantu, iidemon noThixo. Uphuhliso eziphathekayo isekelwe leyinene waqonda sensually. utshintsho yawo senze njengomba enkulu kwimbali. Inguqu ukusuka zonqulo ukuya inkcubeko eziphathekayo ngokusebenzisa uhlobo eliphakathi. Kuyenzeka ukuba ukwaba ezi zigaba zilandelayo alandelelanayo: kuqala - le ntlekele, yaye emva koko - ngozi, emva koko - kokuhlanjululwa, apha - ngokutsha imilinganiselo, yaye ekugqibeleni ukuvuselelwa.

ingcinga yentanda nembali banamhlanje

Fukuyama ekupheleni kwenkulungwane yama-20 wabeka phambili ingcamango yakhe ukuba kukho "isiphelo kwimbali." Oku kungenxa yokuba kwiimbono onamandla karhulumente, olusekelwe phezu kwabo, eshiya ibakala imbali. Abanye abaphandi abafunda imithetho zophuhliso lwentlalo, kukholelwa ukuba imbali yehlabathi ngoku kwindawo bifurcation, apho umlinganiselo isiphithiphithi umyalelo uyatshintsha kwaye kukho imeko Ukungaqiniseki. ingcinga yentanda kunye nembali banamhlanje uvakalelwa kuphela iipateni isingqisho ephambili yophuhliso yezembali, ezo ezinxulumene iingxaki ezinkulu ehlabathini.

Umbono izinto zembali

Xa sikhokelo kuphuhliswa yi Engels kunye Marx kwi-imi- 40-50 we-19 ukukhulelwa izinto ngenkulungwane imbali kusetyenziswa indlela formational kunye nemithetho yophuhliso lwentlalo. Le ndlela iye yaphuhliswa ngokwembali njengoko uchasaniso kombono ndinamaphupha, nangona ingcamango linearity njengelifa inkqubela beengcamango ukuba iphuhlise yiEnlightenment. Ukusuka Hegel wathabatha ingcamango uhlobo dialectical lophuhliso zembali. Ingcamango ekhombisa ukuveliswa kwezinto eluntwini kunye obuntu isiseko lo mbono. Kule nkqubo, bangene, ngokutsho Marx (umfanekiso wakhe eboniswe ngezantsi), zibe neentlobano ecacile, leyo bazimele intando yabo. Sithetha malunga nobudlelwane kwimveliso. Ziyangqinelana inqanaba lophuhliso yomkhosi onemveliso.

Marx wayekholelwa (lokuqala) sigaba bucala "zaseprayimari", kwakunye ne "imilo lwesibini" ekuhlaleni ikhule kwifom yayo, ukuze ngokuphathelele ubudala uluntu eklasini kunye neempucuko antique, bondage, asian kunye yokuphatha (namhlanje) ingabizwa progressive iindlela zemveliso eziqaphelekayo of ukuze yoluntu. Zenzululwazi zentlalo USSR wasebenzisa indlela lula yenkqubo yophuhliso yezembali, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba utshintsho yoluntu likumgangatho kuqala ikhoboka, ngoko kwinkqubo feudal, uze emva koko ukuba nkulu, yaye ekugqibeleni, ukuya yali.

Le mbono "impucuko bendawo"

Ukuqaphela mkhulu ifilosofi iinkulungwane, 19-20, isebenzisa ingqikelelo "impucuko zasekuhlaleni", nto leyo wadalwa ngenxa yemizamo A. D. Toynbi, Spengler kunye N. A. Danilevskogo. Ngokutsho kuyo, kuzo zonke iintlanga yahlulwe oluphucukileyo kunye nobu-, kwaye yokuqala - nkqu phezu iintlobo zenkcubeko nezembali. Ziyenzeka, basebenzisane 'memeza-and-impendulo "umdla ethile apha. It sikuko yokuba uphuhliso ngoxolo ngesiquphe indawo nemeko ebaluleke kakhulu, nto leyo eyenza, nayo, ekwandeni inkcubeko ethile. Ababhali kolu luvo izame boyise ekuqondeni idla Eurocentrism.

yokujonga iinkqubo

Kwikota yokugqibela yenkulungwane yama-20 iye yaqulunqa indlela ukuba ihlabathi yinkqubo apho imithetho ukuphuhliswa kwezakhono zoluntu nentlalo. Oku kungenxa yokuba ngeli xesha amandla akhe ndizuze inkqubo jikelele kwezoqoqosho. On a yeMetro lwehlabathi ungakhetha i "kwimida" kunye "core", wakha '-inkqubo yehlabathi "xa iyonke, apho ikhona kwimithetho superformatsii. Imveliso engundoqo namhlanje ezifana ukuveliswa sobhedu ulwazi kwaye yonke into enxulumene nayo. Olu tshintsho, ngenye indlela, ingcamango yokuba inkqubo zembali - uhlobo yomgama.

Imithetho Development Economic

Oku njalo, okubalulekileyo, ubudlelwane ezizinzileyo phakathi nesenzeko zoqoqosho kunye neenkqubo. Ngokomzekelo, xa umthetho imfuno kubonakaliswa lobudlelwano obukhoyo phakathi intengiso yempahla kunye imfuno okwenzeka kuye. Njengezinye imithetho wobomi ekuhlaleni, imisebenzi yezoqoqosho, kungakhathaliseki ukuba iminqweno kunye intando yabantu. Sinako ukwahlula phakathi kwabo jikelele (ngokubanzi) kunye ethile.

Jikelele - abo benza kwimbali yabantu. Bona yasebenza nkqu emqolombeni abangekaphuhli aze aqhubeke ukuba olufanelekileyo nkampani mihla, yaye iya kusebenza kwixesha elizayo. ukulandela imithetho zophuhliso lwezoqoqosho zingahlukaniswa phakathi kwabo:

- neemfuno ezikhulayo;

- uphuhliso oluqhubela phambili kwezoqoqosho;

- ukwandisa iindleko ithuba;

- ukwahlulwa nokukhula yabasebenzi.

Ukunyuka kancinane imfuno ziya ekugqibeleni kukhokelela eluntwini. Oku kuthetha ukuba, emva kwexesha, abantu sinengcamango yokuba iseti olukhulayo kwempahla, leyo, ngokokubona "obuqhelekileyo". Kwelinye icala, umgangatho ukwanda yohlobo ngalunye yempahla uwagqibe. Abantu bakudala, umzekelo, wayefuna ukuba, kuqala kwiinto zonke, oluninzi ukutya. Namhlanje, abantu basoloko akusekho usikhathalele nendlela kufa ngenxa yokunqongophala kuyo. Yena lizibophelele ekuqinisekiseni ukuba ukutya kwaba ezahlukahlukeneyo okumnandi.

Kwelinye icala, kangangoko ziyazanelisa iimfuno yezinto eziphathekayo, ukwandisa indima yentlalo ngokomoya. Ngokomzekelo, kumazwe phambili yanamhlanje ekukhetheni umsebenzi kubantu abatsha kusiba ochaphazelekayo kakhulu ukufumana ngakumbi (evumela banxibe izinxibo kudla), kodwa into yokuba lo msebenzi ngumlinganiswa enobuchule, unika ithuba lokuba self-zokuqonda.

Abantu abalwela ukuhlangabezana neemfuno ezintsha, ukuphucula imveliso. Kwandiswe uluhlu, umgangatho nobungakanani imveliso kuqoqosho, kwakunye ukwandisa ukusebenza ukusetyenziswa kwemithombo ezahlukeneyo zendalo. Ezi nkqubo ingabizwa inkqubela kwezoqoqosho. Ukuba ubukho inkqubela kwimizobo okanye ukuziphatha umngeni, kubomi yezoqoqosho kuwo ayinakuphikiswa. Kuyenzeka ukuba ukufikelela kunye division of labour. Ukuba abantu baya kugxininisa kuso ekuveliseni ezinye izibonelelo ezithile kwandisa ngokubonakalayo imveliso iyonke. Nakuba kunjalo, ukwenzela ukuba umntu ngamnye iseti epheleleyo amaxabiso kuyimfuneko kuye, kuyimfuneko ukuba alungiselele ukuba unxibelelwano olusisigxina phakathi kwamalungu oluntu.

Ukwabiwa exchange amagunya

UKarl Polanyi, lo yezoqoqosho American, iye eyabelwe iindlela 2 lonxulumelwano phakathi kwamaqela. Okokuqala - lokwabiwa, okt ngokutshintshiselana komhlaba kwindawo enye. Okwesibini - imarike ukuba zokwabela abaphantsi amagunya exchange. Kuluntu pre-nkulu alawule exchange ngokutsha iimveliso, oko kukuthi zendalo, kuliwa ngaphandle ukusetyenziswa imali.

Kulo mzekelo, urhulumente itsala phantsi ngokunyanzelwa yemveliso eziveliswa izifundo zawo, ngakumbi ngokutsha yabo. Hayi nje ngokuba nayo kumaXesha Aphakathi na- yamandulo sele luphawulwa le ndlela, kodwa ngenxa uqoqosho lwala mazwe yali.

Nokuba uluntu abangekaphuhli wazalwa imarike eemveliso. Kuluntu pre-nkulu, Noko ke, yena Ngokusisiseko into yesibini. Kuphela kwimarike kuluntu longxowankulu iba indlela engundoqo nolungelelaniso. Urhulumente ngaloo likhuthaza uphuhliso yayo, ukudala iintlobo lwemithetho, ezifana "ekuphuhliseni komthetho ishishini." Belizwe zisetyenziswa ubuhlobo emali. Ngempahla olwenziwa kulo mzekelo tye, phakathi abavelisi ukuba bayalingana. Ngamnye kubo abe nenkululeko epheleleyo yokuzikhethela ekufuneni amahlakani kuthenga. "Umthetho phezu Development of amashishini amancinci" inika inkxaso mveliso ezincinane, ngubani bakufumanisa kunzima ukusebenza-sikhokelo kukhuphiswano ekhulayo.