Intshukumo Chartist: iinkokheli, izizathu, iinjongo eziphambili, iindlela umzabalazo, isiphelo. Ukuqala intshukumo Chartist. Kutheni intshukumo Chartist akuphumelelanga?

Esinye sezona ziganeko zembali phakathi kwenkulungwane XIX kwi UK yaba yinto ebizwa ngokuba yi-intshukumo Chartist. Yaba uhlobo ukuqiniswa yokuqala iinzame abasebenzi kweli lizwe ukuze ukulwela amalungelo abo. Umda yezenzo zopolitiko bazakhe wayengazi phambi ibonwe kwimbali eBritani. Makhe sibone ukuba oonobangela Chartism, ukulandelela inkqubela yawo kwakunye ukuseka kutheni intshukumo Chartist akuphumelelanga.

prehistory

Ide kwikota yesibini kwinkulungwane XIX, amandla revolution abaphambili UK wahlala oongxowankulu. Ekugqibeleni, ekufezekiseni imiwe yokuvuselelwa yepalamente-1832, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekubeni ukwanda okubonakalayo komelo yayo kwiNdlu of Commons, oohlohlesakhe iye okunene abe ngomnye nongxowankulu abalawulayo. Abasebenzi nabo yamkele utshintsho njengenxenye kwaye waba nomdla wabo, kodwa kwacaca phandle, kude ekubeni ngokupheleleyo wadibana ezilindelekileyo bazakhe.

Ngokuthe ngcembe, isigaba yaba revolution kwaye loHlaziyo amandla ephambili e-UK.

Izizathu ukuba isindululo

Njengoko eziqondwa ngasentla, izizathu intshukumo Chartist zisala ukungoneliseki kwayo umsebenzi kunye imeko yezopolitiko kweli lizwe, ukuze anciphise ilungelo labo lokuba bakhethe abameli ukuya epalamente. Kukudla komlilo wamgalela ngeentlekele ezoqoqosho engama-1825 no-1836, ingakumbi lowo wokugqibela, nto leyo uhlobo umnyele ekuqaleni intshukumo. Isiphumo soku ntlekele yaba ekwindla imigangatho yokuphila ngqesho zininzi phakathi kwesigaba. Ngakumbi ingxaki ngo entshonalanga okwilizwe eNgilani, Lancashire. Konke oku kungabanga kodwa emehlweni abasebenzi abafuna ukuba izixhobo ezininzi ukuphembelela ePalamente kuqoqosho lweli lizwe.

Ukongeza, ngo-1834 iPalamente yamkela umthetho ihlwempu ekuthiwa-, nto leyo liqiniswe abasebenzi. Ngokusemthethweni Ekuqaleni movement Chartist edityaniswa yokulwisana nalo mthetho. Noko ke, kamva iinjongo ezibalulekileyo ngakumbi kuza kucaca.

Ngaloo ndlela, unobangela woku intshukumo Chartist yaba indalo entsonkothileyo, edibanisa imiba ezopolitiko kunye nezoqoqosho.

Ukufumana Chartists Traffic

Ukuqala intshukumo Chartist, njengoko kutshiwo ngasentla, abaninzi mbali zithetha-1836, nangona umhla ngqo zingenakuqinisekiswa. Ngokunxulumene ekuqaleni zentlekele yoqoqosho olandelayo baqalisa irallie ubunzima kunye noqhankqalazo kwabasebenzi, maxa wambi uniko manani, amakhulu amawaka abantu. Ukuvela intshukumo Chartist ekuqaleni kunokuba kwaba ezizenzekelayo yayisekelwe isimo yoqhankqalazo yabaMeli, yaye akukho qela obulugelelanisiweyo, nto leyo eye wabeka ocacile eqhelekileyo. Njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngasentla, ekuqaleni ntliziyo ayifuni ukupheliswa umthetho amahlwempu, ngoko emva kokuba irali nganye belisondliwa inani elikhulu-waka amaxwebhu ezikhalazo iPalamente ukuba alivale lo mthetho.

Ngelo xesha, amaqela saa abaqhankqalazi baqalisa ukuhlanganisa nabanye kwaye abe namandla. Ngokomzekelo, ngowe-1836 e-London, kwakukho London Working vavanuna lava Association, uzalela kunye inani imibutho ezincinane sabasebenzi. Yile lombutho elizayo baba amandla zopolitiko ezingundoqo yentlangano Chartist eBritani. Kubalulekile kwakhona ukuba liphuhlise kuqala inkqubo yabo neemfuno kwiPalamente equlathe amanqaku amathandathu.

flow Chartists

Ndimele ndithi ukuba ukususela kanye ekuqaleni loqhankqalazo kwaba intshukumo ziye amaphiko amabini eziphambili: ngasekunene nangasekhohlo. iphiko Ekunene wema umfelandawonye oohlohlesakhe kuziqhusheka iindlela ikakhulu kwezopolitiko omzabalazo. Iphiko ekhohlo iye ngakumbi ngokupheleleyo ilungelelaniswe. It is a sengqondo esibi kakhulu ukuya umfelandawonye kunokwenzeka kunye oohlohlesakhe, kodwa inoluvo lokuba kwezi njongo kuya kuba kunokwenzeka kuphela ukuphumeza ngenkani.

Njengoko ubona, iindlela kumzabalazo intshukumo Chartist yahluke kakhulu, ngokuxhomekeke ezithile yekhondo yayo. Ngoko ke kwixesha elizayo, yaye kwaba sesinye sezizathu ngokoyiswa.

Leaders iphiko ilungelo

intshukumo Chartist yabalasela phambi kwenani leenkokheli abadumileyo. Iphiko sokunene ekhokelwa William Lovett kunye Tomas Ettvud.

William Lovett wazalwa ngo-1800 kwimimandla London. Nditsho ebutsheni kwakhe wafudukela kwikomkhulu. Ekuqaleni nje ngumchweli, ngoko ke waba owayengumongameli Society of woodworkers. Kwacaca ukuba ngamandla kuchatshazelwa izimvo noRoberta Ouena - osisigxina Socialist kwesiqingatha sokuqala senkulungwane XIX. Ukususela 1831 Lovett waqala ukuthatha inxaxheba kuqhankqalazo ezahlukeneyo yintshukumo yabasebenzi. Ngowe-1836 waba ngomnye wabaseki London Men Working i-Association, nto leyo eyaba esiyintsika yale intshukumo Chartist. Njengommeli yabantu basebukhosini ekuthiwa yabasebenzi, uWilliam Lovett wakhuthaza umfelandawonye oohlohlesakhe kunye nesisombululo yezopolitiko ukuqinisekisa amalungelo abasebenzi '.

Tomas Ettvud wazalwa ngo-1783. Eyaziwa bhanki kunye yezoqoqosho. Ndisemncinane, yena ithathe inxaxheba kubomi kwezopolitiko zesixeko lakwaXhosa. Ngo-1830, iqela obengasemva Birmingham Political Union, apho bekumele ukuba amele umdla yabemi kulo mzi. Attwood wayengomnye abaxhasi ezininzi esebenzayo uguquko yezopolitiko kulo nyaka-1932. Emva kokuba wonyulwa ePalamente kwiNdlu of Commons, apho wayemise khona ingqalelo omnye zamasekela kakhulu olukhulu. Yena sympathized kunye nephiko eziphakathi malunga Chartists yaye yathatha inxaxheba ngokukhutheleyo intshukumo, kodwa emva koko bahamba kude kuye.

Leaders washiya iphiko

Phakathi kwabalawuli iphiko lasekhohlo Chartists igunya ewuthanda Fergus O'Connor, uYakobi O'Brien, ngokunjalo abe ngumbingeleli Stephens.

Fergus O'Connor wazalwa ngo-1796 e-Ireland. Abafundileyo igqwetha, aza kwenziwa. O'Connor wayengomnye nxaxheba abakhutheleyo zomzabalazo wenkululeko yesizwe eIreland, ziphuhliswe 20 lwekhulu XIX. Kodwa ke kwafuneka ukuba eNgilani, apho waqalisa ukupapasha iphephandaba "North Star". Lwakuba nje aqale intshukumo Chartist, waba yinkokeli yephiko layo ngasekhohlo. Fergus O'Connor wayengumxhasi iindlela ekuguqukeni omzabalazo.

Kwakhona uJames O'Brien waba oyinzalelwane Ireland, ke wazalwa ngo-1805. Waba intatheli ezaziwayo-kakuhle, esebenzisa igama ipeni Bronter. Wanga umhleli kwi eziliqela iincwadi, ekuxhaseni i Chartists. James O'Brien kumanqaku zakhe bazama ukwenza lo mbutho isizathu eceleni. Ekuqaleni wasivuna iindlela olululo umzabalazo, kodwa kamva waba igqwetha lejaji yokuvuselelwa ngoxolo.

Ngenxa yoko, iinkokeli intshukumo Chartist akazange abe kwindawo eqhelekileyo phezu iindlela kumzabalazo amalungelo abasebenzi.

isicelo

Ngowe-1838 ukuba iphuhlise lwezikhalazo eqhelekileyo loqhankqalazo, leyo kuthiwa yaBantu Charter (Abantu charter). Ngenxa yoko igama intshukumo, leyo inkxaso kula maphepha - Chartism. lwezikhalazo Key amalungiselelo sele ilungiswe amanqaku amathandathu:

• anikwe ilungelo lokuvota kuwo onke amadoda phezu engama-21;
• ukupheliswa kwesiqinisekiso ipropati ukuba ilungelo unyulelwe kwipalamente;
• Ukufihla yokuvota;
• izithili yokhetho ngokulinganayo;
• EPalamente umvuzo izinto lokwenza imisebenzi mthetho;
• lonyulo yonyaka.

Njengoko ubona, kwi lwezikhalazo zichongiwe, hayi zonke imisebenzi ephambili intshukumo Chartist, kodwa kuphela ezo zinxulumene unyulo kwiNdlu of Commons.

NgoJulayi 1839, uxwebhu lwezikhalazo yangeniswa ePalamente ezingaphezu kwezigidi 1.2 million.

Le enye ikhosi lwentshukumo

EPalamente, itshata kokulahlwa inani olungathethekiyo leevoti.

kwiintsuku ezintathu kamva e Birmingham waququzelela rally exhasa isicelo, leyo eyaphela ngo ukungqubana kunye namapolisa. Eyenzeke Isiphumo ibe okuninzi abonzakeleyo kumacala omabini, kwakunye imililo omkhulu phakathi komzi. intshukumo Chartist baqala ukuthatha nogonyamelo.

Umlo yaqala nakwezinye izixeko eNgilani, umzekelo, e Newport. Intshukumo aye ohlulwa ekupheleni kuka 1839, uninzi iinkokheli zayo bafumana izigwebo, kunye Chartist intshukumo ukuba ngoxa.

Kodwa ke kuphela into yethutyana, njengengcambu unobangela Chartism ababuyelanga ziphelisiwe, kwaye iziphumo intshukumo Chartist kweli nqanaba wayengekho wanelisekile kunye sabasebenzi.

Ngehlobo lowe-1840 i-Central Umbutho Chartists yasekwa ngo-Manchester. Kuye azuzeke iphiko ngcathu intshukumo. Le yamkela isigqibo nosukelo zabo besebenzisa iindlela kuphela seluxolweni. Kodwa kungekudala, iphiko olukhulu kwakhona wayeza kubuyela isikhundla sakhe ophelileyo njengoko iindlela siseko musa ukunika isiphumo oyifunayo.

Lo Mqulu elandelayo

Ngowe-1842, itshatha entsha yangeniswa ePalamente. Enyanisweni, iimfuno kuba ayahlukanga, kodwa ezaqhutywa a kakhulu ngakumbi ngqwabalala. amaxesha ngeli xesha, iisiginitsha eqokelelweyo ngaphezulu ezimbini ezinesiqingatha ngaphezulu -. 3.3 yezigidi Kwakhona, iziphumo intshukumo Chartist ayiphumelelanga ukukholisa amalungu ayo, ukuze le isicelo esitsha kokulahlwa uninzi laMalungu. Emva koko, njengoko ngexesha lokugqibela, iliza ugonyamelo, kodwa luncinane. Kwakhona elandelwa khomiwile, kodwa ngenxa ukuhlukumeza inkqubo, phantse onke amabanjwa akhululwa.

Emva kokuba hiatus enkulu, ngo-1848, iliza entsha intshukumo Chartist, wamqumbisa ngomnye ntlekele mveliso. Ngokuba ke ixesha yesithathu kwipalamente engenise isicelo, eli xesha afikelela kwezigidi ezi-5. Utyikityo. Noko ke, le nyaniso imibuzo, kuba abasayinayo ababhaliweyo emilibeni ubuntu ngokungenamkhethe ezaziwayo-kakuhle, nje ayikwazanga basayine lwezikhalazo, ezifana koroleva Viktoriya kunye nompostile uPawulos. Xa kuvulwa, Charter akazange nkqu kwamkelwa ePalamente ukuze iqwalaselwe.

Izizathu ngokoyiswa intshukumo

Koko Chartism Andizange zihlaziywe. Yaba kwakhe. Kodwa kutheni intshukumo Chartist akuphumelelanga? Ngokuyintloko, oku kubangelwe kukuba abameli balo ezingachazwanga kakuhle ukuqonda injongo sabo. Ukongeza, iinkokheli Chartists ngeendlela ezininzi wabona iindlela yomzabalazo; ezinye ebizwa ngokuba ukusetyenziswa kuphela kwendlela kwezopolitiko, ngoxa abanye babekholelwa ukuba injongo intshukumo Chartist kunokuzuzwa kuphela nge revolution.

indima ebalulekileyo eziphango lo mbutho yaba kukuba emva 1848 uqoqosho UK sele iqalile ukuzinzisa, kwaye neendlela zokuphila zisiya ziphucuka, nto leyo iye yehlisa bar uxinzeleko lwezentlalo eluntwini.

imiphumela

Kwangaxeshanye, singatsho ukuba iziphumo intshukumo Chartist abangenayo ngokupheleleyo. Ngaba izikhathi okuqhubekayo yaye ezibalulekileyo ezinokuthi ingqalelo njengoko minyinyiva Chartism ePalamente.

Ngoko ke, lo irhafu yengeniso yaqaliswa ngo-1842. Ngoku abemi zirhafelwe yengeniso yabo, yaye ngenxa yoko amathuba.

Ngowe-1846, imisebenzi ingqolowa ziye zapheliswa, nto leyo eyenza kakhulu isonka olubiza kakhulu. ukususwa labo ukuba ukunciphisa amaxabiso iimveliso yokubhaka kwaye, ngenxa yoko, ukunciphisa iindleko amahlwempu.

Eyona mpumelelo iphambili intshukumo ingqalelo kukuhla ngokusemthethweni ngo-1847, ngomhla ukusebenza kwabasetyhini kunye nabantwana iiyure ezilishumi ngosuku.

Emva koko, lo yintshukumo yabasebenzi umele ixesha elide, kodwa waphila kwakhona ngasekupheleni-imi- 60 kwinkulungwane XIX ngokohlobo iimanyano zabasebenzi (trade union movement).