Inkcazo-yeveli "uSandman" (Ernst Theodor Amadeus Hoffmann): isishwankathelo esifutshane. "Umntu waseNtshonalanga": iimveli zengqondo eziphambili

E. Hoffmann - omnye wabameli ababalaseleyo bexesha lamaRomantic Romanticism. Umsebenzi wakhe uphezulu kakhulu: ukongeza kwimisebenzi yombhalo, wabumba umculo, kunye nepeyinti. Ngexesha elifanayo, imisebenzi yakhe ihluke kwimvelaphi, eyenza iindaba zakhe zihluke ngokupheleleyo kwimisebenzi yendabuko ye-romantics ngexesha eliphantsi kokufunda. Ngenxa yoko, lo mbhali uhlala kwindawo ekhethekileyo kwimbali yeencwadi zehlabathi.

Ngokufutshane malunga nombhali

Wazalelwa kwintsapho yommeli olula kwaye emva kokupheliswa koqeqesho wakhetha uqeqesho olufanayo. Nangona kunjalo, isifundo kunye nenkonzo kawonkewonke eyayilandela kakhulu yayigxininisa kuye, kwaye wazama ukwenza ubomi ngobugcisa, kodwa engaphumeleli. Le meko yaphucuka ngandlela-thile emva kokuba umbhali athole ilifa elincinci. Nangona ubunzima, akazange ayeke ukubhala, kodwa imisebenzi yakhe ayifumananga nayiphi na impendulo evela kubagxeki baseJalimane nabafundi. Ngelo xesha, imisebenzi yakhe yayidume kwamanye amazwe aseNtshona Yurophu, eRashiya, nakwi-United States.

Ukudala

Ukuthandana kukaHoffmann kuchanekile kwaye kuyahluke kwinto ebhaliweyo ngabameli beli khokelo. Unobhala abaninzi babhekise kwizifundo eziboniswayo kunye nabalinganiswa ngokugqithiseleyo, bekhazimulisa imbono yenkululeko. Kodwa u-Ernst Amadeus washiya ezo zengqondo, echazela kwizinto zakhe ezilandelwayo ze-satire ezibukhali. Ukongezelela, umbhali walahla iinjongo zekululeko, ukugxininisa kuphela kubalinganiswa babalingiswa bakhe. Iindaba zefayile zikaHoffmann ziyinto emangalisayo kwaye zixutyushwa, kodwa, ke, abayikrakra nje ngokufundisa. Ihlazo lomlobi nalo lithile. Umbhali ngombala kunye nesimo esibuhlungu kakhulu uhlekisayo amaqhinga ebantwini bakhe bemihla ngemihla, apho, mhlawumbi, imisebenzi yakhe kwaye akazange athandwe kakhulu kwilizwe lakubo. Kodwa kwilizwe lethu waqatshelwa. UBelinsky wambiza ngokuthi imbongi enkulu, yaye uDostoevsky wathandeka kakhulu kwindalo yakhe; ngaphezu koko, iingxelo zikaHoffmann zabonakala kwimisebenzi yombhali wencwadi.

Izixhobo

Impawu zobuninzi bomsebenzi wombhali yayisondele ngokusondeleyo kwinyani kunye neengcamango. Kodwa okokugqibela akubonakalwanga ngumbhali njengento engaphandle kwesiqhelo: ngokuchaseneyo, uyichaza njengento ebalulekileyo, njengalowo mgama wobomi bemihla ngemihla. Abalinganiswa bakhe babonakala bephila ubomi obini: kwihlabathi eliqhelekileyo kunye neengxaki zomntu. Umzekelo wenkcazelo yamanqaku nguHoffmann novella's The Sandman. Le ngenye yezona zinto zithandwa kakhulu kwimisebenzi yakhe, eyaba yikhadi lokubiza lomlobi. Lo msebenzi usekelwe kwiimbali zabantu, kodwa ngexesha elifanayo libonakalisa okwenene kumlobi wanamhlanje wexesha. Ibali leTale lalidume kakhulu kangangokuba iinjongo zalo zisetyenziswe kwintlalo eyaziwayo. Enye yeendaba eziphambili zize zifike kwi-freetto ye-opera eyaziwayo yaseFransi.

Ukwakhiwa

Inomdla othile ngumbuzo wendlela uHoffmann akhiphe ngayo ingxelo yakhe kulo msebenzi. Isishwankathelo ("uSandman" kule ntlukwano iyahluke kwezinye iindalwazi), ngelanga, ayibonakalisi yonke imvelaphi yesakhiwo sesicatshulwa. Kwaye akuqhelekanga. Umbhali, ngokungathi akakwazi ukuxelela umfundi wakhe ibali elingaqhelekanga, ukhetha uhlobo oluthile lokuthabatha. Iqonga leqalo liqala ngeenkcukacha zomdlali oyintloko kunye nomhlobo wakhe uLothar kunye nomtshakazi kaClara. Emva kokuphindaphinda umxholo weeleta, umbhali waya ngqo ekupheleni kwezenzo kunye ne-denouement yayo. Olu hlobo lukuvumela ukuba uqonde kakuhle umlingisi weqhawe, owawela ebubini kwaye wagqiba ngobomi bakhe. Ngoonobumba, umfundi ufumana umhlaba onzima kwaye uphikisana kakhulu kaNathaniel, onokudideka kakhulu ngenxa yengxaki yomntwana: iindlobongela ziyamlandela, kwaye nayo yonke imizamo yomtshakazi yokumphazamisa kwiingcamango ezinzima ayinakwenzeka. Kwingxenye yesibini yembali umfundi ubona iqhawe njengokungathi uvela ngaphandle, sele eyazi ngokukhathazeka kwakhe kokomoya. Kodwa ngoku sibona ukubonakaliswa kwabo okwesabisayo kwangaphandle, okukhokelela entlekele.

Umgca

Kulo msebenzi ohlalutyiweyo, uHoffmann wazibonakalisa engomnye wabaphathi bezona zengqondo ezintle kwiincwadi zehlabathi. Isishwankathelo ("uSandman" ihluke ngokuphawulekayo kwaye ubunzima beli qhinga, nangona kubonakala lula ukucaciswa kwesakhiwo) kufuneka kuqalwe ngokubhengezwa kweencwadana zabahlobo, apho sifunda khona imvelaphi yazo. UNathaniel utshela umngane wakhe ibali elibi elenzeke kuye ebuntwaneni bakhe. UNanny wamthusa ngeengcinga zefestile ngomntu wesanti onokuthi ujezisa abo bantwana abangafuni ukuya kulala. Ukukhunjulwa kwalokhu kwakunzulu kakhulu ngaphakathi kwimemori yakhe yokuba ingcamango yomntwana yayinendlela ethile ekhubazekile. Ukugqitywa kokugqibela kwengqondo yengane kubangelwa emva kwesiganeko esichukumisayo.

Kulo msebenzi, uHoffmann wazibonakalisa eyinkohlakalo yeengcamango. Isishwankathelo ("Umntu Wesihlwele" ibali elincinci elincinci) lomsebenzi akakwazi ukuhambisa lonke ukunyaniseka kweengxaki kunye nomzabalazo ongqongqo lwangaphakathi lomntu oyintloko, ukuba umbhalo ufanele ufundwe ngokupheleleyo. Kodwa ekubeni silinganiselwe kwinqanaba le nqaku, siya kulawulo ngokunciphisa okufutshane. UNathaniel wabona ukufa okunzima kayihlo, owenza uphando ngomnye uprofesa ongaziwayo oye watyelela indlu yakhe. Ngenye ilanga ngokuhlwa inkwenkwe yabona indlela lo mfokazi eqhuba ngayo iimvavanyo ngamehlo akhe, kwaye emva kokuvavanya kwakhe uyise. Umntwana uyaqiniseka ukuba uprofesa ungumbulali, kwaye ufunga ukuphindezela.

Ukuphuhliswa kwesalathiso

Umsebenzi ohlalutyiweyo uHoffmann wabonisa ubuchule bakhe ekubonakalisweni kwengqondo yengqondo. Isishwankathelo ("Umntu Wesihlabathi" - umsebenzi kunye namafilosofi angqongqo, nangona ubukho bezinto ezimangalisayo) kwimbali yamanqaku enamandla ngenxa yokuphuhliswa okukhawulezileyo kweemeko kwaye ngexesha elifanayo ukunyaniseka kwimeko yabalinganiswa. Kwileta elandelayo, uNathaniel uxela indlela adibana ngayo nomfundisi ongaqhelekanga kwi-physics waza waqala ukufunda naye. Kulapho wadibana nomkhaneli owayengumfundisi onjengoyise. Iqhawe lalikulungele ukuphindezela, kodwa umtshakazi encwadini yokubuyisela wamkhuthaza ukuba akhiphe iingcamango ezingenangqondo ezingamqhuba. Emva kwexesha elithile, leli qhawe libize ukuba liphosakele: umatshini wayefana noprofesa, kwaye ngandlela-thile wayemnxusa, iqhawe lathengwa kuye itelesikopu apho waqala ukubukela intombi yakhe, u-Olympia, owaba intombazana enhle kakhulu. Ngento engekho, abahlobo bakaNathaniel bamqinisekisa ukuba wayemangalisa kwaye unjenge-doll mechanic (kwaye yavela kamva): iqhawe lalingathandi ukuva nantoni na, kwaye libala umtshakazi wakhe, lenze isigqibo sokukwenza iOlimia.

I zi ganeko

Omnye wabathengisi bamabali aphikisanayo nguHoffmann. "Umntu waseNtsundu", ukuhlaziywa kwesi sihloko solu hlalutyo, kukuqinisekisile kakhulu oku. Umbala obunobunzima bomsebenzi uvakalelwa ngokukodwa njengoko sisondela kwi-denouement. Iqhawe lalingenelisekanga noClara, owaba yintombazana elula neyinyanisekileyo, engaxhomekanga kwiinkwenkwezi nokukholelwa ngamanga. UNathaniel wayemfundele amabali amnandi, kodwa akazange abone, awathatha ukungabi nantoni kunye nobudenge, ngoxa i-Olympia yayiphulaphula le ndoda, ayiphazamiseki nayiphi na into. Ukugqiba ukwenza umnikelo, le nsizwa yangena endlwini kuyise, kodwa ukuyikotya kwakhe kufumaneke umfanekiso owonayo: utitshala onolwazi oluthusayo waphula idodoli. Ekubeni wabona, uNathaniel wenyuka.

Umntu weqhawe kunye ne-denouement

Umbhali ugxile kumfanekiso womntu oyintloko, umfana oshukumisayo kakhulu ongeke akwazi ukulahla ubuncinane bakhe. Nangona uthando lukaClara, le ntombazana elula kwaye iyanyanisekileyo, wayesekhokelwa yiloyiko lokukholelwa enkolelo, eyamkhohlisa. Ngelishwa, izinto ezilungileyo kuye zachithwa ngomoya ophukileyo, ongathandanga noClara okanye ubuhlobo bomnakwabo uLothar. Ekugqibeleni, iqhawe libuyela ekhaya kwaye, emva kokuphucula okwethutyana kwimpilo yakhe, lichitha ixesha kunye nomtshakazi wakhe. Kodwa ngelinye ilanga ujonga kwakhona kwi- telescope kwaye iphinda ihlaziye. Emva kokufa ngokubulala uClara, uphelisa ubomi bakhe ngokuzibulala. Ngoko, intetho ethandwa ngumlobi "nguSandman". UHoffmann, oye wajonga kakuhle, nangona yonke intlekele, wangena kwiincwadi zehlabathi ngokuchanekileyo njengomdali weemisebenzi kunye nombala ongaqhelekanga kunye nombala obunzima, kodwa ngokuhleka kwezinto eziye zaphawulwa ngabafundi abaninzi nabagxekayo.