Izitshixo: iimpawu eziqhelekileyo zeesinyithi kunye nama-alloys

Impahla yokuqala abantu abayifunde ukuyisebenzisa kwiimfuno zabo yitye. Nangona kunjalo, kamva, xa umntu eyazi kakuhle iipropati zezitye, ilitye lafuduka kude. Zizinto ezi zinto kunye nama-alloys eziye zibaluleke kakhulu kunye nezinto eziphambili ezandleni zabantu. Ezi zinto, izinto zobomi bemihla ngemihla, izixhobo zabasebenzi zenziwa, kwaye izakhiwo zakhiwe. Ngenxa yoko, kweli nqaku siza kuqwalasela oko isinyithi, impawu eziqhelekileyo, iipropati kunye nokusetyenziswa kwazo okwenene namhlanje. Emva koko, ngokusemthethweni nje emva kweli nqanaba lelitye, lilandelwa yinto yonke yentsimbi: ithusi, ubhedu kunye nentsimbi.

Iimpawu: umgangatho jikelele

Yintoni edibanisa bonke abameli bezinto ezilula? Kakade ke, oku kuluhlu lwe-crystal lattice, iintlobo zeekhontrakthi zeekhemikhali kunye neempawu zesakhiwo sekhompyutheni se-athomu. Emva koko, ukusuka kule ndawo kunye neziphathamandla eziphathekayo ezijongene nokusetyenziswa kwezi zixhobo ngumntu.

Okokuqala, makhe siqwalasele isinyithi njengezinto zeekhemikhali zenkqubo yexesha. Kuzo zifumaneka ngokukhululekile, zihlala kwii-cell ezingama-95 ezivela kwi-115 eyaziwa ngoku. Kukho iinkalo eziliqela zendawo yazo kwinkqubo jikelele:

• Yenza iinqununu eziphambili zamaqela I no-II, kunye no-III, ngokuqala nge-aluminium.
• Zonke iinqunjana ziquka kuphela izitye.
• Zitholakala ngaphantsi kwesigxina se-diagonal ukusuka ku-boron kuya kwi-astatine.

Ngokusekelwe kulolu datha, kulula ukubona ukuba i-nonmetals iqokelelwa kwinxalenye ephezulu ye-system, kwaye yonke indawo iyona yezinto esizicingayo.

Zonke zinemisebenzi emininzi yesakhiwo sekhompyutheni ye-atom:

• I-radius enkulu i-atomiki, ngenxa yoko udibaniso phakathi kwe-electron yangaphandle kunye ne-nucleus buthathaka, ngoko ke izitye zinikezelwa kalula, zisebenza njenge-restorers.
• Inani elincinci lamathethoni kwiziko langaphandle.
• Kwiqela ukusuka phezulu ukuya ngasezantsi, izakhiwo zensimbi zezinto ziyakhuliswa, kwaye kwithuba ukusuka kwesobunxele kuya kwesokunene, ngokuchaseneyo, ziyancipha. Ngoko ke, unamandla ongenamandla angaphantsi kwe-fluoride, kwaye obuthathaka yiFransi.

Iimpawu eziqhelekileyo zeesinyithi kunye ne-nonmetals zenza kube lula ukubonakalisa izinto eziqhelekileyo kwisakhiwo sabo. Ngoko, i-crystal lattice yowokuqala isinyithi, ikhethekileyo. Kwiindawo zalo zineentlobo ezininzi zeengqungquthela:

• Ions;
• IAtom;
• Electron.

Ngaphakathi, ifu eliqhelekileyo liqokelelwe, libizwa ngokuba yi-electron gas, echaza zonke izinto ezibonakalayo ezi zinto. Udidi lwebhondi yeekhemikhali kwisityana kunye negama elifanayo.

Iipropati zomzimba

Kukho inani leeparitha ezidibanisa zonke izitye. Ubume obuqhelekileyo bezakhiwo zabo zomzimba lulandelayo.

• Ukukhanya kweminye. Unabo bonke abameli beli qela lezinto. Kule meko, ukukhanya okugqithiseleyo kwimizuzwana emininzi, ngoko kuphuma umbala omhlophe-wesiliva. Kodwa ezinye (igolide, ubhedu, amaninzi amaninzi) ukhanyisa nge-yellow tinge.
• IKovkost kunye neeplastiki. Le pharamitha iyafumaneka kwizinyithi. Uhlobo oluqhelekileyo lwale nto, nangona kunjalo, aluchanekanga ngokupheleleyo, kuba phakathi kwabameli abancinci, i-ductile kunye ne-ductile, kwaye kukho i-fragile ngokwaneleyo ukuba ishintshwe. Iyona nto ingenakwenzeka kunye neplastiki - igolide, isiliva, ithusi, i-aluminium kunye nabanye. Ngaphantsi kwezinto eziphathekayo - i-tin, ikhokela, i-manganese nabanye.
• Ukuqhuba umbane kunye nokuhamba. Kukholiswa ngabo bonke abameli ngaphandle kokungafani. Iimpawu ziza kubaqhubi bohlobo lokuqala.
• Amanqaku aphezulu kunye namanzi abilayo. Ngalesi sizathu, bahluke kwi-refractory (ukushisa ngaphezulu kwe-1500 degrees), i-fusible-ngaphantsi kwesi sibalo.
• Ukukhanya kunye nensimbi enzima , kuxhomekeke kubuxhakaxhaka babo. Yincinci, incinci ubunzima be-atom yento. Eyona nto elula yi-lithium, kwaye inzima is osmium.
• U bunzima. Umnini werekhodi kule ncwadana yi-chrome, kwaye i-softesi yincinci, inyibilika ezandleni.

Iiparamitha ezidwelisweyo-lo luphawu oluqhelekileyo lwesinyithi, oko kukuthi, yonke into ebamanyanisa kwiintsapho enye enkulu. Nangona kunjalo, kufuneka kuqondwe ukuba kukho ukungafani naluphi na umthetho. Ngaphezu koko, zininzi izinto ezilolu hlobo. Ngoko ke, ngaphakathi kwentsapho ngokwayo, kukho iziqendu ezahlukeneyo kumaqela ahlukeneyo, esiwacingayo ngezantsi kwaye apho sibonisa khona iimpawu zobunjani.

Iimpawu zeChimpi

Ukususela kwingcamango yesazi ye-chemistry, zonke izinyithi ziyanciphisa. Kwaye, unamandla kakhulu. Iimbononci ezimbalwa kwizinga langaphandle kunye neyona enkulu yerejista yee-athomu, inamandla isinyithi iphezu kwiparamitha echaziweyo.

Ngenxa yoko, isinyithi siyakwazi ukusabela ngayo:

• Iimpawu ezingabonakaliyo;
• Amanzi;
• Acids;
• Nge-alkalis (i-amphoteric zinyithi);
• Oxides;
• Amasiza ayenzimbiza zinyithi.

Oku kuphela ukujonga ngokubanzi imveliso yeekhemikhali. Emva koko, iqela ngalinye lezinto zizodwa.

Isinyithi sehlabathi se-Alkaline

Iimpawu eziqhelekileyo zeesitriki zomhlaba zi-alkaline zilandelayo:

• Zineentoni zombini kwizinga langaphandle.
• Yenza iqela lesibini leqela eliphambili le-system periodic, ngaphandle kwe-beryllium.
• Ngeemeko eziqhelekileyo - zizinto ezinamandla, ungabambi ngommese.
• Umbala wezinyithi ezilula u-silvery-grey, zihlanganiswe ngefilimu ye-oxide emoyeni.
• Imisebenzi yeekhemikhali yenyuka, ikhula ukusuka kwi-magnesium ukuya kwi-radium.
• Kwimvelo isasazwa ngokubanzi, ngakumbi i-calcium. Ngendlela elula, ayenzeki ngenxa yezinto eziphezulu, kodwa zenza ezininzi izinto ezihlukeneyo ezibalulekileyo kubantu.
• Kubaluleke kakhulu kwisicwangciso sezinto eziphilayo. I-calcium, i-magnesium ibalulekile imilenze yamalungu oluntu kunye nesilwanyana. I-Magnesiyam iyingxenye ye-chlorophyll yezityalo.

Ngaloo ndlela, i-alkaline komhlaba yinyithi zizinto eziqhelekileyo zentsapho, ukubonisa imisebenzi ephezulu yeekhemikhali kunye nokunciphisa amandla kunye nabathathi-mfuneko kwiinkqubo ze-biological emzimbeni.

ZeAlkali zinyithi

Ukubonakaliswa ngokuqhelekileyo kweetali ze- alkali kuqala ngegama labo. Kwafunyanwa ngenxa yokukwazi ukuchithwa ngamanzi, ukwenza ama-alkali - caustic hydroxides. Ukuphendulwa ngamanzi kuphazamiseka, ngamanye amaxesha kunye nokuvuvukala. Ngamafomu ekhululekile kwendalo, ezi zinto azikho, kuba imisebenzi yabo yamachiza iphezulu kakhulu. Ziyasabela ngomoya, umphunga wamanzi, ezingekho izinyithi, i-acids, i-oxides kunye neetyu, oko kukuthi, ngokuqhelekileyo yonke into.

Oku kubangelwe kwisakhiwo sabo sekhompyutheni. Kwinqanaba elingaphandle kukho enye i-elektroni enye, ayinika kalula. Ezi zizona zincitshisi ezinamandla kakhulu, yingakho zithatha ixesha elide ukuba zifumane kwifomu yazo ecocekileyo. Okukuqala kwenziwa nguGemfri Davy sele sele ekhulwini le-18 nge-electrolysis ye-sodium hydroxide. Ngoku bonke abameli beli qela bakhutshwa ngale ndlela.

Isalathiso esiqhelekileyo seetali ze-alkali kwakhona kukuba liqela lokuqala kwiqela eliphambili le-system periodic system. Zonke zizinto ezibalulekileyo, ukwakha ezininzi iimveliso zendalo ezixabisekileyo ezisetyenziswa ngumntu.

Impawu eziqhelekileyo zesinyithi zeentsapho ze-d- ne-f

Kule qela lezinto zizo zonke ezo zidibanisi ze-oxidation ziyahluka. Oku kuthetha ukuba, kuxhomekeke kwiimeko, isinyithi sinokusebenza njengombini we-oxidizing kunye ne-agent agent. Izinto ezinjalo zikwazi ukuphendula. Phakathi kwabo, inani elikhulu lezinto ze-amphoteric.

Igama eliqhelekileyo lazo zonke iathom zizinto zenguqu. Bawufumene ngenxa yokuba ngokwezakhiwo ezibonakalisiweyo zimi phakathi, phakathi kwezinto eziqhelekileyo zentsapho ye-s-nentsapho kunye ne-nonmetals ye-p-yentsapho.

Isalathiso esiqhelekileyo sokutshintshwa kwesebe sithetha ukutyunjwa kwezakhiwo ezifanayo. Zizo zilandelayo:

• Inani elikhulu lama-electron kwinqanaba langaphandle;
• Irejista enkulu;
• Izididi ezininzi ze-oxidation (ukusuka +3 ukuya kwi -7);
• Iifowuni ze-valence zikwinqanaba le-d okanye le-f;
• Ifom 4-6 ezinkulu kwixesha.

Njengezinto ezilula, isinyithi sale qela zinamandla kakhulu, i-ductile kunye ne-malleable, ngoko ke zibaluleke kakhulu kwezoshishino.

Iingqutyana zetafile zexesha

Impawu eziqhelekileyo zeesinyithi zeenkqutyana zihambelana ngokupheleleyo kunye neengqutyana zenguqu. Kwaye akumangalisi, emva koko, eqinisweni, yinto efanayo. Amacandelwana asesekondari kwenkqubo ayenziwa ngokuchanekileyo ngabameli beentsapho ze-d kunye neye-f, oko kukuthi, isitshixo seshintsho. Ngoko ke, sinokuthi ezi ngcamango zifana.

Eyona nto ibaluleke kakhulu kwaye ibalulekileyo kubo ngumqolo wokuqala wabameli abali-10 ukusuka kwi-scandium ukuya kwi-zinc. Zonke zizinto ezibaluleke kakhulu kwezoshishino kwaye zihlala zisetyenziswa ngumntu, ingakumbi ngokutshiza.

Alloys

Iimpawu eziqhelekileyo zeesinyithi kunye nama-alloys zenza kube lula ukuqonda ukuba kuphi na ukusetyenziswa kwezi zinto. Ezi zixhobo ziye zatshintshwa kakhulu kwiiminyaka ezidlulileyo, kuba zonke izithako ezitsha zivuliwe kwaye zenziwe ziphuculwe ukuphucula umgangatho wazo.

Iinqanaba ezidumileyo zi:

• I Brass;
• EDural;
• I sinyithi yentsimbi;
• Sensimbi;
• Bronze;
• Uya kuwina;
• Nichrome nabanye.

Yintoni i-alloy? Ingumxube wezinyithi, ezifunyenwe ngokukhenkceza ezi zixhobo ezikhethiweyo zomlilo. Oku kwenziwa ukwenzela ukufumana imveliso ephezulu kwiipropati kwizinto ezicocekileyo eziyifomayo.

Ukuthelekiswa kweepropati zezinyithi kunye nezingezizo zinyithi

Ukuba sithetha ngeendawo eziqhelekileyo, iimpawu zesinyithi kunye ne-nonmetals ziyahlukahluka ngenye ngongoma ebalulekileyo kakhulu: ngokuba le nto yokugqibela ayikwazi ukwahlula iimpawu ezifanayo, kuba ziyahluka kakhulu kwiipropati ezibonakaliswa ngokomzimba nangokwemvelo.

Ngoko ke, akunakwenzeka ukudala uhlobo olunjalo lwezinto ezingezizo zinyithi. Ungakwazi ukwahlula kuphela abameli beqela ngalinye kwaye uchaze iimpahla zabo.