Cycloalkanes - it ... cycloalkanes: ukufumana ifomula, iikhemikhali kunye emzimbeni iimpawu

Cycloalkanes - kuba hydrocarbon, apho kukho isakhiwo evaliweyo kumafa yayo. Makhe siqwalasele iimpawu ezi zihlanganisi, intsimi yabo isicelo.

Iimpawu class

Zeziphi cycloalkanes? Formula iklasi CnH2n kubonisa ukunqongophala athom hydrogen. Le meko kubandakanya nemizekelo emibini. Kungenjalo, isakhiwo kufuneka ibe nolwalamano kabini kwi molecule iqulethe mhlawumbi isakhiwo elivaliweyo. Yintoni isakhiwo cycloalkanes nje na? Formula kubo ekwafanekisa kwityala yesibini, oko kukuthi, ubukho kwi molecule isakhiwo ezivaliweyo. Yeyona isakhiwo ingakumbi ethile kubangela iipropati emzimbeni imichiza yale udidi hydrocarbon.

Zingaphi ezahlukeneyo cycloalkane ekwafanekisa nokwakheka C4H8? Ukuze sifumane impendulo yalo mbuzo, kufuneka kukuhlalutya iintlobo isomerism, ezo uphawu cycloalkanes. Ezi isomers ezimbini kunye nokwakheka loqobo nelomyinge babe isakhiwo elibujikele: cyclobutane, methylcyclopropane. Loo ukhetho ebizwa isomers chain ecaleni.

Ekubeni cyclo - oku isomers ezahlukeneyo ze olefins ezihluthiyo ngazo ifomula kwezinto, elakhiwe ngekhaya ibhondi kabini. izakhiwo ezimbini sinokubakho le fomu ilandelayo: butene-1 kunye butene-2. Ukuphendula umbuzo malunga nendlela ezinokuthi zibekhona cycloalkanes kakhulu ezahlukeneyo formula ecetywayo, kubalulekile ukuqwalasela kuphela cycloalkanes, kodwa alkenes. Kuphela kule meko iya kuba kunokwenzeka ukuba bangenise impendulo echanekileyo.

Ngoko ke, cyclo - na hydrocarbon, okuye iintlobo ubuncinane ezimbini isomerism.

Iimpawu nokuhlelwa

Amagama athile elibujikele ezizizembiwa yokuqamba olunikezelwe ngokuhambelana ngokupheleleyo kunye nokuhlelwa ngamazwe. Kuba iziseko basebenzisa inani carbon kwisekethe closed. Okulandelayo, cinga atom abafumaneka kwikhonkco ecaleni. Ngokomzekelo, methylcyclopropane. Cycloalkanes - ukuba iikhompawundi apho athom carbon zombuso sp3 hybrid, ukuba ngokufanayo hydrocarbon kwizinyibilikisi. Olu phawu ichaza iindlela ezisisiseko lokulungiselela uphawu iimpawu kule klasi.

Iinketho ngokufumana cycloalkanes

Ndinokuphathana njani ngoxolo cycloalkanes? Imizekelo abasabela ezisisiseko abonisa ukuba kukho iindlela ezininzi imfundo. Umzekelo, cyclohexane lukhutshwe hydrogenation le benzene enuka kamnandi. Zithako ezintathu, zaya khonkcweni ezine athom carbon nibe senilungile yi cleavage le alkanes halogen digalogenproizvodnyh eziphilayo. Kwakhona cycloalkanes afunyenwe kwi pyrolysis of neetyuwa ze organic asidi dicarboxylic. Ukufudumeza ngaphandle phambi komoya kukhokelela ekumisweni cyclopentane kunye cyclohexane.

iipropati chemical

Naphthenes iipropati imichiza efanayo hydrocarbon kwizinyibilikisi. Kubo, basabela bokuhlala kunye halogens kuhlobo endaweni. Ukongeza, abameli naphthenes angene yokusabela ikhemikhali nitric acid. Cycloalkanes ukumelana sulphuric acid wamandla. Kunye chlorosulfuric acid kunye oleum indlela kwakhona kuyenzeka: ekugqibeleni kwakhiwa oxide sulphur (4).

Naphthenes nje ezo molekyuli ka-5 no-6 athom carbon kuthathwa compound afana izinzile. Kodwa xa sisiva ukuba bromide okanye aluminiyam chloride, oko isomerization wabo lukhatshwa isithintelo okanye ukwandiswa kumjikelo wokuqala.

isomerization

Umzekelo, kule fom inkqubo, cyclohexane, methylcyclopentane isomerization. Eolini afunyanwa iintlobo avela of cyclopentane kunye cyclohexane, nabanye abameli naphthenes kukho phantse bengekho.

Iimpawu ezikhethekileyo imijikelo eziziisekondari ingqalelo ubuchule ukwenza Ukumila onjalo apho ezinye athom carbon zibhekiswe ngokwangaphandle, yaye ngaphakathi ngokwenzekayo. Unxibelelwano olunjalo kuthiwa intranulyarnymi, kwaye abo ibekwe ngaphakathi umsesane, ekuthiwa iimbophelelo ekstranulyarnymi.

Umzekelo, ngokuba ubuninzi cyclodecane Ukumila elilungileyo azithathele intranulyarnyh athom ekstranulyarnyh hydrogen ezintandathu elinesine. Oku kuthetha asifani amaqela CH2, lokubonakala ekwandiseni amandla bond, uphucula iimpawu eekhemikhali ezimbaxa.

Kuba hydrocarbon kokuba-12 okanye ngaphezulu athom carbon, ebonakala ukuhamba conformational. Ukususela kwi-C-ngokukhululekileyo hybrid, ngokuba Kuqhagamshelwano olunjalo awufanele ubukho kwiimo yothutho kunye kaKishe.

Tsiklany (naphthenes) singaqulatha oyile yendalo kuluhlu ukusuka kuma-25 ukuya 75 ekhulwini. Umxholo ubuninzi kubo kuxhomekeke iqhezu izikali. Amaqhezu oyile leyo abe ebila indawo ephakamileyo, kukho ukwanda izakhiwo enuka kamnandi. Ingakumbi ezininzi naphthenes ezifumaneka Emba kunye Baku ioli.

Amanani ubuninzi Umlinganiselo na phezulu 80 ekhulwini. A ubudlelwane phakathi iintlobo-oli ekrwada kunye nokusasazwa cyclo-amaqhezu. ukumelana Ngaphantsi ingqalelo thermodynamically hydrocarbon monocyclic apho abe osecaleni alkyl chain elide. CnH2n Ukusasazwa iintlobo zezakhiwo buhlobene ngqo obushushu ezisetyenziswa ulwelo lwe petroleum.

Umzekelo, ezi naphthenes monocyclic bangabi ibhaqwe uhla lobushushu 300-350 degrees Celsius, kunye nemixube bicyclic zinyamalale kwemfuneko Isalathisi lobushushu degrees 400 Celsius.

iimpawu cyclopropane

C3H6 nguye ummeli elula naphthenes. Le into sukube ukuba ukunyibilika ayinamsebenzi emanzini. Phakathi iipropati yemichiza ezinkulu uphawu organic ezimbaxa womvalela hydrogenation encedisa ukuqalisa imisebenzi. Imveliso yalo intsebenziswano yeyona ezizizembiwa propane ekugqibeleni. Ngaphezu koko, cyclopropane, enye ezizizembiwa efanayo, ukuba baye oxygen ukuze carbon dioxide, umphunga wamanzi, imali eyaneleyo wamandla.

Ingakumbi abameli beklasi

Ukuba thelekisa lobushushu reflux ukuba abameli cycloalkanes eklasini izingqinisiso alkanes ukuba inani elifanayo athom carbon, baya kuba ngaphezulu kancinci. Isizathu kukuba kubume wovandlakanyo kule klasi. mninzi naphthenes ngaphezu ozise alkanes, kodwa obuphantsi kancinane enkundleni.

Ukuze siqonde zingaphi cycloalkanes ezahlukeneyo kunxibelelana olungumgubo omnye, kufuneka wenze umahluko nje isomers iintlobo elibujikele, kodwa kunye skeleton ngqo waqamba kotorgo babe nolwalamano kabini. Phambi substituents kwi molecule ngohlobo radicals ezizizembiwa, ukuncitshiswa kwi kwindawo ukunyibilika le cycloalkane.

Xa sihlalutya iimpawu zomzimba imichiza yale yeklasi hydrocarbon, unako ukwenza ukwahlulwa yoxhomekeko kwezinto kuqhagamshelo ngamakhonkco ezincinane (ezintathu okanye ezine), umgangatho (zintlanu, zintandathu, zisixhenxe), eliphakathi (ukususela ezisibhozo ukuya kwezilishumi elinesibini), kwakunye ne imijikelo ezinkulu (ukusuka carbons ezilishumi elinambini).

Iindawo zosetyenziso

Makhe sithethe ngezinto ukusetyenziswa iphambili cycloalkanes. Naphthenes zisetyenziswa amayeza. Umzekelo, cyclopropane sisiyobisi ezidakumbisayo. Cyclopentane uthathwa kuphela elungileyo, kusitshiwo organic yokuqaphela. Cyclohexane into efunekayo ngayo kuyondelelaniswe lwemichiza nenayiloni, nenayiloni (iifayibha polyamide wathatha), ukongeza, kusitshiwo ukuvelisa benzene. alkanes isinyibiliko cycloalkanes ilifa reactivity eliphantsi. Le yobunyani kunokucaciswa wokwephuka eliphantsi C-C bond. Ukongeza, isixa esikhulu cycloalkanes esetyenziswa kwishishini kwemichiza le.

isiphelo

Imixube of hydrocarbon ngamnye kunye naphthenes zisetyenziselwa ukuvelisa izinto zokuthambisa. Abameli yale yeklasi hydrocarbon bakwazi ukuphucula intsebenzo kwamafutha diesel. Umzekelo, cycloalkanes additive kakhulu kwandisa inani octane, kwandisa viscosity, kwandisa ubushushu ukutshiswa-injini. Kungenxa yoko le nto cycloalkanes abalahlwanga iimveliso zepetroliyam esulungekileyo, shiya yinxalenye iqhezu zepetroli.

Lugxile naphthenes zisetyenziswa organic izinyibilikisi. Cycloalkanes nge-avareji ubunzima ezinto ezisetyenziswa kwimveliso ye iisepha zokwenziwa. naphthenes ezoneleyo kunye uyemka okunene, njengoko kwamafutha, ekubeni isixa esikhulu nobushushu obuninzi yokutsha zabo.