Imigaqo yereferensi yintoni? Umxholo kunye nomxholo. Indlela yokuqokelela imiqathango yesetyenzisiweyo

Ukudala isabelo sobugcisa ngenye yezigaba zokuqala kunye ezibaluleke kakhulu kwininzi lweeprojekthi. Inkcazo ecacileyo neyobhaliweyo yobuchwephesha (TK) yenza kube lula ukucacisa ubudlelwane phakathi komthengi kunye nomenzi, ukwenza izidingo zeempawu zeziko elizayo, kwaye kuya kuba sisiseko sokuqinisekisa umsebenzi owenziweyo.

Yiyiphi imigqaliselo yesalathisi

Inkcazo ngokubanzi yeli gama ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: umsebenzi wobugcisa ngumqulu okhethekileyo ophuhliswe ngumthengi kwaye uvunyiwe yikontraka, echaza iimfuno, iiparitha kunye neempawu eziphambili zeprojekthi, indawo okanye inkqubo.

Phakathi kwezinye izinto, eli xwebhu lingabandakanya uluhlu lweemfuno zokuvavanya (ezichaphazelekayo ekuphuhliseni isoftware).

Isetyenziswe kumsebenzi wayo ngabakhi, abaphathi, ukwenza umsebenzi wokulungisa, abaprogram, abaqulunqi kunye nezinye iingcali.

Imiqathango yokuFakelwa ngumqulu ophuhliswe ngumqeqeshi owazi kakuhle kwizinto ezithile zomsebenzi othile. Ngendlela echazwe ngayo ngokulindelekileyo komthengi kuya kuchazwa, impumelelo yeso siganeko incike. Ngamanye amazwi, umsebenzi wezobugcisa ngumyalelo wabasebenzi, okukuvumela ukuba uqhathanise umphumo wokugqibela kunye nocwangcisiweyo.

Iimpawu ezikhethekileyo zesabelo sobugcisa

Ngokuqhelekileyo inkqubo yokuyila imiyalelo ivumela umthengi ukuba aqonde indlela angathanda ukuyibona ngayo iphrojekthi ezalisiweyo. Oku kubangelwa kukuba imfuno yokusekela iinjongo ezithile zikhuthaza ukuba kuhlolwe amathuba kunye nemingcele ekhoyo kulolu hlobo lomsebenzi. Abathengi abaninzi, beqonda ukungabikho kolwazi, ukungabi nolwazi lwamagama olwazi kunye nokungabi nolwazi olukhethekileyo, bakhetha ukuqesha ingcali ukuba kuphuhliswe isabelo sobugcisa.

Ngokumangalisayo, le ndlela ivumela ukufezekisa umsebenzi ohambelana kakhulu, kuba wonke umntu wenza okulungileyo: umthengi uyazi oko afuna ukufumana ngenxa yoko, umbhali wesabelo sobugcisa uguqulela olu lwazi kwingcaciso eqondakalayo kumqhubi, kwaye inkosi inelungelo lokusebenza kwimigaqo ecacileyo .

Ukwabiwa kweMigqaliselo yeNtetho

La maxwebhu, imiqathango yokubambisana, yenza umsebenzi obalulekileyo: inceda ukulungisa iingxaki ezinokuthi zilungele. Njengoko kubhalwe ngokubhaliweyo, iimfuno zeprojekthi okanye ubungakanani bomsebenzi ziba yindawo yokubambisa yamacala amabini. Ikontraka inelungelo lokungenzi umsebenzi ongacacisiwe kwisabelo sobugcisa. Ngezenzo ezongezelelweyo, ufuna umyalelo omtsha.

Ngethuba elifanayo, umthengi ukhuselwe ekuphunyezweni okungekho ngokupheleleyo okanye okungalunganga komsebenzi, njengoko unokuqwalasela iimpawu kunye nemigqaliselo yento nganye ye-TOR.

Njengomthetho, umveliso ogqityiweyo udlula ukuqinisekiswa, uvavanyo okanye isigaba sokuvavanya. Ukuba iimpawu zayo zifani nazicetywayo, zingathunyelwa ukuhlaziywa okanye umqhubi anganqatswa inkokhelo (oku kuchazwe xa imigqaliselo yomsebenzi ihlanganisiwe).

Ukuqulunqwa kwemimiselo yesalathisi: iimfuno zokusebenza

Zonke iimfuno ezichazwe kwimigaqo yokubhekisa zingabalwa ngohlobo kunye neepropati.

Uninzi lweGOST luba sisampuli yeemfuno zeentlobo ezahlukeneyo. Zilawula inkqubo yokwenza i-TK ekwakhiweni kweendawo ezinkulu kunye neminye imisebenzi enoxanduva. Ngokuqhelekileyo babhala uluhlu olunjalo:

• Kwi candelo elisebenzayo.
• Izicwangciso zokhuseleko (kwiinkqubo ezenzekelayo kunye nesofthiwe).
• Kwinqanaba lemfundo yeengcali.
• Ukubonakala.
• Izinto ezisetyenziswayo.

Uluhlu lweemfuno, oluqokelelwe ziintlobo, lude kakhulu, ukuhluka kwazo kubangelwa iinjongo ezahlukeneyo zeeprojekthi.

Ngokuqhelekileyo, iimfuno malunga nokusebenza ziyintloko apho umsebenzi ngamnye wobugcisa uphuhliswa. Inkqubo yezinye iimeko zezobugcisa kunye nemiyalelo iba yinto "yokufihla", zibeke ezi mfuno. Ukuba umsebenzi owona mkhulu ungaphumeleli kakuhle, nokuba "i-camfifi" engcono kakhulu ayiyi kusindisa imeko, kwaye iphrojekthi iya kuphumelela.

Iinkalo zezidingo

Ngokungafani neentlobo ezininzi zeemfuno, iipropati zeempawu zazo zincinane kakhulu:

• Ukucaca.
• Ukuphelela.
• U vavanyo.

Ipropati yokugqibela ayikwazi ukwahlukana neyesibini zokuqala, kuba iimfuno eziqondakalayo kunye nezizodwa zingenziwa kwaye zivavanywe. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba akukho ndlela yokuqinisekisa isiqhamo, ngoko ke kunokubakholelwa ukuba iimfuno azikho enye yeepropati ezimbini zokuqala.

Iimpawu zoLungiselelo akuyona iphrojekthi yezobugcisa

Kukho iingcamango ezininzi malunga nokuba yeyiphi inqanaba leenkcukacha kufuneka lisetyenziswe ekuphuhliseni izabelo zobugcisa.

Ngamanye amaxesha kwenziwa ngokusetyenziswa kwemigqaliselo ethile kunye neendlela ezininzi, eziqondakala kuphela ngabayingcali. Ukungonakali kweli ndlela kukuba umthengi, othi le TK, akayiqondi ngokucacileyo oko uya kufumana njengemveliso eqediweyo. Ngoko ke, inkqubo yokuvavanya, ukuhlola nokufumana umsebenzi ingaba ilibazisekile, kwaye iphrojekthi iyakuthunyelwa ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukuhlaziywa nokuphuculwa.

Abaxhasi benye indlela bafuna ukuba isiqulunqo seMigqaliselo yoLungiselelo kufuneka sibe njengento elula kwaye ilungelelanise ngokunokwenzeka. Olu xwebhu lunokubandakanya isigama sesigama esichazwa ngabathengi, kodwa akudingekile ukuvuma imiba yobugcisa ehambelana nokuphunyezwa kweprojekthi. Kwintsimi yokuphuhliswa kwesoftware, uhlalutyo lwezoshishino lijongene nokulungelelanisa iimfuneko zamakhasimende kwiingongoma zesabelo sobugcisa, kodwa kungekhona umprofeti (okwenyani, ukuba akayikufeza imisebenzi yobabini).

Iprojekti yobugcisa ibizwa ngokuba ngamaxwebhu, echaza iinkqubo zokuphumeza i-TOR. Apha, imiqathango, izifinyezo kunye neengcinga zengcali ziyimfuneko nje. Ayibonakali ngumthengi (la magama awakwazi ukuxelelwa nantoni na), isicatshulwa sifunde ngumphathi oya kusebenza kwiprojekthi, kwaye ufuna ichanekileyo kunye nedatha ethile: ubukhulu, imimiselo, iimpawu, iimpawu. Iprojekti yobugcisa ngumyili weprogram.

Isakhiwo senkcazo

Ukuququzelela ukulungiswa nokusetyenziswa kwesabelo sobugcisa, siphuhliswa ngokwemigaqo ethile. Njengomthetho, ekuqaleni, kwinxalenye yokuqala, babeka injongo nenjongo yale projekthi. Emva koko kulandela ukuhlaziywa kwamacandelo, iimfuno kunye nokuchithwa kwazo. Ukuqonda oko i-TK ibonakala ngathi yinkqubo ezenzekelayo, unokuqwalasela isakhiwo esicetyiswa yi-GOST 34.602-89:

• Cacisa ulwazi oluqhelekileyo.
• Inkcazo yenjongo kunye nenjongo yokufezekisa oko kulungiselelwe ukudala okanye ukuphuhlisa inkqubo.
• Iinkcukacha zezinto eziphantsi kokuzenzekelayo.
• Ingxelo yemfuno yenkqubo.
• Ukubunjwa kunye nomxholo wemisebenzi kunye nemisebenzi esetyenziselwa ukudala inkqubo.
• Inkcazo yendlela ulawulo lokudala kunye nenkqubo yokwamkelwa kwenkqubo yokugqiba kufuneka yenzeke.
• Uluhlu lweemfuno zomsebenzi oza kwenziwa kunye nenjongo yokuzenzekelayo.
• Umyalelo wamaxwebhu.
• Cacisa imithombo yophuhliso.

Iimpawu zokubambisa (isampula apho iqulethe inkcazo yenkcazo yazo zonke izinto) iquka iinkalo ezininzi zeprojekthi, kodwa ingaxhaswa ngamaphuzu okucacisa ukuba kuyimfuneko.

Kutheni ukwenza i-TK yokulungisa igumbi

Inkqubo yokwenza ulungelelaniso lwangaphakathi ayiyinto elula njengoko ingathi ibonakala kuqala. Oku akukhona nje utshintsho lwephepha lodonga kunye nokudweba amabhetri, sithetha ngokulungisa i-geometry ephukile, ukususa iimpazamo zokwakha, ukulungisa utshintsho, ukulungiselela nokuphucula amagumbi.

Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, umsebenzi wezobugcisa ukulungiswa uba esinye sezigaba ezibalulekileyo, kuba ivumela:

• Ngaphambili, cinga ngomxholo wexesha elizayo.
• Yenza uqikelelo olunzulu, kunye nokufumanisa amathuba okulondoloza.
• Ukufezekisa ngokucacileyo ngokumalunga nomphumo oyifunayo kubo bonke abathathi-nxaxheba kwinkqubo (umthengi, ikhontrakta, umenzi).

Njengomzekelo ngomsebenzi wezobugcisa ngokuzenzekelayo, i-intermediary phakathi komthengi kunye nabaculi abaqhubayo ngumsebenzi wobugcisa. Ukuphunyezwa kwemisebenzi yokuphunyezwa komsebenzi ocwangcisiweyo kwenziwa ngokusekelwe kwiprojekthi yobugcisa, kuphuhliswa kwiingongoma ze-TK.

Ziziphi izinto ezibandakanya iinkcukacha zobugcisa zokulungisa igumbi

Ukulungisa igumbi ngalinye ngumsebenzi wezobugcisa oyingqayizivele. Isampuli yesakhiwo esiqhelekileyo sale xwebhu sinikezwe ngezantsi.

1. Igama kunye nenjongo yegumbi. Oku kuyimfuneko, kuba uqobo lwesakhiwo ludinga imithetho ethile ekufuneka ibonwe xa yenziwe (igumbi lokuhlala, igumbi lokulala, iofisi).

2. Ubume bomgangatho: umlinganiselo womsebenzi omele ukwenziwa kule ndawo. Apha ungacacisa ngokucacileyo ukuba kuyimfuneko ukwenzela ukuba idilesi:

• Zichitha iingubo ezigqithisiweyo, iipinths kunye nesitezi esibucayi (uhlobo kunye nekota).
• Faka isicelo ngokuhlwa, ukuhlukanisa ukutsalwa kwe-screed and thermal (indawo kunye nokuphakama kwezinto).
• Ukuba kuyimfuneko, faka "umgangatho ofudumele" (uhlobo kunye nokuphakama kwesakhiwo).
• Ukubeka i-coupler phezu kweentambo zokufudumala (malunga ne-30-50 mm).
• Lungisa indawo yokubeka iileyili, i-stratter, i-carpet okanye enye into (uhlobo lobungakanani bamacandelo).
• Faka inqwanqwa (bonisa inani lokusebenza kwamamitha, kunye nawo onke angaphakathi nakwangaphandle).

3. Sebenza kunye nelayili:

• Cima kwi-whitewash okanye iphepha lodonga (indawo kumamitha ayi-square).
• Hlanganisa ne-putty (indawo).
• Faka isicelo seplasta (ububanzi obuphakathi kunye nobubanzi obuphakathi).
• Ukuba ufuna ukufakela ilitye kwibhodi ye-gypsum, kufuneka uchaze uhlobo lwalo, i-quadrature kunye nobude. Ngeemodeli ezininzi, umzobo uyadingeka.
• Faka u-Putty uze upende i-plail (indawo, umbala).

4. Yintoni ekufuneka yenziwe ngeendonga:

• Cima kwinqanaba langaphambili lephepha lodonga okanye enye ingubo (indawo).
• Ukulwa nebala.
• Faka iindonga (okanye ngaphandle kokuqiniswa). Apha kufuneka ucacise nje kuphela i-quadrature yonke yeendonga, kodwa kunye nobukhulu bomgca. Ubungakanani bemithambeka esetyenzisiweyo buqhutyelwa ekusebenzeni imitha.
• Beka iindonga.
• Bonisa ukuba mangaphi amanqaku angaphandle angaphakathi kwigumbi ukwenzela ukuba ubude bekhonkco eliphambili libaleke.

5. Izinketho ze Window:

• Cacisa umenzi.
• Ukubonelela ngoluhlobo lweprofayili, izesekeli, i-glass insulating, window window. Chaza ukuba ngaba kuya kuba neprofayili yeprofayili kunye nomnatha wobuchopho, faka umzobo ngobukhulu. Ukusebenza kangcono komsebenzi, kungcono ukwakha umsebenzi wobugcisa ohlukeneyo wokulawula iwindow.

6. Iimpawu zendlu:

• Chaza i parameters yomnyango, umenzi, izinto ezisetyenzisiweyo (kubandakanywa nezixhobo), uhlobo lwebhokisi, i-casing kunye neengqayi.
• Ngokwahlukileyo, isidingo sokutshintsha ubukhulu bomnyango (ukwandisa, ukunciphisa, ukufuduka) kunye nobukhulu bemisebenzi.

7. Sebenza ngamanethiwekhi ombane:

• Uluhlu lwemisebenzi (ukufakela, ukutshintshwa, ukutshintshwa kweevenkile kunye noshicilelo).
• Kubalulekile ukubeka iifowuni okanye i-Intanethi.
• Namathisela umzobo.

8. Iimvavanyo zokufakela iinkqubo zokufudumala kunye nezimo zomoya:

• Ukufakela, ukudluliselwa, ukutshintshwa okanye ukudweba nje umbane.
• Ukuphazamiseka kwesixhobo senkcubeko kunye nokufakwa kwenkqubo "efudumeleyo".
• Bonisa indawo yendawo yokumisa umoya kunye nendlela eya kumzobo. Cacisa ukuba amandla akhe anikezelwa njani emandleni.

Ngaba kuyimfuneko ukuhlola isakhiwo ngaphambi kokuba wenze isabelo sobugcisa sokulungisa

Zonke iingcali ziyavuma ukuba uviwo lwegumbi liyimfuneko yokulungiselela uTK ukulungiswa kwayo. Ngelo xesha, inkqubo kufuneka iqhutywe kungekudala kuphela ukuphuhliswa komsebenzi wobugcisa, kodwa nakwinkqubo yoyilo.

Umsebenzi oyintloko wale mcimbi ufumana ulwazi malunga nemeko yegumbi kunye nencazelo echanekileyo yokulungiswa okuzayo.

Xa uhlolisisa igumbi, qwa lasela iiparitha eziphambili kwaye wenze oku kulandelayo:

• Hlola i-geometry ilungile.
• Funda uhlobo olunqamlekileyo lwendawo yokuhlala (nokuba kukho iindawo ezithambileyo, ukuguquka). Oku kunceda ukugqiba uhlobo lokugqiba kwaye unike ingcamango yokuphakama kwekamva.
• Qinisekisa ubungqina beendonga kunye nokuchaneka kweekona. Ukuba ufuna ukulungelelanisa, abaphathi mabafanele bazi ukuba zeziphi izinto zokusetyenziswa kunye nokuba bangaphi abantu abafuna ukuzithenga.
• Ukuhlolisisa uhlobo olunqamlekileyo lomgangatho. Ngokuqhelekileyo isezantsi kufuneka zitshintshwe ngokupheleleyo (ingakumbi ukuba inkqubo yokufudumala ifakwe phantsi kwazo), ngoko ke kuyimfuneko ukuqikelela kwangaphambili inani lomsebenzi.

Ukuphepha ukungahambi kakuhle kunye nokubonelela zonke iinguqu ezinokwenzeka, ngexesha lophando, umgangatho uphathwe kwiindawo ezininzi kwaye ubeka izigqibo kwizinto eziye zabonwa.

Idatha efunyenwe ngenxa yolu vavanyo ifaniswa noyilo, uhlobo lwezinto zokugqiba kunye nemisebenzi yokulungiselela eyimfuneko yokufakela kwabo.

Le ngcaciso ikuvumela ukuba uvavanye umgangatho weendleko zabasebenzi nezemali. Iprojekti yeprojekthi kufuneka iqulethe imidwebo yemisebenzi ezayo.

Isampuli esicacisiwe somsebenzi wobugcisa bomsebenzi ekulungiseni igumbi ayifani. Ngokuxhomekeke kumyinge womsebenzi, unokubonakala uhluke ngokupheleleyo, ube mfutshane okanye ufake iinkcukacha ezingaphezulu.