Izalathiso yembali uncwadi. History of World Literature

Ukuze bafunde ukuba baqonde iintsingiselo eziphambili zophuhliso salo naliphina icandelo lenkcubeko, kufuneka ufunde lukhulu yamaphepha. Kodwa ngaphambi kokuba uqale, kuyimfuneko ukwenza uluhlu lwe uncwadi. iincwadi ezininzi zibhaliwe kwi kwimbali uncwadi. Ezinye zidalwe abagxeki professional zoncwadi. Abanye apha naphaya kunoogxa babo ngenxa ezininzi ezibanzi readers. Kuqala kufuneka kuqala.

Gquma umaleko ebalulekileyo inkcubeko umntu nokuba enkulu kakhulu, asikwazi. Ngoko ke, ngokwenza uluhlu lwazo iincwadi ngembali iincwadi, kuyimfuneko ukuba balandele periodization.

ncwadi yamandulo

Kutheni kufuneka ufunde imisebenzi ababhali abaye baphila kangangeenkulungwane ngaphezu amabini eyadlulayo? Ukuze zazi impembelelo enkulu iincwadi yamandulo kwi iprozi owayephila nemibongo akunakwenzeka. Great Pushkin wakha wathi: "Konke ephumile Homeric etempileni." Classic kuthetha imisebenzi imbongi yamaGrike yamandulo, ngubani kudala yafunda abantu ngaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi ofundileyo. izazinzulu ezininzi ziye ukufunda Homer kwindawo yokuqala.

Ekubeni ukufa Pushkin Kwadlula iminyaka emininzi, zininzi itshintshile. ukuguqulwa ebalulekileyo iphathwayo nangeyonyani. Kodwa mibala wentsomi kunye nemixholo misebenzi ababhali bamandulo bamaGrike namaRoma kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo inkcubeko langoku namhlanje. Yaye ngoko umntu ofuna okokuba into ayenzayo yaziwe ngokuba efundile, uzakwazi noko amagama abameli eziphambili lwenkcubeko yamandulo. Yho abo banqwenela ukuba abalufunda nzulu kulo mxholo, kuyimfuneko ukwenza uluhlu lwe uncwadi. Ngokutsho kwimbali uncwadi Antiquity wadala izinto zokufundisa ikakhulu ngenxa Philologists elizayo. Eyona idumileyo:

• IM Tronsky "Imbali iincwadi yamandulo."
• I. F, "Imbali lwedrama yamandulo."-Ann
• BA Gilenson "Imbali iincwadi yamandulo."
• AF Losev "Imbali nobuhle yamandulo."
• ML Gasparov "Uncwadi lidala yaseYurophu."

Kakade ke, ukufunda yonke le misebenzi kufuneka ibe kuphela abo izicwangciso inxalenye enkulu yobomi bakhe ukuba benze ethile kude impucuko kunye nobomi ekuhlaleni. Umzekelo, kwi-Department of Classical Philology omnye neeyunivesithi zoluntu. Zonke iincwadi azikwazi ukufundwa. Ungakhetha kuphela ezo zifuneka ngokwenene. Ngoko ke, ngokwenza uluhlu lwazo uncwadi kwimbali uncwadi, waqhekeza alityatye ngokutsho periodization, oko kwanele ukufunda umsebenzi omnye kwicandelo ngalinye.

Literature Ancient Russian

Phakathi XI-XVII kwi inkcubeko weRashiya yayikhethekile. Kwezi eminyaka iphuhlise uhlobo ekhethekileyo uncwadi. analogue yabo ku inkcubeko yehlabathi apho. Le umlando, kunye tale emkhosini, ndim ubomi. lesikhumbuzo Great amasiko eli xesha lo "Lay." Ukufunda le misebenzi kunzima kakhulu ukuqonda indoda mihla. Kodwa ukuze uqhelane kunye iimpawu ezingundoqo kule ncwadi, ungakwazi ukufunda "I History of iincwadi Old Russian." Umbhali - N. K. Gudzy.

weencwadi zakudala

uncwadi Development engumtya nethunga iziganeko zembali kunye neempawu uphawu kubomi bentlalo yothuba elithile. Abanemvume - lixesha emnyama limfiliba. Kuyo nayiphi na imeko, ukuba umelo okunjalo ngaye umntu mihla. Kodwa kule xesha wadala imisebenzi esekhona namhlanje. Bayakwazi ukufunda incwadi V. M. Zhirmunskogo "History of Foreign Literature. Abanemvume and Renaissance. " Kulo kokufundisa, olubonwa kwisihloko, sithetha kwisigaba esilandelayo kuphuhliso inkcubeko.

Renaissance

Ngeli xesha, uncwadi kwabangel okhethekileyo. Eyona iphambili ababhali beli xesha na ingcamango nobuntu, eyaba engundoqo kwinkcubeko yaseYurophu ngokubanzi. Noko ke, kwilizwe ngalinye, ababhali kunye iimbongi wadala indalo zabo phantsi kwempembelelo neempawu zesizwe. Malunga yintoni ilifa izinto uphawu imisebenzi zezi ababhali, unako ukufunda incwadi eSoviet umgxeki zoncwadi B. And Purisheva. Le ncwadi ibizwa ngokuba "Foreign Literature. Renaissance. "

classicism

Eli binzana iqondwa isimbo ubugcisa kunye nolwalathiso yobuhle kwinkcubeko. imisebenzi Classic uncwadi - ikakhulu umdlalo, idrama kunye ode. Abameli kulo mkhuba kwi intsimbi Russian Lomonosov, Derzhavin, Fonvizin. Nabani na ubona kufanelekile ukuba baqonde ubulumko yokudala imisebenzi kwezi iintlobo, kukuba ukufunda umsebenzi ugxekwa Russian L. V. Pumpyanskogo "Ukuze ke classicism Russian kwimbali."

Imbali iincwadi Russian kwinkulungwane XIX

ekhulwini nje omnye kwakukho ibonwe kwi inkcubeko weRashiya. Oku kwakunjalo ingakumbi iincwadi. Le leminyaka idume kumnyele okhanyayo iimbongi nababhali. Phakathi kwabo, Pushkin, Gogol, Turgenev, Dostoevsky, kunye nabanye abaninzi. Kakade ke, neencwadi malinikelwe kulo xesha, a lot. Eyona ethandwayo - "Imbali uncwadi Russian yenkulungwane XIX" V. I. Korovina. Le ncwadi yapapashwa imiqulu emithathu, ngamnye esingelwe ukuya iintsingiselo ezithile kunye neepateni nophuhliso kwimibongo iprozi in Russian.

Uncwadi kwinkulungwane XX

Kwinkulungwane edluleyo, ihlabathi wabona iziganeko ezininzi izigqibo ukuba oku kuchaphazela inkcubeko. kwiimo ezikhethekileyo yeencwadi ezifunyenwe kwinkulungwane yama-20. ERashiya, eli xesha lungohlulwa lube amacandelo eziliqela ezincinci, nganye ebandakanya inani ababhali abanetalente. Ukuba sithethe ngayo iincwadi eJamani, eNgilani, France kunye US, esi sihloko sele ngokubanzi ngazo iincwadi. Omnye wabo - "Foreign Uncwadi XX». Umbhali - L. Andreev. Kwaye loo mxholo "Uncwadi kwinkulungwane yama-20 eRashiya", ziyachazwa ngencwadi SI Kormilova. incwadi yakhe iquka ixesha ukusuka 20 ukuya 90 ubudala. Igama incwadi - "Imbali uncwadi Russian lwekhulu XX".

Iprozi yasekhaya mihla

Ukuze kube zibandakanya imisebenzi sidalwe lezihlandlo Russian theoretician Kormilovym. Iprozi Modern - igama isalamane. Abameli kule ncwadi kwixesha uphuhliso kunganxulunyaniswa ababhali ababhala namhlanje, yaye abo benza isiqingatha leminyaka eyadlulayo. Kodwa ukuba yi ibinzana elithi "iprozi mihla" ababhali, bayakuqonda ngoku epapasha iincwadi zabo, umsebenzi kwi ukufunda eli xesha ibhalwe hayi ngaphambi kwe kwenye kwiminyaka engamashumi amathathu okanye amane.

iincwadi zabantwana

Uncwadi ngokuba abafundi mncinane abonakala kwilayini eyahlulweyo kwinkulungwane XVII. Kungenxa yoko le nto komxholo othi "I History of yaBantwana Uncwadi" ayikho naleyo nayiphi na enye, ngazo kweli nqaku. Iprozi Russian abantwana baqala ukuphuhlisa inxaxheba kule mihla Petra Velikogo. igalelo elibalulekileyo eyenziwa ngababhali ezifana Derzhavin, Karamzin, Sumarokov. Imbali uncwadi lwabantwana - kwesayensi entsha. Yena enikelwe ukuba akukho umsebenzi omninzi. Zonke okufanayo ngokuba omnye wabo - "uncwadi abantwana bethu xa" F. Toll.