Iastrolabe - into yamandulo ngeenkwenkwezi

Abantu abaninzi bakholelwa ukuba impucuko yethu - njengomthombo inkqubela rhoqo, kwaye bonke lwezona umdla kunye nophuhliso kodwa ukuza. Nangona kunjalo, imisebenzi enzulu bulumko, ezinye obukhulu izakhiwo yaye baqalisa elide phambi kwethu izixhobo ukubalaselisa ngokucacileyo incompleteness kombono. abaphengululi amandulo okuninzi yaziwa, ukuba wadala izakhiwo kunye nezinto lo mgaqo ukusebenza kunye umsebenzi ke apho akucaci kude kube sekupheleni. Nokuhambisana lokwenziwa komsebenzi izixhobo kunye nemithetho of physics kunye obungenakuphikiswa ezifunyenweyo kunye nolwazi lwabo uncedo rhoqo yambeswa kwilivo. Inani zixhobo ezinjalo siquka Iastrolabe, ngesixhobo yamandulo ngeenkwenkwezi.

ukuqashwa

Nanjengoko igama layo lixela ( "Aster" kusho Greek "Star"), iyunithi ezinxulumene nezifundo imizimba yasezulwini. Enyanisweni, lo Iastrolabe - isixhobo ukubala ephakame kuthelekiswa kwamanzi planethi yethu iinkwenkwezi ilanga, kunye ngokwesiseko data ukufumanisa ekuyo into eziphila. Xa uhambo olude live kanye Iastrolabe ulwandle wanceda ukuqinisekisa uququzelelo kunye nexesha, ngokufuthi kusebenza kuphela lokuma.

isakhiwo

isixhobo Astronomical iquka disc, nto leyo kwingqikelelo stereographic esibhakabhakeni esineenkwenkwezi, kwaye isangqa kongqameko ophezulu, nto leyo lamakhonkco diski. Iyunithi Isiseko (ibhodi isiqalelo) anayo umbindi emngxunyeni encinane, kwaye isangqa nesisitheliso efunekayo ukuze kube lula orientation lobume lonke ngokuphathelele kunina. Indawo ephakathi wenziwe izangqa ezininzi isale ezi imigca kunye amachaphaza ezibonakalisa ngama nezide. Ezi zama ngokuthi 'iingqongqo. isixhobo Goniometrical ngeenkwenkwezi na izinto ezintathu ezifana, nganye ifanele ibe ngama ethile. Umyalelo apho imali benamacangci, kuxhomekeke site: eliphezulu disc kufuneka iqulathe isibhakabhaka projektha ehambisana isabelo esivela Umhlaba.

Kule tympanum unalo grille ekhethekileyo ( "Spider"), baxhotyiswa ngezininzi iintolo isalatha iinkwenkwezi ezikhanya eboniswe kwingqikelelo. Ngokusetyenziswa imingxuma embindini tympanum, grills kunye neziseko baqhuba iinxalenye eqwalasele asi. Ukuze oko eqhotyoshelweyo ialidade - uluhlu ekhethekileyo ebalayo.

Ukuchaneka le Iastrolabe ngobambana nomnye: ezinye izixhobo, umzekelo, bekwazi ukubonisa nje ukuhamba kwelanga, kodwa ezinxaxhileyo, okuvela kulo. Okubangel 'umdla kukuba, isixhobo amandulo ngeenkwenkwezi wadalwa ngexesha xa imboniselo ihlabathi geocentric kugcwele. Noko ke, ingcamango yokuba zonke imizimba yasezulwini enye ixhomekeke emhlabeni, akazange kuthintela izazinzulu yamandulo ukudala isixhobo ngqo.

A incinane

isixhobo Astronomical unalo igama lesiGrike, kodwa uninzi yeencindi la amagama imvelaphi Arabhu. Isizathu soku ukungangqinelani kubonakala endleleni elide bayiwelayo isixhobo ithuba nokubunjwa kwayo.

Imbali yophuhliso ngeenkwenkwezi, kwakunye nezinye izifundo zesayensi ezininzi, kuhlangene eGrisi yamandulo. Apha ezimbini eminyaka ngaphambi kwexesha lamaKristu kwakukho umatshini le Iastrolabe. Hipparchus waye ngumdali kuyo. Sele kwinkulungwane yesibini emva kokuba uKristu inkcazelo efana goniometer Iastrolabe wenza Klavdiy Ptolemey. Kuba wakha sisixhobo esinokwenza ukufumanisa indawo iinkwenkwezi zezulu.

Ezi zixhobo okuqala engafani iiastrolabes, oko bacinga ukuba umntu mihla kwaye ezo wayibonisa kwiimyuziyam ezininzi ehlabathini lonke. Esi sixhobo lokuqala igqalwa isakhiwo yesiqhelo Theon fyabo Alexandria (IV c. N. E.)

zo Eastern

Imbali Uphuhliso ngeenkwenkwezi bamandulo yokuqala zenzeka kummandla ithi Islamic. Kwakunxibelelene ngentshutshiso izazinzulu ecaweni, kunye nezixhobo sehlo, ngathi Iastrolabe, imvelaphi bukaSathana.

Arabhu, nigqibelele isixhobo waqalisa ukukusebenzisa oko kuphela ukucacisa indawo kunye yokuqhelwaniswa iinkwenkwezi entsimini, kodwa kwakhona njengomlinganiselo ixesha, isixhobo yobalo ezithile izibalo, umthombo iingqikelelo ngeenkwenkwezi. Wisdom basempumalanga, West zadityaniswa omnye, isiphumo yaba isixhobo Iastrolabe ukuba sidibanisa ilifa yaseYurophu kunye Arab Thought.

Pope and isixhobo ezimbi

Omnye baseYurophu ababefuna avuselele Iastrolabe waba Herbert Orilyaksky (uSylvester II), ngokufutshane isikhundla sokuba Pope. Wafunda impumelelo zezazinzulu Arab baye bafunda ukusebenzisa izixhobo ezininzi, ilityalwe ukususela kudala okanye ivalwe yicawa. iitalente zakhe ingqalelo, kodwa ulwalamano kunye nolwazi ezingaqhelekanga amaSilamsi negalelo ukuvela eziliqela amavo ngaye. Herbert uye wasola ngokunxulumene succubus, kwaye umtyholi. Kuqala ke wamnika ulwazi, kwaye eyesibini banceda ukuba babe ngabantu abakwizihlalo omkhulu onjalo iCawa. Ongcolileyo bathi Inzuzo yakhe. Phezu kwayo yonke loo marhe, uHerbert wakwazi ukuvuselela inani izixhobo ezibalulekileyo, kuquka Iastrolabe.

ukubuya

Emva kwexesha kamva, ngenkulungwane XII, eYurophu kwakhona ukusebenzisa le fowuni. Okokuqala, ekugqibeleni kuphela Iastrolabe Arabic. Kwaba ngenxa izixhobo ezininzi ezintsha kuphela kwabanye - kulityalwa yala maxesha imbali wooyise. Ngokuthe ngcembe Baqala kuvela analogue yemveliso yengingqi, kwakunye imisebenzi olude lwesayensi ebhekisele kwisicelo kunye iiastrolabes idivayisi.

Incopho isixhobo kuthandwa bafika ngexesha obafunyanwa ezinkulu. Xa ke usuku Iastrolabe emanzini, kuyanceda ukuba wazi apho unokonga khona umkhombe. Noko ke, waba isici negates lokuchaneka kwedatha. Columbus, efana kakhulu koogxa bakhe, ukuba ahambe emanzini, wakhalaza ukuba esi sixhobo ayikwazi ayinakusetyenziswa esongwayo, yeyokuba isebenza kuphela xa phantsi kweenyawo umhlaba esisigxina okanye elwandle ukuzola ngokupheleleyo.

Abanye ixabiso oomatiloshe isixhobo nangoku zimelwe. Kungenjalo bendingayi ogama lakhe behlonipha yakhe, omnye imikhombe, baya kuhambo lwe kwiphulo edume wamazwe Jean-Fransua Laperuza. Inqanawa "Iastrolabe" - omnye ababini abathatha inxaxheba kwiphulo, kwaye yanyamalala kwinkulungwane elinesibhozo emva kwexesha.

umhombiso

Nokufika "kuxolelwa" le Renaissance safumana nje ezahlukeneyo izixhobo isifundo zehlabathi ezingqongileyo, kodwa izinto yomhombiso, nothando zokuqokelela. Iastrolabe - isixhobo, phakathi kwezinye izinto, adla ngokusetyenziswa ngenxa yokuqikelela bayahlelwa iintshukumo iinkwenkwezi, kodwa ngenxa yokuba ihonjiswe kunye neesimboli ezahlukeneyo kunye neempawu. BaseYurophu baye lamkele lo mkhwa-Arabhu ukudala ichanekile ngokumalunga zobukhulu kunye kwemidlalo ezintle. Iastrolabe yaqala ukuvela ngokuqokelela enkundleni. Ulwazi besayensi kucingwa isiseko semfundo, wagxininisa ilifa yesixhobo ukufunda isongo yomnini.

collection umqhele

Beautiful izixhobo yayihonjiswe ngamatye anqabileyo. Iimpawu imilo amagqabi kunye anabayo. Kuba isixhobo lokunxibela esetyenziswa yi igolide nesilivere.

Ezinye iinkosi enikelwe phantse ngokupheleleyo bona ubugcisa iiastrolabes. Ngenkulungwane XVI, edume kubo ingqalelo Fleming Gualterus Arsenius. Kuba abaqokeleli iimveliso zakhe ziye umgangatho ubuhle nobabalo. Ngowe-1568 waba kuyalelwe esinye Iastrolabe. Isixhobo sokulinganisa kwisikhundla iinkwenkwezi kwakuthetha sashiya umkhosi yaseOstriya Albrecht von Wallenstein. Namhlanje, le kopi igcinwe yimyuziyam kubo. MV Lomonosov.

zigutyungelwe imfihlakalo

Iastrolabe, ngendlela enye okanye omnye, n'ekiweebwayo kwilivo ezininzi kunye neziganeko eyimfihlakalo yexesha elidlulileyo. Ngenxa yoko, isigaba Arab yembali yayo, wanika ihlabathi ntsomi wabantu abanganyanisekanga Sultan kunye nobuchule academic inkundla nabakhwitsi Bīrūnī. Umlawuli ku efihliweyo kangangeenkulungwane ngenxa nokona kwi noqhawulo naye bagqiba usebenzisa namacebo ukohlukana naye. Le nabakhwitsi kwafuneka ukuba ucacise ngqo indlela imveliso kweholo kuya kuthatha ithuba inkosi yakhe, okanye ubunzima isohlwayo nje. Xa izibalo zabo Bīrūnī wasebenzisa Iastrolabe, uze ubhale iziphumo ephepheni, wayibeka phantsi kwikhaphethi. Wobuqili Sultan wayalela abakhonzi bakhe wazigawula yokupasa eludongeni yaye waya kulo. Kwathi, akuba ebuyile, wayivula iphepha uze ufunde umyalezo ukuqikelela, ukuba sizilindele izenzo zakhe. Bīrūnī engenalo kwaye wakhululwa.

Intshukumo ayinakutshintshwa inkqubela

Namhlanje Iastrolabe - yinxalenye astronomi edlulileyo. Ukuqhelaniswa emhlabeni ngoncedo layo wayengasekho kunokwenzeka ukususela ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XVIII, xa kwakukho nge. Ngamaxesha athile, ifowuni isasetyenziswa nangoku, kodwa emva kwenkulungwane okanye ngoko Iastrolabe bafudukele ngokupheleleyo ezishelfini wababuthi nabathandi zakudala.

modernity

ukuqonda eyiyona ukusebenza lesixhobo kunye isixhobo unika inzala mihla wakhe - planisphere. Le yimephu nekufakwe kuzo iinkwenkwezi izijikelezi-langa. kwanangamacandelo alo, iindawo zokubhala kunye enokususwa, efana kakhulu no Mxholo isiseko kunye drive. Ukuze ubone indawo elichanekileyo ukukhanya kwindawo ethile esibhakabhakeni kufuna za uhambisa i element eliphezulu ehambelana parameters ezinqwenelekayo inkululeko. Ngokufanayo kunye nabathengi Iastrolabe. Izandla zakhe ungenza nokuba komfanekiselo planisphere. Lo mzekelo uza kunika ufifi amathuba komanduleli bayo bamandulo.

Le legend ophilayo

Iastrolabe Ready zingathengwa kwi ezivenkileni, maxa wambi ivela kwi ingqokelela iimveliso zokuhombisa, ethatha njengesiseko style sim card-punk. izixhobo zokusebenza ukufumana, ngelishwa, kunzima. Planisphere kwakhona ezinqabileyo ezivenkileni zethu. iziqwenga umdla zifumaneka kumaziko angaphandle, kodwa imephu ihamba loo iindleko iza kuba kwebhulorho uphose-yentsimbi efanayo. models design Independent ukuba kwenziwe, efuna ixesha elininzi, kodwa umphumo ubalulekile nothando nje abantwana.

nesibhakabhaka esimnyama, ngoko ngokubanzi ukuba singene iingqondo kumanyange, ngobambana ebuhleni bayo imfihlakalo kunye nendoda mihla. Ezi zixhobo, ezifana Iastrolabe, uyenze ibe kufutshane kuthi iqondakale ngakumbi kancinane. zezikhumbuzo Museum okanye eyongeziweyo lobeko lwe sixhobo senza kwakhona kube lula ukufumana ubulumko bookhokho bethu kwiminyaka engamawaka amabini eyadlulayo ukwenza izixhobo ukubonisa ngokwanelisayo ngokuchanileyo ihlabathi, ukufumana indawo yethu kuwo.

Namhlanje Iastrolabe - njengesikhumbuzo ezinamagama, umdla imbali yayo kunye noyilo amehlo awayeno- engaqhelekanga. Lwakuba nje kwaba intuthuko enkulu ngeenkwenkwezi evumela ukuba angqamane ukuma kweenkwenkwezi kunye kwendawo, phantse ithuba kuphela yokuqonda apho ulwandlekazi okanye entlango ezilahlekileyo umhambi. Vumela isixhobo ulahlekelwa kakhulu ngendlela esebenzayo osi mihla, kuya kusoloko kuba yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yembali, isifundo ligutyungelwe isigqubuthelo zothando emfihlekweni, yaye ngenxa yoko akunakwenzeka ukuba zilahleke kangangeenkulungwane.