Iimpawu besakhiwo yenyukliya. Ubume kunye umsebenzi yeseli elakha

iseli nucleus - organelle yalo ebaluleke kakhulu, indawo yokugcina nokukotshwa ulwazi yemfuza. Esi sakhiwo inwebu, emi 10-40% iiseli, ogama misebenzi ibaluleke kakhulu ngenxa yomphefumlo eukaryotes. Noko ke, ngaphandle kobukho yemfuza kernel ukuphunyezwa kunokwenzeka. Umzekelo yale nkqubo kukukwazi ukuhlala iiseli bacteria. Nakuba kunjalo, iimpawu noshowo ngumongo kunye nenjongo yawo kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba omzimba multicellular.

Indawo ngumongo esiseleni kunye nesakhiwo sayo

Isiqalo ise nzulu kukho icytoplasm kwaye ukudibana ngqo kunye baberhabaxa kwaye kakuhle reticulum endoplasmic. It ingqongwe imifinya ezimbini, ezahlulwe isithuba perinuclear. Ngaphakathi matrix kernel ukho, umlinganiselo othile chromatin kunye nucleoli.

Ezinye iiseli abaqolileyo abantu abanalo nuclei, kunye nabanye zisebenza phantsi kwengcinezelo enkulu lwemisebenzi yayo. Ngokubanzi, isakhiwo ngumongo (Scheme) uchazwa kwisisu yenyukliya lirhangqwe karyotheca kwiiseli eziqulathe chromatin kunye nucleoli, ezisisigxina matrix zenyukliya nucleoplasm.

isakhiwo karyotheca

Ukuze kube lula iiseli ezingundoqo, le yokugqibela kufuneka zibonwe bubbles, imiqathango amaqokobhe kwezinye maqampu. Core - ukuba ibhotile lolwazi yemfuza esiseleni ubukhulu. Ukusuka kukho icytoplasm wayo, wasikhusela bilayer lipid ndizayo. isakhiwo shell Core ezifana ndizayo cellular. Enyanisweni, ahluke kuphela igama kunye nenani lamanqanaba. Ngaphandle konke oku, ziyafana kubume kunye nomsebenzi.

Ulwakhiwo karyotheca (inwebu zenyukliya) umaleko-mbini: le nto ndiyibhalayo lamanqanaba ezimbini lipid. Bilipidny karyotheca zangaphandle ngqo abafowunelwa iiseli Nezibugqagala reticulum endoplasmic. karyotheca lwangaphakathi - kunye imixholo engundoqo. Va kariomembranoy nomphandle wocango isithuba perinuclear ikhona. Kuyabonakala ukuba, oko kwasekwa ngenxa iziganeko electrostatic - isizathu Sihlahla nje iintsalela glycerol.

Umsebenzi inwebu Inyukliya kukudala umqobo ngoomatshini phakathi ngumongo kunye icytoplasm. Umbilini ongaphakathi indawo inwebu nitrogen yenyukliya matrix - iimolekyuli chain protein ukuba ukuxhasa isakhiwo-ntathu. Inwebu ezimbini enyukliya kufuneka pores ezikhethekileyo: ngabo ukuya ribosomes kwi umthunywa kukho icytoplasm amagqabi RNA. Ngelo Ebubanzini core kakhulu nucleoli eziliqela kunye chromatin.

Isakhiwo sangaphakathi nucleoplasm

Iimpawu lwesakhiwo enyukliya ukuvumela ukuba usithelekise kwiseli. Ngaphakathi isiqalo ukhona-bume ezizodwa (nucleoplasm) ingeniswe yi sol-gel, a iiproteni isisombululo colloidal. Ngaphakathi khona nucleoskeleton (matrix), bemelwe yi iiprotheni fibrillar. Umahluko omkhulu iqulathe kuphela ukuba iiproteni emuncu bakho isikakhulu kwi ngumongo. Kuyabonakala ukuba, kwimeko enjalo indlela i kufuneka ukulondoloza iimpawu imichiza nucleic kunye nezenzo nemvelo.

endosome

Ubume esiseleni isiqalo akakwazanga ukugqitywa ngaphandle nucleoli. Efrayimi RNA helical ribosomal, nto leyo ibekwe kwinqanaba lokuvuthwa. Kamva, ukusuka yakhe ribosome - i organelle eziyimfuneko protein yokuqaphela. lwesakhiwo nucleolus uyazimela inamacandelo amabini: fibrillar kunye globular. Ahluke kuphela kwisixhobo sokujonga, kwaye musa ukuba ingaphandle zabo.

icandelo Fibrillar ise embindini nucleolus. Iluphawu uhlobo umcu RNA ribosomal, nto leyo iya kuthathwa kwi enganeno ribosomal. Ukuba sicinga engundoqo (isakhiwo umsebenzi), kucacile ukuba icandelo granular iya abunjwe kamva. Ezi ziyafana eya ivuthwa inyukela enganeno ribosomal, Qhawulani amajikazi egolide, amanqanaba kamva yophuhliso lwayo. Kwezi ribosomes kwakheka kungekudala. ukuba Banduluka nucleoplasm ngokusebenzisa pores nuclear karyotheca kwaye iwele inwebu ye reticulum erhabaxa endoplasmic.

Chromatin ne zofuzo

Ubume kunye nomsebenzi ngumongo iiseli ngokulungelelanisiweyo edityaniswe: oko kuphela ezo zakhiwo ukuba kuyimfuneko ukwenzela ukugcinwa nokukotshwa ulwazi yemfuza. Kwakhona karioskelet (matrix core) umsebenzi wakhe kukho ukugcina organelles imilo. Nangona kunjalo, eli candelo nto ibalulekileyo chromatin ngumongo. Le chromosome, idlala indima ekwandiseni ikhadi yamaqela ohlukeneyo yemfuza.

Chromatin yi iproteni entsonkothileyo ekukho isakhiwo koqeqesho lwe polypeptide oluhamba ukuba nucleic acid (RNA okanye DNA). Le plasmids chromatin iintsholongwane nayo ngoku. Phantse ikota lilonke ubunzima up histones chromatin - iiproteni ajongene "upakisha" kolwazi yemfuza. Olu phawu zophando le ngamachiza ezinto eziphilayo. Ubume zakhiwo engundoqo kanye ngenxa yokuba ubukho chromatin neenkqubo kutshintsha spiralization kunye uncoiling.

Ubukho histone kwenza kube lula ukuba ziyahlangana bese gqibezela-DNA kwindawo encinane - esiseleni nucleus. Oku kwenzeka ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: histones ukwenza nucleosomes, ezo ezikhoyo ezifana amaso. H2B, H3, h4 kunye H2A - ezi iiproteni eziphambili histone. Nucleosome lisekwa izibini ezine histones ngalinye thaca. Ngaloo histone H1 i linker: oko kunxulumene DNA kwindawo okungena e kwi nucleosome. DNA ezingxobeni kubangelwa "osuka 'yomgama molecule 8 isakhiwo histone protein.

Ubume ngumongo, ogama scheme uboniswe ngasentla busenza ukuba isakhiwo DNA solenoidpodobnoy ifakwe kwi histones. Ububanzi izisebenzi imalunga 30 NM. Isakhiwo kufuneka incitshisiwe kwaye ukuba ahlale isithuba ngaphantsi yaye ngaphantsi boniswa umonakalo baya- ziyenzeka ebomini cell.

Le amaqhezu chromatin

Isakhiwo, isakhiwo kunye nomsebenzi ngumongo yeseli fixated ngaloo inkxaso iinkqubo zeentshukumo kweleli kunye uncoiling of chromatin. Ngenxa yokuba kukho amaqhezu ezimbini eziphambili zalo; kakhulu helical (heterochromatin) kunye malospiralizovannaya (euchromatin). Zahlula ngokokwakheka onemfundo. Xa DNA heterochromatin ukhuselekile kakuhle naliphi na ifuthe kwaye ayikwazi amagama. Euchromatin ukukhusela ezibuthathaka, kodwa luphindwe zofuzo protein yokuqaphela. Amaninzi iindawo heterochromatin kunye euchromatin ukuba mzuzu kulo lonke ubude chromosome.

chromosome

Yeseli nucleus, isakhiwo kunye nemisebenzi nakuzo izinto ezibhaliweyo kule ncwadi iqulathe chromosome. Le chromatin entsonkothileyo yaye exineneyo wapakisha ukuze sibonwe phantsi microscopy ukukhanya. Noko ke, oku kunokwenzeka kuphela xa isilayidi ukwakweli iseli mitotic inyathelo okanye ulwahlulo meiotic. Omnye isaqala a kweleli of chromatin ukwakha zofuzo. isakhiwo yabo ilula kakhulu: chromosome sele telomere neengalo ezimbini. ephilayo nganye multicellular kweentlobo omnye isakhiwo elinye ngumongo. zofuzo Table naye efanayo.

Ukuphunyezwa imisebenzi engundoqo

Ezona mpawu ziphambili zale ingundoqo lwesakhiwo ezinxulumene kunye nokuzalisekisa ezinye imisebenzi kunye imfuneko yokulawula kubo. Ngumongo lisebenza nguvimba inkcazelo yemfuza, leyo uhlobo lwefayile kunye kubhalwe zonke ulandelelwano acid acid kweziyi ukuba kuhlelwe kwiseli. Oku kuthetha ukuba esenza umsebenzi, iseli kufuneka nokulungelelanisa isakhiwo iproteni ufakwe kwi sofuzo.

Ukuze i core "uyayiqonda" yintoni ziiprotein ethile kuhlanganiswa ngexesha elifanelekileyo, kukho inkqubo wangaphandle (inwebu) kunye nezamkeli zangaphakathi. Ulwazi kubo inikezelwa undoqo esebenzisa zidlulisele eziphilayo. Kaninzi oku kwenziwa ngokusebenzisa indlela adenylate cyclase. Ekubeni iiseli abakhuselekanga iihomoni (epinephrine, norepinephrine), kunye nezinye iziyobisi kunye nesakhiwo esibamba.

Indlela yesibini transmission ulwazi ngaphakathi. Yena ayinikiwe kwiimolekyuli lipophilic - corticosteroids. Le into bilipidnuyu ingena inwebu yeseli kwaye sibhekiswe ngumongo, apho lisebenzisana kunye receptor yayo. Ngenxa ukusebenza zakhiwo receptor ibekwe kwiseli inwebu (mechanism cyclase adenylate) okanye karyotheca, indlela uqala ukusebenza sofuzo ethile. It replicates, umthunywa RNA yakhiwe ngokusekelwe kwayo. Kamva, ngokutsho isakhiwo yakutshanje kuhlelwe protein ezisebenza umsebenzi.

Undoqo eziphilayo multicellular

Xa eziphilayo isakhiwo multicellular core ethile ziyafana kwi elinye-elilodwa. Nangona kukho ezinye bokuqonda. Okokuqala, multicellular kuthetha ukuba umsebenzi wayo ezithile ngokwayo (okanye ngaphezulu) izaku phawulwa kwinani iiseli. Oku kuthetha ukuba amanye gene despiralizovany ngokusisigxina, ngoxa abanye kwimeko opholileyo.

Ngokomzekelo, iiseli kwithishyu adipose protini amagama uya kuhamba ingasebenzi, kwaye inkoliso chromatin ke spiralized. Kwaye eziseleni, umzekelo, iinkqubo biosynthetic exocrine protein pancreatic uqhubeke rhoqo. Ngenxa despiralizovan lwabo chromatin. Kwezo ndawo, zofuzo aba baphinda rhoqo. Kule phawu ebalulekileyo iqhosha: i iseti chromosome zonke iiseli zomzimba iyafana. Kuphela ngenxa umahluko kwemisebenzi kwi nezihlunu abanye babo angabikho emsebenzini, kunye nezinye dispiralized ezininzi abanye.

iiseli Nuclear-simahla umzimba

Kukho iiseli, apho iimpawu noshowo kernel ayikwazi kuqwalaselwa ngenxa yokuba ngenxa yobomi babo okanye zinqanda umsebenzi walo, mhlawumbi ngokupheleleyo balahle loo nto. Umzekelo elilula - iiseli ezibomvu. Oku egazi, ngumongo apho langoku kuphela xa nisaqala zophuhliso, xa kuhlanganiswa mpilo. Xa ubuninzi lukwanele ukudluliselwa ioksijini, ngumongo liyasuswa iiseli, ukwenzela ukuba kube lula yokuhamba kwayo akuyiphazamisi mpilo.

Xa uhlobo yayo yesiqhelo erythrocyte bag cytoplasmic ezaliswe mpilo. A isakhiwo esifanayo kwakhona uphawu iiseli ngamanqatha. Ulwakhiwo cell adipocyte ebalulekile kakhulu lula, oko kunciphisa kunye iishifti ukuba inwebu, kunye neenkqubo iiproteins amagama angena ezikhundleni ukuncokola. Ezi seli nabo embhoxo "bhegi" ezaliswe ngamanqatha, nangona, eneneni, iindidi reactions kwemichiza makhulu kancinane iiseli ezibomvu. Zegazi Kwakhona inucleus, kodwa zifanele ukuba zingathathwa ngokuba iiseli yinxalenye. Le seli ziqwenga kuyimfuneko ukulungiselela ukuphunyezwa kwenkqubo hemostasis.