Iipholima ezingaphiliyo: imizekelo izicelo

Xa yendalo apho organometallic, organic neeplastikhi ezingaphiliyo. Ukubandakanya izinto ezingaphiliyo ezi lomqolo ezingaphiliyo kunye namasebe ebezingalindelekanga hayi radicals hydrocarbon. Ngokwakha Iipholima ezingaphiliyo kukhona izinto uthambekele amaqela III-VI kwenkqubo ngamaxesha lweziqalelo imichiza.

ngezigaba

Iipholima eziphilayo nezingaphiliyo ziye ngenkuthalo uphando, kumiselwa iimpawu zabo ezintsha, ngoko ulwahlulohlulo ngqo ezi zinto kuye okwangoku isetyenzwe ngaphandle. Noko ke, kunokwenzeka ukuba ukwaba amaqela athile neeplastikhi.

Kuxhomekeka isakhiwo:

• linear;
• eflethini;
• branched;
• networks Polymer;
• entlandlo-ntathu kunye nezinye.

Kuxhomekeka athom chain engundoqo zakha Polymer:

• gomotsepnye Uhlobo (-M-) n - luqulathe igama elinye uhlobo atom;
• uhlobo hetero (-ML-) n - kuqulatha iintlobo ezahlukeneyo athom.

Kuxhomekeka imvelaphi:

• yemvelo;
• livulwe abantu.

Ukuba sibandakanywe izinto Polymer ezingaphiliyo leyo urhulumente engqindilili macromolecules, kufuneka ube anisotropy ethile kubume lweendawo kunye neempawu ahambelanayo.

Iimpawu eziphambili

Okunye ezivame Iipholima heterochain, apho kukho alternation electropositive kwaye electronegative athom, ezifana B kunye N, P and N, Si no O. Fumana Iipholima hetero ezingaphiliyo (NP) ngokusebenzisa reactions polycondensation. Polycondensation oksoanionami okukhawulezayo kwimeko asidi, kunye polycondensation hydrated iyatshi- - in obrak. Polycondensation ingaqhuba iye phandle bobabini ezidityanisiweyo kunye eziqinileyo phambi lobushushu eliphezulu.

Uninzi Iipholima hetero ezingaphiliyo zingafumaneka kuphela xa ehlaziya-amaqondo obushushu aphezulu, umzekelo, ngqo izinto ezilula. Ukwenziwa carbides, ezo imizimba polymeric kwenzeka impefumlelwano ezinye oxides icarbon, kwakunye phambi lobushushu eliphezulu.

Gomotsepnye elide chain (kunye neqondo polymerization n> 100) ifomu carbon kunye p-VI elements iqela isalfure, selenium, tellurium.

Iipholima ezingaphiliyo: Imizekelo noSetyenziso

Ingakumbi i-NP nguye ukuyilwa polymeric izinto crystalline kunye rhoqo isakhiwo-ntathu of macromolecules. Ubukho amathambo nzima neentambo imichiza inikeza ezinjalo iikhompawundi yobulukhuni omkhulu.

Lo mhlaba ikuvumela ukuba usebenzise njengoko abrasives, ipholima ezingaphiliyo. Ukusetyenziswa kwezi zinto ifumene isicelo ngokubanzi kushishino.

Livelele imichiza kwaye thermal ukumelana IR kwakhona impahla exabisekileyo. Umzekelo, imicu nokubethelela zenziwe organic Iipholima uzinzile umoya ukuya kwiqondo lobushushu 150-220? C. Ngelo xesha, boron ifayibha kunye nezakhi zayo uzinzile ukuya kwiqondo lobushushu 650? C. Kungenxa yoko le nto Iipholima ezingaphiliyo babathembisa ukuba uphuhliso kwemichiza ezintsha kunye nezinto ubushushu ezingatshiyo.

ukubaluleka Practical nabo babe NP, nto leyo esondeleyo ngezakhiwo organic zombini kwaye balondoloze iimpawu zazo ezithile. Ezi ziquka phosphate, polyphosphazenes, silicates, polymeric oxides sulphur namaqela icala ezahlukeneyo.

neeplastikhi of carbon

Umsebenzi: "Nika imizekelo Iipholima ezingaphiliyo" - eziqhele ukufunyanwa kwiincwadi chemistry. Uyacetyiswa ukuba sithwalwe ngaphandle ngokubhekisele NP kakhulu abadumileyo - yezabelo carbon. Ngapha koko, oku kuquka izinto ezineempawu ezizodwa: diamond, mifanekiso, carbine.

Carbyne - esidalwe ngumntu, kakubi wafunda yomgama Polymer kunye neenqobo nanto amandla, hayi kunguhata, yaye ezinye izifundo kunye graphene ophezulu. Noko ke, carbine - into twisisaka. Asingabo bonke izazinzulu bamkela ubukho yawo njengento ezimeleyo.

Kubonakala ngathi ngumgubo emnyama yesinyithi-crystalline. Kuye iipropati semiconducting. Conductivity carbyne kwandisa kakhulu phantsi amanyathelo ukukhanya. Akaphindi ungalahla la propati nokuba kwiqondo lobushushu ukuya ku 5000? C, nto leyo ngaphezulu kakhulu kunokuba kwezinye izinto njongo. izinto okulungiselelweyo 60 V. Korshak, AM Sladkov, VI Kasatochkin and YP Kudryavtsev iasithilini yi igcwala encedisa ukuqalisa imisebenzi. Nto yayinzima ukumisela imixokelelwane ifomu phakathi atom carbon. Kamva, le nto leyo ifunyenwe kuphela ngemixokelelwane kabini phakathi athom carbon kwi-Institute of iikhompawundi organometallic Akad. Umchiza inoveli eligama polikumulen.

Grafayithi - izinto eziphathekayo Polymer odolo usebenza kuphela xa moya. Ingaphandle alo ungayanga ngeentambo imichiza kunye nonxibelelwano aphakathi buthathaka, ngoko uqhuba ubushushu lwangoku kwaye ayenzi ukukhanya. Grafayithi kunye nezakhi zayo - Iipholima ngendlela eqhelekileyo ezingaphiliyo. Imizekelo yokusetyenziswa: ukusuka iipensile ukuya kushishino zenyukliya. grafayithi Oxidizing, lungafumaneka intermediates igcwala.

Diamond - iimpawu zayo bohluke. Diamond i lomhlaba (-ntathu) Polymer. Zonke atom carbon yesondo bodwa obusenyongweni covalent. Ngenxa yokuba Polymer ixesha elide kakhulu. Diamond i nonconductive nobushushu, uye isakhiwo ngaphaya.

neeplastikhi boron

Ukuba bebuzwa ngoko Iipholima ezingaphiliyo baziwa kuwe, uzive ukhululekile ukuba uphendule - Iipholima boron (-BR-). Le udidi olubanzi ngokufanelekileyo NP, esisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kushishino kunye nenzululwazi.

Ibhoroni khabhayithi - kukhangeleka indlela echanekileyo (B12C3) n. unit cell Its - rhombohedral. Ezi athom boron Ifom isakhelo ezilishumi elinambini covalently zihlobene. Phakathi kwayo - iqela linear-athom carbon covalently yesondo ezintathu. Ngenxa yoko ulwakhiwo eyomeleleyo kakhulu.

Borides - ziikristale zabo akhiwa efana carbide echazwe apha ngasentla. Inkoliso yabo ezixhathisayo HfB2, leyo linyibilike kuphela xa amaqondo obushushu 3250 ° C. Uzinzo olukhulu imichiza yaphawula TaB2 - oko alisebenzi nayiphi acid okanye imixube yalo.

Ibhoroni ephuculweyo - edla ngokuba talc amhlophe ukuze kwihi. Le ukufana ngokwenene phezulu kuphela. Ngokwemo, uyafana mifanekiso. Uphiwe ngokutshisa okanye boron oxide ngomoya ammonia.

borazon

Elbor, Borazon, Kibora, kingsongit, CUBONE - iipholima ultrahard ezingaphiliyo. Imizekelo yesicelo: Imveliso namavili besila, izixhobo esirhabaxa, processing metal. Kuyinto afana izinto egalelwe esekelwe boron. Ukuqinisa kufutshane diamond nezinye izinto. Ngokukodwa, borazon ishiya imikrwelo kwi nedayimani, yokugqibela ishiya imikrwelo kwi crystals borazon.

Nangona kunjalo, ezi NP banamalungelo eziliqela phezu iidayimani zendalo: babe nokumelana enkulu thermal (ukumelana ubushushu ukuya ku-2000 ° C, loo diamond into yokuthotywa kwi yeerhafu kuluhlu 700-800 ° C) kunye nokumelana eliphezulu ukuya imithwalo koomatshini (bathe aphuke). Borazon yafunyanwa kwi-1350 ° C kwakunye noxinzelelo ka 62000 Wentorf umoya uRobert kunyaka 1957. izinto ezifanayo izazinzulu iLeningrad zafunyanwa ngo-1963.

neeplastikhi sulphur ezingaphiliyo

Homopolymer - le sulphur loguqulelo sele molecule yomgama. Le nto ayibubo izinzile phantsi ukuhla ubushushu iwela kwimijikelo octahedral. Abunjwe kwimeko icima sulphur otyhidiweyo.

Polymer ukuguqulwa sulphur dioxide. efana kakhulu asbestos, isakhiwo ezinezikhondo.

neeplastikhi selenium

selenium Grey - Polymer kunye macromolecules siba yomgama ekulo ngaxeshanye. Ngemixokelelwane athom selenium zinxulunyaniswa covalently kunye macromolecules iibhondi emolekyuli enxulumene. Nkqu selenium otyhidiweyo okanye ichithwe ngaba asiboli zibe atom single.

Ebomvu okanye amorphous selenium, kakhulu, lo ikhonkco Polymer, kodwa isakhiwo malouporyadochennoy. Kwamaqondo obushushu lokuphumla 70-90? C uzuza iipropati yirabha, labona irabha luthambe kunokuba kufana neeplastikhi organic.

Khabhayithi, selenium, okanye rhinestone. Thermally kwaye afana kuzinza, ngumkhenkce ngokwaneleyo robust lwendawo. Kunye semiconductor piezoelectric. -In vitro analamkela ngexesha abasabela ngayo zwi isanti kunye carbon ngendlela ezikweni yombane kubushushu omalunga 2000 ° C.

Okunye neeplastikhi selenium:

• selenium Monoclinic - odolwe ngaphezu ebomvu amorphous, kodwa elingezantsi hina.
• Selenium dioxide, okanye (SiO2) n - imele Polymer-ntathu crosslinked.
• Asbestos - Polymer Isakhiwo ifayibha selenium oxide.

neeplastikhi phosphorus

Kukho utshintsho ezininzi phosphorus amhlophe, obomvu, omnyama, omdaka, purple. Red - NP isakhiwo esihle crystalline. Le efunyenwe ngokufudumeza phosphorus emhlophe ngaphandle ukufikelela lomoya kubushushu ka 2500? C. Black phosphorus P. Bridgman wafumana phantsi kwale miqathango ilandelayo: xi 200,000 umoya kubushushu ka-200 ° C.

iikhompawundi phosphorus ne-nitrogen kunye chlorine - Fosfornitridhloridy. Iimpawu zezi zinto ziyahluka ngokwandayo abaninzi. Kwaye awusafuni ukunyibilika yabo nezinto eziphilayo. Xa ubunzima molecule ye Polymer ifikelela iiyunithi amawaka aliqela, kwasekwa kweziyobisi yirabha. Le rubber ubushushu-enganyangekiyo kuphela ngokwaneleyo carbon-free. Oku kutshatyalaliswa kuphela kwiqondo lobushushu ngentla 350 ° C.

isiphelo

Iipholima kwiQela uninzi - lomba ezineempawu ezizodwa. Asetyenziswe ngayo imveliso, ulwakhiwo, ukwenza izinto ezintsha yaye yotshintsho olululo. Njengoko isifundo iimpawu NP-awaziwayo ezintsha, nemida yayo iyenyuka.