Iplastiki zobuchwepheshe, iintlobo, imveliso kunye nokusetyenziswa

izinto Polymeric - a iikhemikali molekyuli aphezulu ezinama monomers malomolekulyarnyh ezininzi (iiyunithi) lobume efanayo. Amaxesha amaninzi Iipholima zisetyenziselwa eyimveliso amacandelo monomer ilandelayo: ethylene, IVinyl chloride, vinildenhlorid, IVinyl acetate, propylene, methylmethacrylate, tetrafluoroethylene, styrene, urea, melamine, formaldehyde, phenol. Kweli nqaku siza kuxubusha ngokweenkcukacha oko izinto polymeric, kwakunye chemical labo kunye neempawu zomzimba, ukuhlelwa kunye neendidi.

iintlobo neeplastikhi

A umsebenzi osemqoka molekyuli kwale nto ke elikhulu ubunzima eziphilayo, okuhambelana ixabiso ilandelayo: M> 5 * 103. Zithako nge kumgangatho osezantsi yale parameter (M = 500-5000), obizwa ngokuba oligomers. Xa iikhompawundi ubunzima ephantsi-ezinto ungaphantsi kwama 500. ntlobo zilandelayo izinto polymeric: ezithambileyo nezendalo. Le yokugqibela ngokuqhelekileyo libhekisela yerabha zendalo, mica, uboya, asbestos, kwincindi, kunye t. D. Noko ke, iipholima ezisisiseko eyenziweyo abahlala mlinganiswa emajukujukwini efunyanwa inkqubo kuyondelelaniswe lwemichiza iikhompawundi ze kwinqanaba ezinto elisezantsi. Kuxhomekeka kwindlela woveliso izinto eziphakamileyo-eziphilayo, ngaba ipholima ezikhethekileyo ukuba okanye polycondensation, okanye ukongeza reaction.

polymerization

Le nkqubo kunxulumano macandelo asezantsi ubunzima eziphilayo ubunzima eliphezulu molecule ukunika imixokelelwane elide. Ubungakanani kwinqanaba polymerization - linani "ze-" kwi molecule nokwakheka. Amaninzi, izinto polymeric ziqulathe ukusuka amawaka amashumi amawaka leeyunithi. Ngu polymerization, ezi zinto zilandelayo adla ngokusetyenziswa: polyethylene, ezinepolypropylene, Polyvinyl chloride, polytetrafluoroethylene, istro, polybutadiene, kunye nabanye.

polycondensation

Le nkqubo ke impendulo linyathelo, nto leyo ezimbaxa okanye inani elikhulu monomers ezifanayo, okanye isikali amaqela athile (A no-B) xa polycondensors (macromolecule) kunye kumiswa ngaxeshanye yale-mveliso: utywala imethyl, icarbon dioxide, hydrogen chloride, ammonia, amanzi kunye et al. Usebenzisa silicones polycondensation efunyenweyo, polysulfones, polycarbonates, aminoplasts, phenolics, polyesters, polyamides kunye nezinye izinto polymeric.

polyaddition

Phantsi kwale nkqubo ukuqonda ukuyilwa Iipholima ukongeza ngayo ezininzi components monomeric eziqulathe umda umbutho lovukelo, le monomers amaqela ezihluthiyo (imijikelo esebenzayo okanye iqhina kabini). Mu kuya kwa nshita polycondensation, polyaddition reaction lwenzeka ngaphandle kwalawo iimveliso. Umsebenzi ibalulekileyo obu bugcisa esikholelwa ephilisa nentlaka epoxy kwakunye polyurethanes ulwamkelo.

ngezigaba neeplastikhi

Kumafa, zonke izinto Polymer yahlulwe ezingaphiliyo, organic kunye organometallic. Eyokuqala kwezi (iglasi silicate, mica, asbestos, iiseramikhi, njl) Musa ziqulathe carbon atomic. Bona isiseko-aluminiyam oxide, nemagnesium, lesilicon kunye ezifana. D. Organic Iipholima iquka iklasi kakhulu olude, ziqulathe carbon, hydrogen, initrogen, isalfure, ioksijini kunye halogen. izinto Organometallic polymeric - kukho imichiza leyo iqanjwa ngemixokelelwane ezinkulu ngaphandle kwabo badweliswe, kunye athom lesilicon, aluminiyam, titanium kunye nezinye izinto ezinokuthi zidityaniswe kunye organic radicals. Uhlobo lwendibaniso hlobo azenzeki. Kuyinto Iipholima kuphela zokwenziwa. abameli imifuziselo eli qela le khompawundi rhoqo abicah, leyo chain eziphambili eyakhiweyo oksijini lesilicon atom.

Ukuze ufumane Iipholima ngempahla ezinqwenelekayo isoloko isetyenziswa kwimizobo azikho izinto "olunyulu", kunye nendibaniselwano zayo ezinamacandelo organic okanye ezingaphiliyo. Umzekelo omhle izinto zokwakha Polymer: metal-iplastiki, fiberglass, Polymer eziphathekayo.

Ubume bale neeplastikhi

Le peculiarity ye iimpawu ezi zinto ngenxa yokuba ubume babo, nayo, yahlulelwe kwii ezi ndidi zilandelayo: yomgama-branched, yomgama, amaqela lwendawo beemolekyuli nezakhiwo ezinkulu ngqo kakhulu zejometri kunye ngezinyuko. Makhe sithi gqaba sihlolisise ngamnye kubo.

izinto Polymeric kunye nesakhiwo kumgama owazisayo-branched ngaphezu molekyuli lomqolo namasebe icala. Iipholima zibala ezinepolypropylene kunye polyisobutylene.

Izinto zokwakha kunye nesakhiwo yomgama abe nale elide okanye ejijekileyo ibe kwitsheyini Helix. macromolecules zabo ngokuyintloko luphawulwa kophindo lwe yomhlaba elinye unit okanye iqela kweeyunithi ze-chain kwemichiza kwesakhiwo. Iipholima kunye nesakhiwo yomgama luphawulwa ubukho macromolecules elide kakhulu kunye umahluko omkhulu yobume imixokelelwane ahambelana nokuhanjiswa kunye naphakathi kwabo. Siya kuthetha iibhondi aphakathi kunye imichiza. Macromolecules ezinjalo izinto nto nezimo kakhulu. Kwaye lo mhlaba sisiseko eentsontelo Polymer, nto leyo ekhokelela iimpawu ngokomgangatho entsha: luthambe phezulu, kwakunye nokungabikho brittleness sikarhulumente uphilisiweyo.

Kwaye ngoku sifumanisa ukuba izinto ezinjalo polymeric kunye nesakhiwo lwesithuba. Ezi izinto fomu ngokudibanisa ezinye macromolecules ngamnye obusenyongweni amachiza kwicala ezinqamlezayo. Isiphumo isakhiwo umnatha, nto leyo eye a non-uniform sikhokelo grid komhlaba. Iipholima yale hlobo babe ukuxhathisa ubushushu ephakamileyo nokoma ngaphezu yomgama. Ezi izinto isiseko ezininzi izinto zokwakha non-zalo.

Molecule izinto Polymer kunye nesakhiwo ileli sakhiwa iperi imixokelelwane abaqhagamshelwe ngokuzikhanyeza imichiza. Ezi ziquka Iipholima abicah ukuba luphawulwa ngokwanda ngqongqo, ukumelana ubushushu, kananjalo, ukuba abathanga ukusebenzisana kunye organic izinyibilikisi.

Isigaba Ukubunjwa neeplastikhi

Ezi izinto ziinkqubo ezinama kwimimandla amorphous kunye crystalline. Eyokuqala kwezi inceda ukwehlisa ukuqina, lwenza Polymer elastic egu- deformations ezinkulu ezikumila ingathityazwa. Isigaba crystalline kunegalelo ukwandisa amandla abo, lukhuni, modulus ilastiki, kunye nezinye iparameters, lo gama ukunciphisa bungqingqwa kweziyobisi eziphilayo. Umlinganiselo nomthamo zonke ezindawo ngumthamo opheleleyo ibizwa ngokuba iqondo crystallization, apho inqanaba ubuninzi (80%) ngabona polypropylenes, fluoropolymers, polyethylenes ezixineneyo. A kwinqanaba elisezantsi ngesidanga crystallization babe polyvinylchlorides, polyethylenes of ingxinano eliphantsi.

Kuxhomekeka ukuziphatha nezinto polymeric phezu ubushushu, ukuba kwahlulwa ibe thermosetting kunye thermoplastic.

neeplastikhi thermosetting

Ezi izinto lokuqala kufuneka isakhiwo yomgama. Xa itshiswe, ukuba athambise, kodwa utshintsho isakhiwo kwi komhlaba kunye umbandela iguqulelwa isiqina ngenxa ukuvuza kwi ekudibaneni kwemichiza. Kwixa elizayo, lo esemgangathweni. Kulo mgaqo polymeric izixhobo ezijongeneyo. ukufudumeza agcina akuthethi athambe umbandela, kwaye ikhokelela kuphela ekuthobeni umgangatho wayo. umxube thermosetting Ready akuthethi ukuyichitha okanye zinyibilike, ngoko akuvumelekile ukuba ngokurisayikilisha. Xa olu hlobo lwezinto ziquka silicones epoxy, phenol-formaldehyde kunye nezinye nentlaka.

neeplastikhi thermoplastic

Ezi zinto xa itshiswa, athambise kuqala uze anyibilike kunye Ukuguqulwa kolwelo lungapholi elandelayo. Iipholima Thermoplastic xa processing babumbe akayi utshintsho imichiza. Oku kwenza inkqubo ingathityazwa ngokupheleleyo. Substances elolu hlobo yomgama okanye branched isakhiwo linear of macromolecules, phakathi apho kukho amandla encinane, yaye akukho akukho imixokelelwane imichiza. Ezi ziquka polyethylene, polyamide, istro, kunye nabanye. Ithekhinoloji izinto polymeric ezifana thermoplastic ibonelela yezandla zabo ngenaliti yokubumba ngeendlela udini amanzi okupholisa, extrusion, nibethe ukubumba, kunye nezinye iindlela.

iipropati chemical

Le Iipholima Kusenokwenzeka ebizwa kule miqathango ilandelayo: eziqinileyo, ezilulwelo, amorphous, kwisigaba crystalline, kwaye elastic kakhulu, flow viscous kunye negilasi deformation. Ukusetyenziswa kwezi izinto polymeric ngenxa nokumelana labo eliphezulu ezahlukeneyo zosasazo bako, ezifana asidi esinyusiweyo alkalis. Abayi basengozini umhlwa electrochemical. Ngaphezu koko, ne ukwandisa izinto ubunzima molekyuli kucuthwe of ukunyibilika organic izinyibilikisi. Neepholimazi ekubeni nesakhiwo lomhlaba, ngokubanzi lakufumana uthe iziselo.

iipropati ngokomzimba

Uninzi Iipholima ezi insulators, ukongeza, ukuba izinto non-magnetic. Kuzo zonke sebenzisa izinto zokusebenza kuphela babe conductivity iphantsi thermal nesikhundla nobushushu ophezulu, kunye shrinkage thermal (malunga amaxesha amabini ngaphezu koko ngentsimbi). Isizathu sokuba ilahleko yengxinano lweendibano ukutywina ezahlukeneyo kumaqondo obushushu ephantsi ekuthiwa-vitrification irabha, kwakunye umahluko omkhulu phakathi okuza yokuba ukwandiswa otyhidiweyo kunye irabha isekwimo vitrified.

iipropati mechanical

izinto Polymeric abe uluhlu olubanzi iipropati mechanical leyo buxhomekeke kakhulu kwisakhiwo sabo. Ngaphandle kulo ndawo, nempembelelo enkulu phezu iimpawu mechanical le elayibrari abe ezahlukahlukeneyo iimeko zangaphandle. Ezi ziquka :. Ubushushu, rhoqo, ubude, okanye izinga kulayishwa, uhlobo likarhulumente kandziyise, uxinzelelo, uhlobo bume, unyango ubushushu, njl peculiarity lepropati mechanical zemathiriyeli polymeric ungamandla kubo eliphezulu kwi ukuqina ephantsi kakhulu (xa kuthelekiswa isinyithi).

Le Iipholima lungahlulwa-hlulwa zibe okuqinileyo, okuhambelana modulus of luthambe E = 1.10 uTsvangirai (ifayibha, ifilim, iplastiki), kunye nezinto ethambileyo elastomeric, lo modulus luthambe yi E = 1-10 MPA (zerabha). Kwaye indlela yokutshatyalaliswa zombini ezahlukeneyo.

Ngokuba izinto polymeric iphawulwa anisotropy ngokukhawuleza izakhiwo kunye nemihlaba, kwakunye ukuncipha kwamandla, uphuhliso enyakanyakeni enikiweyo ukulayisha ixesha elide. Ngelo xesha linye babe ukumelana noko eliphezulu ukudinwa. Xa kuthelekiswa nesinyithi, ukuba ukuxhomekeka enamandla ngakumbi iipropati mechanical kwi lobushushu. Enye iimpawu eziphambili zemathiriyeli polymeric kukho deformability (ductility). Ngokwale parameter kuluhlu olubanzi kwamaqondo eyamkelweyo ukuvavanya iimpawu zabo ezisisiseko zokusebenza kunye nobuchwepheshe.

izinto Polymeric for emgangathweni

Ngoku, cinga omnye abe ngumfuziselo isicelo bobuqili Iipholima, angayityhileli lonke uluhlu kwezi zinto kunokwenzeka. Ezi izinto baye bafumana isicelo ngokubanzi kwi ukwakhiwa kunye nokulungiswa kunye nomsebenzi ophela kuyo, ingakumbi ukutyabeka of imigangatho. Ukuthandwa omkhulu kungenxa iimpawu ezi zinto ngawo; ke abanganyangekiyo lingonakali, maloteploprovodny, yiba ukufakwa omncinane namanzi, womelele ngokwaneleyo yaye liqinile, ilifa iimpawu eliphezulu yepeyinti. Nokuveliswa kwezixhobo polymeric zingahlulwa zibe ngamaqela amathathu: ilinoliyam (roll), iimveliso sheet kunye nemixube isixhobo screed. Ngoku makhe sihlolisise ngokufutshane khangela ngamnye kubo.

Ilinoliyam eveliswe yi iintlobo ezahlukeneyo fillers neeplastikhi. ukwakhiwa kwawo kwakhona ziquka plasticizers, izixhobo processing, kunye zombala. Ngokuxhomekeka kuhlobo lwezinto Polymer, ukwahlula ipholiyesta (Gliphtal), Polyvinyl chloride, irabha, kolloksilinovye kunye nezinye Coatings. Ngaphezu koko, baye ngokokwakheka yahlulwe zingenasihlahla kunye ngomsindo, zokwambathisa isiseko unilamellar kwaye multilamellar, kunye egudileyo incence kunye fleecy kunye single- kunye multi-umbala.

izinto wokufaka wenza ngokususela kumacandelo polymeric, yiba ukumelana lingonakali ephantsi kakhulu, ukumelana kwemichiza elide. Ngokuxhomekeka kuhlobo izinto ekrwada, olu hlobo iimveliso Polymer yahlulwe kumaronopolivinilhloridnye coumarone, PVC, irabha, fenolitovye, iithayile ngetha, kwakunye kwibhodi yamasuntswana kunye fiberboard.

Nezinto screeds zezona lula kakhulu kwaye zisempilweni ukusebenzisa, babe namandla eliphezulu. Ezi imixube kwahlulwa-hlulwa ibe Polymer-, Polymer eziphathekayo kunye Polyvinyl acetate.