Iiparacombs zaseParis: iifoto kunye nokuhlaziywa kwabakhenkethi

Sekuyisikhathi eside i-catacombs yaseParis ibe yinto ekufutshane ngayo nabahlali basekuhlaleni kunye nakubantu abaninzi abahambahambayo. Yintoni eheha abantu abaninzi kangaka kwiindwendwe ngonyaka? Njengomthetho, lo mnqweno wokuqhelana nembali yesixeko esikhulu. Nangona akusiyo imfihlakalo kunoma ubani othe wambi amaxhintsi okanye abahambahambayo baya kwii-catacombs zaseParis. Ezi ndawo zinyani ziyimfihlelo kwaye ziyimfihlakalo, kwaye kukho iminyaka emininzi yophando kuya kufuneka ukuba uphendule imibuzo emininzi.

Eli nqaku lijoliswe ekuxeleleni into enomdla kwaye engaziwayo yenkunzi yaseFransi, njengedolophu yangaphantsi yabafileyo. Umfundi uya kufunda iinkcukacha, ezithi, njengommiselo, nokuba ngabakhokeli abanamava amaninzi abaxeleli abakhenkethi.

Icandelo 1. Inkcazelo ngokubanzi

Amacango, elula phantsi kwe-capital yaseFransi, yinkqubo yemijelo ebonakala phantsi kwesi sixeko esikude.

Iimvumba ezingaphantsi komhlaba zingaphantsi kweekhilomitha ezingamakhulu amathathu. Izazi-mlando zikholelwa ukuba iinqumba zamandulo zavela ngenxa yokukhutshwa kwezixhobo eziyimfuneko ekwakhiweni kweendonga kunye namathredrals kwisixeko ngexesha leMinyaka ephakathi. Kamva, umgodla waba ngcwaba kubantu abaninzi kwaye waba ngamangcwaba amakhulu. Inani labaseParis liye langcwatywa apha lidlula inani lamanani lalo likhulu laseFransi.

Nangona kwangexesha elidlulileyo, amaRoma ayidla i-calestone kule ndawo, kodwa iimigodi zazihlobo oluvulekileyo. Kancinci, njengoko isixeko sakhula, kunjalo nenani lezo zinto zenziwe. Ingxenye ebalulekileyo yamanxiwa yavela ngexesha leNkosi yaseFransi uPhilippus uAgasus, owawulawula ngo-1180-1223, xa i-calestone isetyenziselwa ukwakhiwa kweengqimba ezikhuselayo.

Icandelo 2. Iiparacombs zaseParis. Imbali yokuvela

Ummandla wonke wee-tunnel ezantsi komhlaba, ezenziwe ngexesha lokuphuhlisa i-limestone, malunga ne-11,000 square meters. M.

I-extraction yokuqala ye-limestone phantsi komhlaba yaqala phantsi kweLouis XI, owathi ngenxa yale njongo wanikela ilizwe le-castle yaseVavert. Kwi-Renaissance izithili zaseParis zakhula ngokukhawuleza, kwaye ngeXVII inkulungwane. Iipasacombs ezingaphantsi kweParis, iifoto zazo ngoku ziyafumaneka kuwo onke amacebo azinikezelwe kwi-capital capital yaseFransi, zaye zihlala kwisixeko, ezakhokelela engozini yokungaphumeleli komhlaba ezitalatweni.

Ngomnyaka we-1777, uMongameli uLouis XVI wasungula ukuhlolwa kokukrakra, oku kusekhona namhlanje. Kwiminyaka engama-200, abasebenzi beli sikhungo basebenzela ukuqinisa nokukhusela umsila emgodini. Iimigodi ezininzi zazingcoliswa ngekhonkrit, kodwa iinqaba zancinciwa kancane kancane ngamanzi omhlaba weSeine, kwaye ingozi yokuwa yaqhubeka.

Icandelo 3. Ingcaciso emfutshane yeNgxelo

Imbali yamathambo aseParis ixhomekeke ngqo kubomi bedolophu. Ngayiphi indlela? Sinikeza ulwazi malunga neenyaniso eziliqela:

• Kwii-galleries zangaphantsi zaseChaillot, ngexesha leMiboniso Yehlabathi kwiParis (ngo-1878), i-caacombs "cafe yavulwa. Abaninzi bathetha ngokuqinisekileyo ukuba akunakwenzeka ukutyelela le ndawo
• Kwiimingxowankulu zentloko zikhula zikhulile, ziyimveliso eyintandokazi kwisiqhelo sesizwe saseFransi.
• Umbhali odumileyo uVictor Hugo wadala i-novel enkulu-i-"Les Miserables", isalathiso sakhe sisondelelene nehlabathi elingaphantsi kweParis.
• Ngexesha leMfazwe yeSizwe yeBili, ama-quarry ayetyenziswe ngabaphathi beFrench Resistance. Ehlotyeni ka-1944, kwakulungiswe ikomkhulu, eyayikuphela kwemitha engama-500 ukusuka kumgcini we-fascist.
• Ngexesha leMfazwe yeCold kunye nosongelo lokuhlaselwa kweenyukliya, ezinye zeengxowa zamatongo zahlaziywa phantsi kweendawo zokuhlasela ibhomu.
• "Iiparacombs zaseParis" - ifilimu, enye yezinto ezimbalwa ezingazange zifakwe kwi-set, kodwa ngqo kwiinkampu.

Icandelo 4. Yintoni i-Bhokisi?

Phakathi neMinyaka Ephakathi, iSonto lamaKatolika alizange linqande ukungcwaba kufuphi necawa, ezininzi zazo ezazifumaneka kwizixeko. Abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezibini bangcwatyelwe kwiMangcwaba engabonakaliyo, eyona inkulu kunazo zonke eParis. Kukho iindawo eziseleyo zedolophu eziqhelekileyo, kodwa kunye nabantu abafa ngexesha lesibetho esibulalayo kwaye bafa ekubulaweni kwintlungu yaseStr. Varfolomeevsky. Kwakhona emangcwabeni bangcwatyelwa ngamakhulu amabhunga angaziwa.

Akuyena wonke umntu owaziyo ukuba amaxesha amaninzi afika emangcwabeni angama-10 emitha, kwaye isiqithi somhlaba sanda kwiimitha ezi-3.

Akumangalisi ukuba imangcwaba yeso sixeko yaba ngumthombo wokusabalalisa, kwaye ngowama-1763 ipalamente yayivalwe amathunjwa amaninzi kwisixeko. Ngomnyaka we-1780, emva kokuwa kwelo donga elahlula i-churchyard ukusuka kummandla wedolophu, amangcwaba avaliwe ngokupheleleyo, kwaye akukho mntu wangcwatywa eParis.

Kwangexesha elide, i-remains after after-disinfection yayithunyelwa ngaphandle kwamakherubi angaphantsi kweTomb-Isuar. Abasebenzi babebeka amathambo kwindawo engama-17 engama-mitha, okwenza udonga, kunye nee-780 zamitha zemibukiso yabonakala kunye neengxowanxuwa zomntu oshonile, ezazingqungquthela. Ngoko kwiindawo zamatye eParis ezenziwa ngo-1786, i-Bhokisi lasungulwa. Apha, malunga nabantu abayizigidi ezi-6 bafumene uxolo, kuquka nabantu abaninzi abadumile, kodwa nangaphezulu - akukho mntu uyaziyo.

Icandelo 5. Iiparacombs eParis namhlanje

Ngokutsho kwabakhenkethi, ukuya kwi-Ashes, ungaqapheli ukuba kwakukude kweemitha ezingama-20. Apha ungabona imifanekiso yodonga lwekhulu le-XVIII, izikhumbuzo ezahlukahlukeneyo kunye nezixhobo zembali zembali, isibingelelo esisegodini sokunikezelwa komoya.

Abavakalisi kunye nabemi bathi, ukubeka ingqwalasela ngokukhawuleza kwipiliti, unokubona umgca omnyama - "Intambo ka-Ariadne", eyanceda ukuba ingalahleki kwiimbali zengaphambili, xa kungekho mbane. Ngoku kulamangcwaba kukho iindawo ezingatshintshi ukususela apha: izikhumbuzo kunye neendawo eziphantsi, ezifakwe kwiindawo zokungcwatywa kweeminyaka ezidlulileyo; Ulungele imayini yomlambo; Ukuxhasa iikholomu ze-arch.

Ngokuqhelekileyo, kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ii-catacombs zaseParis (u-2014-esinye isiqinisekiso salokhu) ziba zikhangeleke ngokugqithiseleyo kwi-capital capital yaseFransi.

Icandelo 6. Indlela yokungena ngaphakathi

Ukungena kwamatye aseParis kuya kutsho kwisikhululo se-metro "iDferfer-Rochereau" (Denfert-Rochereau). Indawo ephawulekayo yinto eqingqiweyo yengonyama. Iikhamyombhu zivuliwe imihla ngemihla (ngaphandle kweMvulo) ukusuka ngo-10.00 ukuya ku-17.00. Iindleko zetyelelo yi-8-10 euro (abantwana abangaphantsi kweminyaka eyi-14 - ngaphandle kwentlawulo).

Ngendlela, abahambi abanomdla bayacetyiswa ukuba baqwalasele ukuba ukutyelelwa ngabanye kungavunyelwe.

Okwangoku, iindwendwe zinemijelo eneekhilomitha ezingama-2.5. Kwakhona ziindawo ezivaliweyo eziyingozi ukutyelela. NgoNovemba 1955 eParis kwakunikezwa ngokukodwa umthetho owenqabela ukuhlala kwezi ndawo. Kwaye ukususela ngo-1980, amapolisa aseburhulumenteni abuqaphela ukuthotyelwa kwale mithetho.

Icandelo 7. Iisongelo kwiiMvume ezingekho mthethweni

Nangona kukho konke ukuthintela, kukho abalandeli abanomdla, obeka engozini yobomi babo, bangena ngokungena ngokungena ngokusemthethweni emgodini ngokuchithwa kwemigodi yokuhambisa amanzi, izitishi zangasese, njl njl.

Iifriji ezingaphantsi komhlaba kunye ne-labyrinths ephantsi kunye neendlu ezinzima, apho kulula ukulahleka. Ngaloo ndlela, ngo-1793 umlindi wecawa yaseVal de Gras wazama ukufumana iimpahla zangaphambili zewayini kwiimakherite, kodwa walahlekelwa indlela. Ukuhlala kwakhe kwafunyanwa kuphela emva kweminyaka emininzi, ukuchonga amahlwempu kunye nezitshixo kunye nempahla eseleyo.

Amaqhawe amanamhlanje amaninzi, kodwa amapolisa asekuhlaleni enza konke okusemandleni ukukhusela abo bahamba ngeentaba ngaphakathi.

Kulo lizwe, ngokwenene, kukho izinto ezininzi ezithakazelisayo: i-Eiffel Tower, iLouvre, amadolophu amaninzi anqabileyo, ulwandle, iindawo ezingapheliyo zezidiliya, izidumbu zaseParis ... Kodwa iFransi kufuneka ikhunjulwe kuphela ngamaxesha amnandi kunye nemizuzu enemihlali. Wonke umntu osuke wakwazi ukutyelela ngaphakathi kweso sakhiwo esilungele ukukukhusela ukwenza isenzo sokukhawuleza.