Iintlobo ukuphefumla abantu

Ukuphefumla - inkqubo ebaluleke komzimba, ngaphandle apho akukho msebenzi yabantu kunokwenzeka. Ngenxa indlela emisiweyo iiseli zabonelelwa oksijini kwaye inxaxheba ukutya. Iintlobo ukuphefumla kuyahlukana nedlela oko izihlunu kunye nemibutho ababandakanyekayo kule nkqubo.

zomzimba esonga

Uphefumla sihambisane khosi inhalation (mpilo) kunye nomphunga (release carbon dioxide). Ngexesha elifutshane kukho iseti iinkqubo phakathi kwabo. Bangakwazi lungohlulwa lube zezi zigaba zilandelayo engundoqo ukuphefumla:

• yangaphandle (umoya kunye nokuhanjiswa yeegesi kwemiphunga);
• zithwale ioksijini;
• ijwabu nokuphefumla.

internal yangaphandle inika nkqubo zilandelayo:

1. umoya - komoya aqukuqela iphecana yokuphefumla, utyebile, kuba ezifudumeleyo kunye cleaner.
2. Gas exchange - lwenzeka kwixesha elifutshane engasayi lokuphefumla (phakathi ngumphunga kunye nomoya omtsha). Exchange ibandakanya alveoli kunye emithanjeni zemiphunga. Igazi aqukuqela alveoli kungena emithanjeni, nto leyo Igcwele oksijini kwaye isasazeka wonke umzimba. Icarbon dioxide ithuthwa umva ukusuka emithanjeni kungena alveoli kunye nomphunga salawo aphumayo.

Isigaba internal Initial ikhuthaza ukudluliselwa oksijini evela alveoli egazini kunye nokwanda kwe carbon dioxide kwi vesicles pulmonary ukususwa kamva emzimbeni.

Transport and umzimba wokugcina

Zokuthutha iigesi igazi ngenxa erythrocytes. Baya mpilo ukuba nezihlunu amalungu, apho uqalise ukutya ngakumbi.

Nokuhanjiswa zomzimba iphawulwa inkqubo yethishyu nokuphefumla. Kuthetha ukuthini? Erythrocytes sizibandakanya ioksijini kufakwa inwebu kwandule kulwelo kwithishyu. Kwangaxeshanye zichithakala carbon dioxide eshenxela emva alveoli emiphungeni.

Emva kokuba amanzi Embi engena iiseli igazi. Baleka iinkqubo lwemichiza ukuqhekeka izondlo. Okugqibela igcwala imveliso - carbon dioxide - kwakhona ubengena negazi ngendlela kwesisombululo kwaye idluliselwe kwi-alveoli emiphungeni.

Enoba yintoni uhlobo ukuphefumla iyasetyenziswa kokuphilayo ngamnye ziyenzeka iinkqubo pathways ziyafana. imisipha ukuba isebenze likuvumela ukuba utshintshe ivolyum esifubeni, t. e. ukwenza inhalation okanye zingumphunga.

Ixabiso zihlunu kwiinkqubo zemigudu

Iintlobo ukuphefumla kwabangelwa yindibanisela izihlunu kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo yomqolo. izihlunu zemiphunga zinika utshintsho zesingqisho ivolyum lweHo- esifubeni. Kuxhomekeka imisebenzi yabo, ukuba yahlulwe inspiratory kunye expiratory.

Sokuqala emoyeni ukurhogele. Imisipha iphambili kweli qela zezi: uvalo, intercostal, interchondral ngaphakathi nangaphandle. izihlunu inspiratory Auxiliary zenza leri, umhlaza webele (ezinkulu nezincinane), sternoclavicular (mastoid). Ngexesha Umphunga ukubandakanya izihlunu esiswini kunye intercostal lwangaphakathi.

Bulelani Kuphela kwizihlunu inhalation kunokwenzeka kunye nomphunga lomoya: ukukhanya phinda iintshukumo zabo. Kukho iindlela ezimbini kunokwenzeka ukutshintsha umthamo esifubeni ngoncedo imisipha: ukuhamba iimbambo okanye uvalo, nto leyo ke iintlobo eziphambili lokuphefumla ebantwini.

ukuphefumla thoracic

Kule hlobo ngokuthatha inxaxheba kule nkqubo kuphela inxalenye engentla emiphungeni. Iimbambo Ethatha inxaxheba okanye clavicle, apho uhlobo internal thoracic wahlulwe ubambo kunye clavicular. Le yeyona ixhaphakileyo, kodwa hayi indlela engcono.

Ubambo yokuphefumla lwenziwa usebenzisa izihlunu intercostal ezivumela esifubeni ukwandisa umthamo ofunekayo. Kwi siphefumla, izihlunu intercostal yangaphakathi zixinaniswe, yaye umoya uyacima. Le inkqubo ke ithabatha indawo ngenxa yesibakala sokuba iimbambo babe ukushukumiseka kwaye bakwazi ukuba indawo. ukuphefumla enjalo ngokuqhelekileyo ezendeleyo kumntu wesini ababhinqileyo.

ukuphefumla Clavicular kuqhelekile kubantwana abadala ngenxa yokuncipha kwenani ukusebenza kwemiphunga, kwakunye eqhelekileyo kubantwana besikolo samabanga aphantsi. Ngomhla Tsalani le clavicle kunye esifubeni waphakamisa, nikhuphe - phantsi. Ukuphefumla ngoncedo izihlunu sternoclavicular phezulu kakhulu, eyenzelwe ngakumbi kwimijikelo cwaka walinganisa Ukuphefumla.

Besisu (diaphragmatic) ukuphefumla

uhlobo uvalo kunokuphefumla ithathwa ngokuba epheleleyo ngaphezu esifubeni, ngenxa ubonelelo olungcono mpilo. Le nqubo inxalenye enkulu umthamo emiphungeni.

Kubelula ukuphefumla intshukumo ye uvalo. Le ulwahlulo phakathi esiswini kunye nesifuba nemingxuma, equka izicwili bemisipha abakwaziyo ngokwaneleyo licuthwe ndivuma. Ngexesha inhalation iya phantsi, ibeka uxinzelelo kwi peritoneum. Xa siphefumla, phezu koko, liphuma phezulu, uyekelela izihlunu esiswini.

ukuphefumla Diaphragmatic yinto eqhelekileyo phakathi kwabantu, iimbaleki, iimvumi kunye nabantwana. Funda ukuphefumla ngolu ilula, kukho ezininzi olulandelenayo ukuphuhlisa izakhono eziyimfuneko. Ingaba kulungile ukuba sifunde le - ukuba wonke umntu, kodwa yena ukuphefumla ngolu kuvumela umzimba ukunika umgangatho ioksijini eziyimfuneko ukuze ubuncinane inani kuvunyelwane.

Kuyenzeka ukuba umntu impefumlo kumjikelo ibandakanya abantu kunye thoracic kunye namasebe esiswini. Ukunabisa bambo, kwaye isantya ukubaleka kunye imbobo. ke ngokuba mixed (ewonke) uphefumlayo.

Iintlobo ukuphefumla ngokuxhomekeke kubuzaza iintshukumo zemigudu

Ukuphefumla luxhomekeke nje kuphela kumaqela achaphazelekayo izihlunu, kodwa kwizinto ezifana nobunzulu, kwamaza, kunelixesha lokuphumla phakathi ngumphunga kunye nomoya omtsha. Ekubeni imiphunga yokuphefumla rhoqo, ngakanye kwaye nzulu akukho umoya ngokupheleleyo. Oku kukwadala iimeko ezithandwa kakhulu kwiintsholongwane.

ukuphefumla epheleleyo usebenzisa, inxalenye esezantsi oluphakathi kunye aphezulu emiphungeni, nto leyo evumela ukuba uveze ngokupheleleyo. Sebenzisa bonke umqulu luncedo esifubeni sakho, yaye umoya emiphungeni iyahlaziywa ngendlela ngexesha, angavumeli ukuba lokwanda iintsholongwane eziyingozi. Umntu owenza umoya ngokupheleleyo, yenza malunga ne-14 Ukuphefumla ngomzuzu. Akukho Ukuphefumla ngaphezulu kwe-16 leelitha ngomzuzu kucetyiswa ukuba umoya olungileyo.

Impembelelo wezempilo nokuphefumla

Umoya - umthombo iphambili ioksijini, nto leyo usoloko ezifunwa ngumzimba ubomi obuqhelekileyo. umoya igazi esemgangathweni ibonelela ioksijini eyaneleyo, zivuse inkqubo sentliziyo emiphungeni ngokwabo.

Kubalulekile ukuphawula ubabalo diaphragmatic ukuphefumla: ukuba ezona mfundiso nolupheleleyo, oko ngokwemvelo zokuthambisa amalungu zangaphakathi peritoneal kunye nesifuba. iinkqubo eziphuculweyo ukwetyisa, yengcinezelo uvalo ngexesha nomphunga ukuze kudaleke pericardium.

iingxaki yokuphefumla kukhokelela ukugxagxiseka iinkqubo pathways kwinqanaba zeselula. Ityhefu Awuveli ngexesha, ukudala indawo evumayo kuphuhliso izifo. Inxalenye imisebenzi exchange irhasi kudluliselwa eluswini, ebangela ukuba ukubuna kunye nophuhliso kwezifo dermatological.

iintlobo yezifo kunokuphefumla

Kukho iintlobo ezininzi yokuphefumla engaqhelekanga, nto leyo yahlulwe amaqela kuxhomekeke unobangela kwephulwa umoya. Dysregulation kungabangela:

• bradypnea - imisebenzi ukudakumba yokuphefumla, isigulana owenza Ukuphefumla ngaphantsi kwe-12 ngomzuzu;
• tachypnea - rhoqo kakhulu nokuphefumla nzulu (ngaphezu kwe-24 Ukuphefumla ngomzuzu);
• gipernoe - zokuphefumla rhoqo yaye zinzulu ezinxulumene reflex olunzulu nqgo humoral zizifo ezahlukahlukeneyo;
• belele - ukuyekwa kwawo ukuphefumla okwethutyana, ngenxa yokuncipha kwenani excitability kweziko nokuphefumla kwi izitshanguba ubuchopho okanye ngenxa zomzimba, naye kuyenzeka reflex ukubanjwa sokuphefumla.

ukuphefumla Periodic - inkqubo apho utshintsha iphefumla kunye umoya. iintlobo ezimbini-oksijini emzimbeni, ezibizwa: Cheyne-Stokes nokuphefumla kunye Biota.

Okokuqala luphawulwa ngokwandisa iintshukumo ezinzulu, ngokuthe ngcembe ukuhla ukuya umoya luhleli imizuzwana 5-10. Isigaba sesibini mijikelo umntu ephefumla, ngelinye kunye umoya emfutshane. Uphuhliso ukuphefumla ngamaxesha Uxhokonxwa becala ukuphazamiseka kweziko nokuphefumla lobuchopho ngenxa yokwenzakala okanye isifo.

iintlobo Terminal kunokuphefumla

Ekugqibeleni umonakalo inkqubo ongenakulungiseka zemiphunga kukhokelela ekubeni kumiwe ngokupheleleyo ukuphefumla. Kukho iimbono ezininzi umsebenzi ebulalayo:

• Kussmaul ukuphefumla - nzulu nomsindo, Eboniswe kwimeko yityhefu ubuthi, hypoxia, isiqaqa seswekile kunye uraemic;
• apneysticheskoe - umoya elide nempefumlo elifutshane, uphawu ukwenzakala ebuchotsheni, iziphumo kakhulu ityhefu;
• gasping breath-- iflegi hypoxia nzulu, hypercapnia, Ukuphefumla ezinqabileyo kunye umoya imizuzwana 10-20 phambi kokuba ngumphunga (eziqhelekileyo States ezinzulu zophendlo lwezifo).

Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba bazamile ngempumelelo umsebenzi nokuphefumla yomguli nga babuyiselwe eqhelekileyo.