Iinkqubo umva lakho. iinkqubo Thermodynamically ingathityazwa lakho

inkqubo umva lakho - esi simo, amanyathelo othatha indawo kwindawo ethile, leyo kudala kufundwe ziingcali ezininzi nabaphengululi, nkqu eminye imibono zizinto eziphambili.

Igama elithi "imvelo market"

Eyona ingxenye main kweenkqubo ezahlukeneyo baziqokeleleyo, le ntuthuko ezenzo, esizibonakalisa kwiinkqubo self-uphuhliso kunye ingqalelo zabo ezithile. Ezi zenzo zahlulwe iinkqubo ingathityazwa lakho. Ukuba le nkqubo kubangelwa stroke kunye kwinqanaba elilandelayo kuqala, ngoko esi senzo sibizwa vuhlayiseki. Umzekelo senzo upha self-umbutho - ". Uhlobo yemarike 'inyathelo ekukhuleni kwehlabathi, esekelwe phezu kwemimiselo

Nxaxheba kule kwimarike limi hlobo eziqokelelanayo, leyo qulunqa iindlela ezintsha amanyathelo, iindlela mbutho, ezazibonisa iinkqubo yokulingana. Enye iimpawu eziphambili imarike lungathathwa ubuchule ukwenza isangqa ingxelo elichaza ukuthambekela ukulingana emarikeni. Ngokwemeko-kwezoqoqosho lwembono, ingqiqo imarike - oku kuyinyaniso "imvelo market" buso kakhulu, nto leyo, ngokulandelelana, yindlela efanelekileyo nokuthelekisa iintlobo ezahlukeneyo lombutho lwentlalo.

luphawulwa Market ngu nokutshintsha ezahlukeneyo, evela kwiinkqubo self-zoncedo. Kokuba kube nokuqwalaselwa wayila uluntu.

Ukwahlukanisa isenzo olutshintshayo

izenzo Dynamic ziye zohlulwa ngokwendidi 2: ngamabonandenzile lihlangana. Eyokuqala iintshukumo ezinokuthi abasayi kuphindwa kwakhona, ukuba, izenzo yesibini ngokulandelelanayo, phindo. inzululwazi abalulekileyo, kuquka neyezinto zemvelo, ingathityazwa kunye neenkqubo ayibuyiseki umva azibekwa phambili.

izenzo yokuzivelela okanye ayibuyiseki umva benceda abo utshintsho kwanaxa kungekho aziwayo ezahlukeneyo kwenzeka kwicala yokulandelelana. Umzekelo, notyekelo rhoqo ukwandisa labemi, ukuveliswa iyonke sokukhula njalo njalo. D.

Ezinye iinkqubo obuluqilima kunye thermodynamic ingathityazwa lakho, izenzo iyasetyenziswa konke konke kuthelekiswa iingongoma abaziwayo Indawo YobuzweKCharselect kunye nomogrammic lwembono, njengoko oko kusenokubonakala ngathi.

Bonke bephela kwi structuring ingcamango jikelele iinqwelo-moya yaye akukho nto yakwenza ideography. Ingongoma Indawo YobuzweKCharselect lwembono akunakwenzeka ukuba ingamisela nayiphi na iipateni. Ngokunjalo, kwisenzo yendaleko enjalo ekhoyo. Le repeatability isenzo kuphela xa ejongisele ethile, osandla singabanga ukubamba iiyunithi ezimbini okanye ezingakumbi kwakulo mo, okanye zibekwe kwi kwinqanaba elifanayo.

Noko ke, oku akuthethi ukuba akunakwenzeka ukufumana ifomula ukuba inyathelo engaguqukiyo ukusuka inxalenye enye ukuya elilandelayo. Ukuqulunqwa odumileyo kwakusenzeka phantsi 1, 2, 4, 8, ..., 2n. Kodwa ke oku akuthethi ukuba le nto kukodwa ayikwazi mayiphindwe kwindawo ethile kunye nexesha, yaye akuyi kwenzeka kwakhona, kunye umbono nomographic, ngelinye ixesha kwaye endaweni kwenye, apho kukho iinkqubo ingathityazwa lakho. Entropy njenge isenzo ebonakalayo kwinkqubo thermal - umzekelo ocacileyo.

iinkqubo lihlangana

Lihlangana (repeatable ingathityazwa,) inyathelo - ezi izenzo utshintsho ngeli thuba xesha abe ngokungqalileyo yaye mzuzu yonke ukuyitshintsha. Ukuba ingathityazwa, ukuba kulo mzuzu, isekwimo mnye, yaye emva komzuzwana ukuyitshintsha ekugqibeleni sibuyele endaweni yaso. Umzekelo, esi sindululo itshintsha amaxabiso kwimarike, inani abangasebenziyo, nzala kwimali eyinkunzi, kunye nabanye. Kakade ke, ezi zinto kwezoqoqosho ubomi zingatshintsha kumacala ahlukeneyo. Ukuqwalasela i data nje utshintsho oluqhubekayo, oscillations intshukumo ye data angamelwa kwindawo sazo umgca osuka ogama orientation kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo ziya kwahluka. Kweli kwigophe ekulula ukuyibona ukuba, lemka ukusuka kwindawo kwi ukuphakama enye, emva ungenza ixesha kudlule le ngongoma, leyo kwinqanaba elifanayo. Noko ke, kuya kuba njalo, kunye nezinye indawo, simi ukuphakama enye yokuqala. Ngokuqinisekileyo uya kudibana okomzuzwana eyahlukileyo ngokupheleleyo kunye nesakhiwo ezahlukeneyo iimeko zoqoqosho jikelele lwesinyanzelo, ubonelelo, imveliso, ukwabiwa, njalo njalo. To kwindawo yesibini ehambelana kakhulu kunye wokuqala, kuyimfuneko ukuba kuzo zonke izenzo ukuhla leyinene lwezoqoqosho ingathityazwa, ngoko kwakungekho ithuba ukuya phambili okanye emva bona nga udidi esebenzayo ixesha. Kakade ke, akukho mathandabuzo ukuba ukuyilungisa ogqibeleleyo we kwezoqoqosho ekubeni apho, kukho omnye eyaziwa inyathelo vuhlayiseki kuphela.

Zonke neentshukumo oqhagamshelwano phakathi, ngoko ikhosi nganye kufuneka zithathwe kunxibelelwano nabanye, kuquka ayibuyiseki umva, njengoko umzuzu ngamnye kule okanye noku iya Ngokungathandabuzekiyo kuba iseti entsha iimeko. Kuyimfuneko ukuba ukwamkela ukuba zonke iintshukumo ubukho kwezoqoqosho vuhlayiseki. Kulo mzekelo, kube yimfuneko ukuze siqonde ukuba isenzo ayibuyiseki umva bonke okunzulu zendalo. Ngoko ke, lo amagqabaza ngasentla ukuvumela ukuba ukwala ingcamango ukuyilungisa epheleleyo. Kwezi nqobo efanayo ezisekelwe iinkqubo yemichiza ingathityazwa lakho, ngokunjalo nezenzo ezikhoyo physics.

Awunako ziyayichaza into, eneneni, abo kunye nezinye izenzo indawo ngokuzimeleyo ngokwahlukeneyo. Unakho ukubona kuphela umahluko phakathi kwabo ngako imigaqo ukugxininisa zahlule ekwakhiweni yophando kwezemfundo. Ukubalaselisa le ngongoma, kufanelekile ukuba andiwathethi Kakade, kodwa ingathityazwa kunesiqhelo ubukho kwezoqoqosho. Oku kunokwenziwa isigqibo sokuba ngengqiqo elinganiselweyo, simele sicinge utshintsho ingathityazwa yeekhomponenti kwentlalo efanayo yezoqoqosho.

Iingcinga yesenzo ingathityazwa lakho, kwakunye iingcamango statics kunye amandla, abe inzululwazi yendalo ngengqiqo nemxinwa ilizwi. iinkqubo umva lakho e Physics, imizekelo zazo kakhulu ezahlukeneyo, kule inzululwazi kubalulekile. Kukwasebenza kwanjalo ngemichiza.

Ngenxa kumacandelo ezoqoqosho

iinkqubo umva lakho ezinxulumene kuqoqosho. Kukho izimvo malunga ukuchaneka ukutshintshwa ezi zimvo ukuya kwezoqoqosho. Kwaye kukho imbono yokuba kuphela ngokwemigaqo wasiwa namabinza.

Ukutshintshelwa imibono kuqeqesho omnye komnye osemthethweni ukuba echumayo ngokwenzululwazi, ngoko, indlela yokusombulula le ngxaki angekhoyo. Facts enjalo transfer kwenzeka. Ingakumbi kakhulu iimeko, ukudluliselwa izimvo ezivela kwisigaba kwimpilo kunye isosioloji kwi isigaba nenzululwazi yezobugqi. Ngoko ke, ezinye izimvo kunye ngokoMthetho - amandla, imithetho, imilinganiselo, umgaqo uqoqosho - iye echumayo ngokwenzululwazi. Ngoko ke asikwazi simelane semthethweni zabo. Ngexesha Mill kuqoqosho baba ukuboleka iingcamango nezakhi static, kodwa umbuzo othi: "? Kutheni bekuya kuba nzima ukuba kwandiswe uluhlu ukusetyenziswa kweengcinga amanyathelo ingathityazwa and ongenakulungiseka"

ukumisela ukufunyanwa nezinye izifundo zesayensi ukuba phantse lonke ekhatshwa kukuqiniswa okanye ingcaciso, kwakunye notshintsho esisiseko. Kulo mzekelo, wawuxhokonxa iinkcazelo kunye izimvo, zakhuliswa, kodwa kwangaxeshanye hayi ukubandezana intsingiselo jikelele.

Njengoko kuchaziwe ngentla, akunakwenzeka ukuba ukuthetha nje ingathityazwa ngokupheleleyo kwindalo kunye ubukho kwezoqoqosho. Lo ngumbandela ingathityazwa ngokwentelekiso kuphela. Ikhosi umva ngendlela esulungekileyo, ngengqiqo eqhelekileyo, phantse kunikwa kuphela kwinqanaba omkhulu okanye elingezantsi isilinganiselo. Ingcamango apho sithembele iinkqubo ingathityazwa lakho, iziporo zikaloliwe, elidityaniswe kwi ukumelwa wokuqashisela okanye kwathiwa uqhubekeko iziqalelo kwimo yangaphambili kunye namabhunga okanye iinkqubo zabo. Zonke umahluko zombini macala ngolu hlobo. iinkqubo umva lakho kwi chemistry yemvelo na isenzo kwiindlela sifundo efanayo ngengqiqo kwisifundo, ukuba akukho kuqoqosho. Xa bathi ujingi pendulum na inyathelo ingathityazwa, kule meko sithetha ngendlela efanayo intsingiselo kwinjongo kuqala, kodwa akukho echanekileyo ngokupheleleyo. Akukho ukulingana enjalo kuqoqosho.

Le thesis of "inkqubo ingathityazwa lakho 'kuqoqosho kufuneka kubonwa ityala ekwanti le mbono ngokubanzi.

mkhuba

Xa sijonga ubunyani kwezoqoqosho imarike kuluntu nkulu kunye kwanangamacandelo alo, siye umbuzo yendalo kuvela: Yeyiphi kwezi zenzo ukutshintsha zeziphi iindawo batyekele? Phantse zonke izinto zoqoqosho, wathabatha zombini ngamnye kwaye liphela, kuxhomekeke ukuba ubuninzi kunye notshintsho qualitative. Kodwa ngoxa beengxenye ezithile, ezifana intlangano yoqoqosho, ubugcisa, imveliso, imfuno, njl .., utshintsho ezisemgangathweni iya kuba njengento ebalulekileyo njengoko ubungakanani, kwezinye izinto, ezifana ixabiso, umyinge isaphulelo, irenti, njalo-njalo. g., ukubaluleka besiya kuba utshintsho oluninzi. Ixabiso apha na utshintsho kwizinga becala kuphela xa ukutshintsha uhlobo ngokwawo kwezi zinto, umz, xa ixabiso simahla okanye lihlala kwi emarikeni - bodwa.

Kamva ukucacisa ubudlelwane kumacandelo ezoqoqosho, ukuba uhlanganise kunye neenkqubo ingathityazwa lakho, umjikelo inkqubo setyhula, kubalulekile ukukhumbula oku kulandelayo. Kwathathwa njengento engokoqobo yonke kwezoqoqosho luhlobo loqukuqelo ezininzi kunye notshintsho okuqhubekayo kunye nemigangatho yazo.

Iinkqubo kuqoqosho

Umbono inkqubela epheleleyo ukuyilwa kwezoqoqosho kubonakala vuhlayiseki isekelwe kwinto yokuba iqulathe naziphi na amacandelo achaza kwigophe le utshintsho nokungena vuhlayiseki, ngenxa yesi sizathu uvumelekile ukuba uphikise ukuba indlela yophuhliso kwezoqoqosho, elibaleka ngexesha, akukho okuninzi kanye sigaba efanayo.

Ngokubanzi, uqoqosho kubonakala ukuba kwenziwe ikhondo lakho amanyathelo ukusuka ibakala elinye ukuya kwelinye. Kwaye ngoko ke nengxaki utshintsho uqoqosho - isikakhulu nengxaki lwalukumanqanaba alo okukhuliswa. Ngenxa yoko, intshukumo loqoqosho lwesizwe ithathwa vuhlayiseki, kulandela ukuba akukho ikhefu kwaye kungekho kubuya ziyahluka iimeko ngokudibeneyo yesizwe yezoqoqosho ngenxa inkqubela notshintsho kwaye zonke icandelo olunye loqoqosho lwesizwe. Xa ngokupheleleyo, kungekho element yezoqoqosho yesizwe zihlalutywe ngenxa ngokunxulumene zonke iindlela zoqoqosho imbaxa, akakwazi angaxeli ukuyilungisa.

Omnye ungabona lula kwaye siqonde ukuba ezilula sisimo izenzo kwinkalo yezoqoqosho zahlukile kakhulu, kwaye kufanelekile ukwahlula amasuntswana amaqela ubuncinane ezimbalwa. Ngokucophelela zingajongwa ngabanye, izinto zingenakuqinisekiswa kuphela linani ekwaziyo utshintsho vuhlayiseki. Umzimba elikhulu kumacandelo ezoqoqosho, ngokuyintloko yexabiso, ezifana njengoko imivuzo, amaxabiso impahla yorhwebo, kunye zendalo, ezifana inani bankruptcies, izinga lentswela-ngqesho, bonisa a sisimo ingathityazwa.

kwinkqubo yokumiswa kwemida

iinkqubo umva lakho, imizekelo apho kulula ukufumana kuqoqosho ngoku zidibene. Uqwalaselo iinkalo ezifana isikali lwemveliso, inani labemi, inqanaba kwemfuneko, ubugcisa, ubungakanani ingeniso, zolondolozo eyinkunzi, njalo njalo. E., kuba ngamacandelo eziliqela ezibhalwe ngendlela entsonkothileyo. Enye inxalenye - kuba ukukhula yabo yonke, enye - izinga lokukhula. Ukuqwalasela lo izinto eziyinyaniso ezikhoyo, enyanisweni, ukuze kuqwalaselwe ukuba utyekelo welungu nokunyusa ukuyilwa luthatha wabo intshukumo vuhlayiseki ukuba ayeke kuphela phantsi kwempembelelo amandla majeure. Kwelinye icala, izinga lokukhula nale kwaye bha amanyathelo ingathityazwa.

Ngokungafaniyo utshintsho zendalo amacandelo ezimeleyo yezoqoqosho Kucacile kwaye zingenakuphikwa, yaye kwangaxeshanye, kuthathelwa kuphela ingqalelo uhlobo ezithethi uyakwazi xiya ubomi zemali. Ubukho inamacandelo nenokuthi maxa wambi ichaphazeleke kuyibika vuhlayiseki, lichaza izizathu ukohluka loqoqosho lwesizwe sentshukumo yaye sinika tape uphuhliso oluqhubekayo. Kwakhona, ukusekwa lweziqalelo kunye namacandelo ngokuxhomekeke utshintsho ngumtshangatshangiso-ezifana ingathityazwa, unika ithuba ukuqonda le ujingi, leyo kuxhomekeka lwesizwe ngokubanzi uqoqosho ngokubanzi kunye nemisebenzi yayo yophuhliso. Ngendlela ethile yokusebenza kuzwelonke zophuhliso lwezoqoqosho bemanyene ngokwendalo. Noko ke, alahle umahluko amanyathelo yokuhlela cebetshu utshintsho kula macandelo ngenxa eziwafaka kwezi zenzo kwakuya kuthetha, ngokulandelelana, kwaye ulahliwe uphando ethile yokwenene. Said uqinisekisa iinkqubo thermodynamically ingathityazwa lakho ezenzeka kwindalo.

Okukodwa kweenkqubo zophuhliso

Eyona nto ibalulekileyo nayiphi na inkqubo kucingwa ayibuyiseki umva, esizibonakalisa kwicala elithile lutshintsho. Ezi nguqu kubonisa iimeko ixesha iingcamango ezichaphazelekayo. Iifomula zingasetyenziswa ukubonisa intshukumo ezenzekayo mzuzu ikhoyo ixesha, kwaye kwixesha elizayo, yaye kwixesha elidluleyo.

D. S. Mill yaqulunqa ingcamango iintshukumo ezimile kunye neguquguqukayo ngokucacileyo. Kuye esekelwe kwinkqubo abonisiweyo ingathityazwa kunye neenkqubo ongenakulungiseka elibujikele. Yokuvelela kunye ntuthuko le uqwalaselo kuphela ulwalathiso engeyonene isinyathelo kangangexesha elithile, nto leyo eqhelekileyo ukuba isenzo ingathityazwa.

Kunzima ukumisela imikhosi leyinene yezoqoqosho lula kuyo, ukuba bahlukane kude uninzi amakhonkco ayo kunye neempawu. Xa lento uyijonga, yonke ingqiqo kwezoqoqosho inika usisithunzi nje abathembekileyo ngokwentelekiso inxalenye efanelekileyo ekhoyo kwezoqoqosho.

Njengoko kwisiseko uhlalutyo uphuhliso loqoqosho ubotshiwe ukuba kuthathwe yinkqubo lonke lokusekwa imisebenzi yemali eluntwini. Kodwa theory jikelele ezimanyanisayo lingakhiwa kuphela ngokususela isifundo eqhiwukileyo iintlobo eziphathekayo imbali lombutho uphuhliso lwezoqoqosho.

iinkqubo lizama

iinkqubo umva lakho ukusuka kwindawo kwezoqoqosho umbono kuqwalaselwa zizazinzulu ezininzi. Hayek yaqulunqa ingcamango yokuba imali eseleyo kwi imakethi azezi lithathelwe efanayo lwezicwangciso buqu kwaye ziphunyezwe uhlobo, nokuba ilandelwa yi zenzululwazi zendalo baqalisa narekat "ingxelo embi."

Inkcazo ingxelo engentle isicelo kwimisebenzi entsonkothileyo kwezoqoqosho, apho uN Kondratyev ubiza ingathityazwa. Kwaneso kuqoqosho, kuquka utshintsho ngamaxesha athile eli xabiso, inzala, umvuzo, ukuba phindo kule minyaka. Eguquguqukayo zahlulwe zibe kwixesha elide, eliphakathi kunye elifutshane.

Umgaqo ingxelo ezimbi kubonisa kuphela indlela inkxaso ngokungalindelekanga ukubonakala imo yokusebenza, kodwa akakwazi ukubona indlela yoyilo imvelaphi lusekiwe, kwakunye utshintsho ukusuka kwinqanaba omnye lophuhliso ukuya kwenye. Ukuze ezi njongo kuyimfuneko lokuzabalazela umgaqo ingxelo entle. It phambili utshintsho eziveliswa kule nkqubo ziyanyuswa kwaye ezingasetyenziswanga. Noba yeyiphi thiyori bayaboniswa bachazelwe kangangoko ezinxaxhileyo engalindelekanga evela intsalela, kodwa ukuba sikwimo imaxongo, ngenxa yokusebenzisana kokusingqongileyo, aba ukunyikima kuxhotyiwe kwaye ekugqibeleni kukhokelela nokusasaza umyalelo wokugqibela kunye nezixhobo. Kwelinye icala, ngenxa impefumlelwano iinxalenye kwenkqubo endala uyeza yokuziphatha kakuhle, ukuze le nkqubo ufumana amanyathelo ngokudibeneyo ebumba umyalelo omtsha nolwalamano entsha.

Ukuvela uthotho lokwenzekayo, kwakunye nokusekwa kunye nenkqubela kwezakhiwo ezitsha, ngenxa izibakala ithuba, yintoni gqolo kukhokelela ubu le nkqubo.

Market - inkqubo evulekileyo, apho kukho intsebenziswano eqhubekayo phakathi abathengi kunye nabathengi, abathengisi kunye nabavelisi. Imarike kuyinto zombini umyalelo random bokudlala. Ngoko, xa ukuthenga nokuthengisa imveliso wonke umntu ukhokelwa ngokwendalo lokuqala kuluncedo kwaye kuyimfuneko, kodwa ixabiso lazo. Iintshukumo kobudlelwane lemalike macala ababini imveliso eqhelekileyo, nto leyo kamva kukhokelela komyalelo ezingalindelekanga, esizibonakalisa esikalini phakathi konikezelo kunye nemfuno.

touch ophela kuyo

Ngoko ke, zonke self-nokucwangciswa intshukumo nento ethile, oko kukuthi eneneni iimpawu zazo ezibalulekileyo, kuquka imarike ngengqiqo kwezoqoqosho. Eyokuqala sasifunda le miba Kondratiev D., owasinikayo inkcazelo amanyathelo ingathityazwa lakho kuqoqosho. Uyacetyiswa ukuba ukuqhubeka ukufunda ezi zenzo, kuquka iinkqubo ingathityazwa lakho endalweni. In Chemistry and Physics oku, njengoko sele kuchaziwe, kugqalwa ezisisiseko ngokumisela, umzekelo, izenzo ezifana neenkqubo thermal. Umva ukuba nyathelo vuhlayiseki kunye neenkqubo ezikhoyo kwindawo ethile yobomi, loo nto ithathwa inkalo kubalulekile ukuba ufuna ukwazi.