Iingqinisiso ezisisiseko zeengqungquthela ze-Butlerov AM Izitatimende ezisisiseko ze-Butlerov yeengcamango zesakhiwo samachiza

Imigaqo eqhelekileyo eyamkelweyo ye-Butlerov iyabonwa njengesiqalo se-chemistry yanamhlanje. Inzululwazi yaba ngowokuqala ukuchaza izinto ezizimeleyo zesakhiwo sezinto. Wafunda ngokucacileyo uhlobo lwentsebenziswano yee-athomu.

Iimfuneko zokuqala

UAlesandro Butlerov waba ngumsunguli wenkolelo entsha, nje xa kwakukho imibuzo eninzi kwisayensi ukuba izazinzulu azikwazi ukufumana iimpendulo. Ngokomzekelo, iinkcazo zifuna i-valence kunye ne-isomerism. Ukongeza, iikhemistri zaqhubeka zixubusha malunga nendlela yokubhala kakuhle iifomula zeekhemikhali. I-Butlerov icacise lo mbuzo. Wabonisa ukuba amafomula kufuneka abonakalise isakhiwo somba.

Ukongezelela, kukho iingcamango ezininzi ezazingqubana nemibono echazwe nguButerov. Le yiyimbali yama-radicals. Umsunguli wayo nguJens Berzelius. Wayephikisa ukuba kwiamolekyu kukho izinto ezikhethekileyo-i-radicals, eyadlula kwizinto ezithile ukuya kwenye. Kwakhona kukho imfundiso yeendidi. Abaxhasayo bayo bakholelwa ukuba zonke izinto eziyinkimbinkimbi zivela kwizinto ezilula ezingekhoyo-amanzi, i-hydrogen, i-ammonia, njl. Zonke ezi ngqiqo ziphikisana. Inzululwazi yayidinga imfundiso eyayibeka yonke indawo kwindawo yayo.

Iingcamango ezintsha ze-Butlerov

U-Alexander Mikhailovich Butlerov (1828-1886 gg.) Ngaba wayengomnye wamakhemikhali akhethekileyo ngexesha lakhe. Wasebenzelana ngokubanzi nemibandela yemfundiso yesayensi. Ngo-1858, isayensi yathetha kwintlanganiso yeParis Chemical Society. Ngelo xesha, ngokokuqala ngqa, iingcamango eziphambili ze-Butlerov ziye zavakala emlonyeni wakhe.

Umphandi wasebenzisa igama elitsha kwingxelo yakhe, eyagqitywa kamva kwisayensi yehlabathi. Ngokomzekelo, nguye yena owaba ngumlobi wombono wesakhiwo soqhagamshelwano. Inzululwazi yayikholelwa ukuba isakhiwo sezinto ezahlukeneyo sinokuthiwa kwiqela elinye (ngokukodwa, i-methane, i-chloroform, i-methyl alcohol, njl.).

Ukufundiswa kokusetyenziswa kwezinto

Ngomnyaka we-1861, kwingxelo epapashwe "Kwi-chemical structure of matter", iingongoma eziphambili zeengcamango zesakhiwo samachiza se -AM Butlerov zenziwe. Usosayensi uchaze ngokucacileyo iindlela zokusetyenziswa kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezimpendulo ezahlukeneyo. Enye yezona zinto zibaluleke kakhulu kwi-chemist kwakuyiyo yokuqinisekisa ukuba kwizinto ezithile zeekhemikhali zikho ifom enye. Ukubaluleka kwayo kubangelwa ukuba kubonakalisa zonke iipropati kwaye kubonisa ukuxhamla kwee-atom ngaphakathi kweamolekyuli.

Inkolelo kaButlerov yanikezela ukuba, ngokuncediswa kokuphendula okulawulwayo, izinto ezintsha zingaveliswa. Kwiminyaka elandelayo, isazi samakhemikhali esidumileyo kunye nabafundi bakhe baqhuba ezininzi iinzame zokubonisa ukuba le ngcamango. Baye bakwazi ukwenza izinto ezinjalo njengeziqhamo ze-pentane, i- isobutylene kunye nezinye i-alcohols. Ngexesha labo, ezi zinto zifumene ixabiso elinokubaluleka kakhulu, okungafaniswa nokubaluleka kokuchaza ezinye izinto ngeMendeleev (umzekelo, ekabor).

Inkqubo yokwenza i-chemistry

Ngekhulu le-XIX, iingongoma eziphambili ze-Butlerov ziyitshintshe ngokupheleleyo ingcamango yesazinzulu malunga nesakhiwo sezinto zamachiza. Ngokukodwa, umphandi wayengowokuqala ukucebisa ukuba iamolekyu ayinxalenye yeqoqo leeathom. Ngokuphambene noko, banesakhiwo esibhaliweyo. I-Atom zixhunyelelane komnye ngokulandelelana okuthile, apho uhlobo lwezinto zonke luxhomekeka.

I-Butlerov, ukuphuhlisa imfundiso yakhe, incike kwimigaqo yemathematika nemithetho. Ngoncedo le nzu lulwazi, wakwazi ukuchaza ezininzi iinkqubo kunye nolwalamano kwiikhemikhali. Kuba abantu bexesha kwakuyi-revolution yangempela. Ingongoma yayikukuba nokuba izazinzulu ziyazi ezinye iinkcukacha malunga nemeko ethile yezinto ezithile, azikwazanga ukwakha ulwazi lwawo kwimifanekiso ecacileyo, echanekileyo. Izibonelelo eziphambili ze-Butlerov yeengcamango zesakhiwo zixazululwe le ngxaki. Ngoku i-chemistry yayingekho i-piggy bank bank of facts, kodwa inkqubo ehambelanayo, apho yonke into yayingaphantsi kweengcamango eziphathekayo zeemathematika.

Uhlobo lwezinto

Inkolelo eyaziwayo ye-Butlerov ibeka ingqalelo enkulu kwi-isomerism - into ekhoyo ye-isomers-elinganayo kwisisindo samathambo kunye nokubunjwa kwee-athomu zezinto, okwangoku kwahlukana omnye komnye kwilungiselelo lee-athomu kunye nesakhiwo. Lo mbandela uchaza iintlobo zezakhiwo zezinto zendalo.

U-Butlerov wabonisa indlela yakhe yokufundisa ngomzekelo we-butane. Ngokwembono yenzululwazi, kwimeko kufuneka kubekho iintlobo ezimbini zezi zinto. Nangona kunjalo, ngelo xesha isayensi yayazi kuphela enye i-butane. I-Butlerov yaqhuba iimvavanyo ezininzi kwaye isenayo into entsha, efana nokubunjwa, kodwa eyahlukileyo kwiipropati. Kwabizwa ngokuba yi-isobutane.

Impembelelo yee-athomu

I-Butlerov yafumanisa enye imfuneko ebalulekileyo. Xa kwakhiwa izibophelelo zeekhemikhali, inkqubo yokutshintsha kwee-electron ukusuka kwelinye i-atom enye iyaqala. Oku kuguqula ubuninzi babo. Kukho iimbane zombane ezichaphazela indawo yokuhlala kwento entsha. Usosayensi wafunda lo mzekelo ngomzekelo we-hydrogen chloride, apho i-chlorine yatshintsha ubuninzi bekhompyutheni yama-hydrogen bonds.

I-Butlerov kunye nemigaqo-siseko ye-theory yesakhiwo ingachaza uhlobo lokuguqulwa kwezinto. Kamva, umgaqo-nkqubo owawufunyanwa ngumtyhi waseRashiya wafundiswa ngokucacileyo ngabafundi bakhe nabafundi bakhe. Ukuqaphela indlela yokutshintsha izinto kwavumela izazinzulu ukuba ziqonde indlela yokwenza izinto ezintsha. Ukunyuka okukhethekileyo kwezi zinto kuthothole ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19. Emva koko izazinzulu zaseYurophu naseMerika kwiibhubhoratri ezintsha, zisebenzisa iindlela eziphakanyiswe yi-Butlerov, zakwazi ukuvelisa izinto ezintsha.

Izibophelelo zeMichiza

U-Butlerov wayekholelwa ukuba isakhiwo sezinto singafundiswa ngeendlela zamachiza. Esi sikhundla saqinisekiswa yinkalo yeziphumo eziphumelelayo zenzululwazi. Kwakhona, umphandi wayengummeli wembono yokuba iifomula zichanekile kuphela xa zibonisa ukulandelelana kwezibhondi zeekhemikhali zee-atom ezahlukeneyo. I-Butlerov yayizibandakanya ukuhlalutya le ngcamango iminyaka emininzi.

Wayehlukanisa iintlobo ezintathu zokunxibelelana - ezilula, eziphindwe kabini kunye ezintathu. Inzululwazi yayilungile, kodwa uphuhliso olongezelelweyo lwesayensi lubonise ukuba kukho ezinye izibophelelo zeekhemikhali. Ngokukodwa, ngoku iingcali ziyakwazi ukuzibalalisa ngoncedo lweempawu zenyama.

Uphuhliso lwe-Butler theory

INGXELO entsha ye-Butlerov yesakhiwo semichiza yamakhemikhali yayimpawu ezibonakalayo. Inzululwazi yowokuqala ukutsho ngokuphepha ukuba abaphandi bakwazi ukufunda iipropathi zama-athomu, apho zonke izakhi zakhiwa khona. Kodwa uBongler ngokwakhe wayiphatha ingcamango yakhe njengesikhashana. Wayekholelwa ukuba abaphumelelayo bayakuyihlakulela, kuba ayizange ichaze ngokupheleleyo iinkcukacha ezithile zesayensi yeekhemikhali.

Usosayensi wayelungileyo. Inkcazo kaButlerov yaveliswa kwimiba mibini. Okukuqala kukuba isayensi yayikwazi ukucacisa kuphela umyalelo woxhumano, kodwa kwakhona ilungiselelo lendawo yeeathom kwi-molecule. Ngoko kwakukho i-stereochemistry. Olu qeqesho lwaqala ukuhlola ngokubanzi iinkcukacha zendawo yokwakhiwa kwama-molecule. U-Butlerov ngokwakhe wayethetha ngolu lathiso olutsha, nangona akazange abe nexesha lokufunda le mibuzo.

Isalathiso sesibini ekuphuhlisweni kwengcamango yenzululwazi kwakukho ukuvela kwemfundiso enikezelwe kwisakhiwo sekhompyutheni se-athomu. Oku akukona nje ikhemikhali, kodwa kunye nokuqeqeshwa ngokomzimba. Ubume beempembelelo eziphathekayo zee-atom zafundwa ngokubanzi, kwaye izizathu zokubonakalisa izakhiwo ezahlukeneyo zachazwa. Kwakuyimigqaliselo eyintloko ye-Butlerov eyabangela ukuba izazinzulu ziphumelele.