Iimpawu ze ubume ndiqhuba nezihlunu izityalo. Ndiqhuba tissue kwezityalo: isakhiwo

Njengokuba izilwanyana, izityalo kufuneka iindlela zothutho eyahlukileyo ukuba banoxanduva yokuhanjiswa izakhamzimba iiseli ngamnye kunye namalaphu. Namhlanje siza kuxubusha iimpawu ubume ukuqhutywa inyama kwezityalo.

Yintoni na?

amalaphu Conductive zezo apho kukho izisombululo intshukumo kwezondlo ezifunekayo ukulungiselela ukukhula kunye nophuhliso eziphilayo zezityalo. Isizathu sokuba kwazo na imveliso yezityalo bokuqala emhlabeni. Ukususela njengengcambu amagqabi, njengoko kulula unokuthekelela, akukho nto ihamba flow lwaphezulu isisombululo neetyuwa kunye nezinye izondlo. Ngokomthetho, ngoku ezantsi aqukuqela kwicala umva.

izithuthi Phezulu kwenzeka ngokusebenzisa iimpahla kwi inwebu iinkuni (xylem) bendelisele unikezelo efanayo - esebenzisa izakhiwo yokugalela phloem kwi uthinte (i phloem). Ngokubanzi, imilo ufana kwimikhumbi Xylem kwizilwanyana. Iiseli, imilo lwabo evuthelweyo lume ichazwa. Yintoni enye iimpawu noshowo ezi ndiqhuba nezihlunu izityalo?

Ntoni na ke?

Kufuneka wazi ukuba kukho ilaphu yaseprayimari neyasesekondari yale hlobo. Makhe abanike kucalulo umgangatho, ukususela ukubonakala umbandela kuphucula ukufunxeka kwayo. Ngoko ke, nanku isakhiwo elula le ndiqhuba nezihlunu izityalo, thaca uhlobo tabular.

Njengoko ukuqonda, xylem kunye phloem zizinto eziphilayo ezintsonkothileyo, njengoko ngenxa isakhiwo owahlukeneyo kwaye enze uluhlu olubanzi enjalo lwemisebenzi.

Njengoko ubona, ubume ndiqhuba nezihlunu izityalo ezithile entsonkothileyo angaphezu akukho ezahlukeneyo. Phofu ke, kulula kakhulu kunokuba ezanyisayo iiseli eziphezulu.

Xylem. izinto conductive

Iziqalelo zindala yonke olujikeleza are tracheids. ekuthiwa iintlobo ezithile neseli ezithile, bakhomba iziphelo. Kuxhomekeke kubo kamva yenzekile eqhelekileyo iinkuni ifayibha ilaphu. Baye kakhulu lukhuni udonga ubukhulu. tracheids fom kwahluka kakhulu:

• O-ring.
• Ukonakala.
• Xa uhlobo lamachokoza.
• Luwela.

Kufuneka kukhunjulwe ukuba ekudluliseleni isisombululo lwezondlo ke kuhluzeka pores ezininzi, ngoko isantya yabo intshukumo iphantsi kakhulu. Ezi iimpawu ezibalulekileyo noshowo ukuba ndiqhuba nezihlunu izityalo basoloko ulibele.

Kwezinye izityalo ukukhawulelana isakhi?

Tracheids ifumaneka sporophytes phantse yonke ngaphezulu. gymnosperms Lower kaninzi nabo kubume ezi zinto kwesakhiwo, nkqu nabo badlala indima ebaluleke gqitha. Isibakala sokuba iindonga ezinamandla tracheids, esiye esele zikhankanywe apha ngentla, ukuvumela ukuba aphumeze ekuqhubeni ngqo nje kuphela umsebenzi, kodwa kuba inkxaso, isakhiwo ngoomatshini. Oku - iimpawu ezibalulekileyo noshowo ukuba ndiqhuba nezihlunu izityalo, ukusuka apho kuxhomekeke kakhulu.

Amaxesha amaninzi isakhiwo kuphela inkxaso eyodwa, enika umzimba amandla eyimfuneko kwisityalo. Exakayo, bonke (!) Xa iinkuni Conifers abangekhoyo ngokupheleleyo nayiphi na ekhethekileyo izihlunu mechanical, kwakunye namandla nje kuthi kuxoxwa tracheids. Ubude ezi zinto Akumangalisi conductive nga eziqalela milimitha ezimbalwa ukuya ezimbalwa cm.

Ngokubanzi, izifundo ezi mpawu noshowo indlela yokuqhuba esikule kwezityalo zeBakala 5 nasiphi na isikolo samabanga aphakamileyo, kodwa umbuzo iimpahla inde kwizityalo ndoda yayididekile nkqu nabafundi amandla eziphilayo.

Iimpawu imikhumbi

Amele into olwahluke kakhulu xylem of angiosperms. Xa imbonakalo ngathi, elide umngxuma. Ngamnye kubo akhiwa intlanganisela iiseli evuthelweyo kwi "lempundu joint". Ezi ziqwempu zenqanawa nganye kuthiwa iseli, nto leyo kubume bayo ezisebenzayo ezifanayo tracheids. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ke, ukuba ziqwempu kuba banzi kakhulu ngokuba mfutshane kunabo.

Yeyiphi udidi abafundi kufuneka bazazi ezi iinkalo ubume ancedisana conductive kwezityalo? 5 eklasini, nto leyo waqala ukuthatha Botany kunye nolwakhiwo yezityalo, ngaba sele kukhokelwa mibuzo elula ngalo mbandela.

Inkqubo ye isitya Ukwakheka

Loo xylem, evela kuqala kwinkqubo yophuhliso kwisityalo, ebizwa ngokuba zaseprayimari. tab lwakhe kwenzeka kwi iingcambu phambili kumagqabi abaselula. Kulo mzekelo, impahla ziqwempu xylem ezahlulwe kukhula distal iphela imicu prokambialnyh. Isitya ngokwalo livela emva ngokudibana, ngenxa ukutshatyalaliswa zokwahlula zangaphakathi. Unako ukubona oku xa ujonga phantsi iqhekeza ngemicroscope: iifeleni ngaphakathi agcinwe ukuba nje enye kwaye iintsalela beendonga kutshatyalaliswa.

Masikhumbule ukuba noshowo Bulelani iziqalelo ukuba eqhuba izihlunu zezityalo, yaye ezinye zazo kwi kwiingcambu zezityalo:

• Epidermal shell.
• ULindiwe.
• Protoderma ukuba njalo kubuyekeza zikhabane elele ngasentla.
• Le meristem apical, nto leyo ingcambu ummandla eziphambili kwezityalo.
• Ukonakala kakhulu Ilaphu ubuncwane ikhusela ingcambu isiciko.
• Ngaphakathi iingcambu kubekwe inyama aqhelekileyo: xylem kunye phloem.
• kokuba kwakheka, ngokulandelelana, ukususela protofloemy kunye protoksilemy.
• Endodermis.

Protoksilema (oko kukuthi, lo mfanekiso lokuqala izitya zezityalo) livela kwi eliphezulu kanye onke amalungu yezihlunu abatsha. Imfundo ithatha indawo ngqo phantsi ngomaleko meristem, oko kukuthi apho iiseli ezingqonge imithambo yegazi kuqhubeka ukukhula ngokukhawuleza nokuba twa. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba nokuba abaqolileyo izitya protoksilemy zange ayeke ubuchule babo ukuba akukho kunaba; kuba iindonga zabo okwangoku unenzondelelo woodiness.

Ngokuqhelekileyo, inyama conductive izityalo eneentyatyambo itywina enjalo baboniswa kwangoko ngokwaneleyo, kuba esikhondweni kufuneka ukugcina intyatyambo ngokwaneleyo omkhulu nababuthathaka.

Khumbula ukuba unoxanduva inkqubo Ukuqinisa? Lignin. Kwaye oko nje enye lifakwa ezindongeni "okusilelayo 'izitya okanye uwele okanye kwicala thunzi. Le meko akuyiphazamisi ngeengcamba alo emakhonkcweni e-isitya olule. Ngelo xesha, i-lignin ibonelela kakhulu amandla endilisekileyo iinqanawa abaselula kwisityalo, nto leyo ethintela intshabalalo yabo amanyathelo ngoomatshini.

Kungenxa yoko le nto kubaluleke kangaka ke eqhuba esikule kwezityalo. Figure, efumaneka kwi kumaphepha eli nqaku ngokuqinisekileyo kuya kukunceda ukuba uqonde ngcono lo mba, ibonisa nje ngokucacileyo iinkalo eziphambili eli laphu wathi.

metaxylem Education

Xa inkqubo yokukhula, iimpahla ezintsha, ezo phantsi inkqubo woodiness kakhulu ngaphambili. Xa isiphelo nokudaleka kule nxalenye abaqolileyo izityalo, inkqubo yokukhula sele kugqityiwe metaxylem. kufuneka ingqalelo njani biology ophezulu-esikolweni, ubume ndiqhuba nezihlunu izityalo? Class 5, jikelele umda kuphela kukuba izityalo inyama zikhona iimpahla. izifundo iqukiwe kwiprogram yoqeqesho abafundi abadala.

Kwangaxeshanye, neempahla kuqala ukusuka ukuzolula protoksilemy kuqala, uze emva koko zitshatyalaliswe ngokupheleleyo. Iziseko ezifanayo aqolileyo beemeko ukuba kuvele metaxylem ukuya ekusoluleni nokukhula akakwazi hayi umgaqo. Eneneni, ufile, oko iityhubhu ngqongqo kwaye kuthembeke.

Kulula ukuba siqwalasele ukusebenziseka bemvelo yenkqubo ukuhamba kweli cala. Ukuba ezi zitya kubonakala kwangoko, bekuya kuba kakhulu, angabanjezelwa ukuyilwa emzimbeni ezingqongileyo. Kanye tracheids, imithambo udonga ukuqina lungohlulwa lube maqela alandelayo (ngokuxhomekeke kwifom yabo):

• Thunzi.
• Ukonakala.
• imilo ileli.
• Nylon.
• Amazwe.

Sinqwenela ukutsalela ingqondo yakho yokuba ngemibhobho elide usikrobana xylem ukuba namandla ngokwaneleyo ngomatshini - inkqubo efanelekileyo ukulungiselela ukunikezelwa kwezisombululo zamanzi nezimbiwa iityuwa imigama emide. kungena ukuqanda zabo akukho ndlela luthintelwa ukulahleka kwamanzi kwaye phantse akukho izondlo. Ziziphi ezinye iinkalo ubume ndiqhuba nezihlunu izityalo? Biology (grade 6 kwisikolo ophakathi) Kwakhona kuqwalaselwa conductance efanayo Xylem iindonga. Makhe sibone ukuchaza.

Ukuba efanayo kule nkalo ku tracheids, xylem avumele ukuphuma kwamanzi ngomlomo pores ezindongeni. Ekubeni babe eninzi lignin, babe namandla eliphezulu ngoomatshini, yaye ngenxa yoko musani ukugqabhuza, kananjalo, phantse akukho ubungozi ngokwaphula phantsi yengcinezelo kulwelo amayeza. Noko ke, sele sathetha ngokubaluleka ephakamileyo iimpawu ezikhethekileyo xylitol, Bulelani apho ehlathini iintlobo ezininzi umthi luphawulwa ngamandla aphezulu kunye luthambe.

Sinamandla kwaye xylem ngaxeshanye elastic zifanele amandla imikhumbi yabo yamandulo. Engabonakali kodwa oluqinile izihlunu conductive zezityalo ekwazi ukumelana aphezulu iimasti ngcu elide, nto leyo kunqabile waziqhekeza nkqu iziphango ezininzi zobundlobongela.

Conductive isakhiwo phloem

Cinga izinto conductive, ezi ke ziyafumaneka emzimbeni phloem.

Okokuqala, kungawi nokhozo isakhiwo. Amanqaku procambium ezenziweyo yenzelwe kwi phloem zaseprayimari. Qaphela ukuba, ngenxa yokukhula yommandla protofloema lolwabo ngokukhawuleza soluliwe, uze emva koko afe wezakhiwo zayo nangokupheleleyo akayeki ukusebenza. Metafloema ephelelisa nokuvuthwa kwawo emva (!) Of ukukhula kwezityalo uphelile.

ezinye iimpawu

Ngoko ke yintoni enye ekufuneka uyazi iimpawu ubume ndiqhuba nezihlunu izityalo? kufuneka beBakala 7 bezikolo zasesekondari ukufunda, ukongezelela zonke ngasentla, kananjalo iimpawu izakhiwo ngesihlungulo kwakunye lwabo namaqabane-iiseli. Makhe ubhale mba inkcukacha kancinci.

Ingakumbi isakhiwo uphawu kufuneka ziqwempu kungawi nokhozo izakhiwo. Okokuqala, ukuba ezibhityileyo kakhulu ezindongeni, ezibandakanya amaninzi neselulosi kunye pectin. Ngale ndlela ke kakhulu embhoxo iiseli parenchyma. Okubalulekileyo! Ngokungafaniyo yokugqibela, ngexesha ekukhuleni ezi seli zife isiqalo ngokupheleleyo kwaye kukho icytoplasm "unciphe", zithunyelwa umaleko obhityileyo kwicala elingaphakathi weseli ndizayo. Isimanga, kodwa kuhlala ephila, kodwa kwangaxeshanye ngokuxhomekeka kwiseli-namaqabane (ezifana ukuba phakathi luvo kunye astrocytes kwi ubuchopho izilwanyana).

Kakade ke, ezi iimpawu ubume ancedisana conductive izityalo zeBakala 6 kuvame kuqwalaselwa, kodwa ziluncedo ukwazi. Ubuncinane ukuze ukumela kakuhle iinkqubo ibakho emzimbeni yezityalo.

Sefu-iityhubhu kunye neeseli neqabane

Ziyinyaniso Ezi ziqwempu kungawi nokhozo isakhiwo abunjwe integrally, buhlobene kakhulu. iseli Companion ngokukhethekileyo kukho icytoplasm alo kuye kakhulu elingqingqwa, iqulathe inani elikhulu mitochondria kunye ribosomes. Unokuthekelela ukuba zinika amandla nje kuphela "naye", kodwa ingxenye yokugalela. Ukuba iseli yisathelayithi ngenxa yesizathu esithile uyafa, uyafa kunye nesakhiwo lonke, nto leyo ehambisana nalo.

Sami yokugalela ngemibhobho lula zizakubalulwa ukwakhiwa kwawo ezifumaneka amacwecwe ngesihlungulo. Nokuba xa usebenzisa amandla ukukhanya microscope ukuba ekulula ukuyibona. Kukho na kuloo ndawo apho usikrotyana welungu wabumba iphela seziqingatha ezimbini. Ngoko kusengqiqweni ukuba ezi ngxelo ngqo ikhondo ukukhula ezininzi yezi amacandelo.

Iindidi iinyanda nemithambo

Usekhona ezinye iimpawu noshowo ukuba ndiqhuba nezihlunu izityalo? Izazi bakholelwa ezo eminye imiba ubume iinyanda semithambo, leyo ngokufutshane isizathu.

uthe izakhiwo zingafunyanwa kulo naliphi na izityalo ngaphezulu. Yokuba uhlobo oluthile ngentambo, apho ibekwe iingcambu, Namagatya abatsha, kunye nezinye iindawo, apho ikhula rhoqo. Ubume ezi iinyanda ziquka iimpahla esele ngazo izinto inkxaso ngaphambili mechanical. unit nganye noshowo iqulathe iinxalenye ezimbini:

• Wood Division. Le ibandakanya ukuqina semithambo kunye imicu.
• site Bast. It iqulathe isakhiwo yokugalela kunye imicu bast.

Amaxesha amaninzi imiqadi abunjwe malunga umaleko yokhuselo, equka iiseli zokuphila okanye parenchymal ofileyo. Ukongeza, kubume zabo, zohlulwa ngokwendidi ezimbini:

• Full - ziqulathe xylem kunye phloem.
• Ezingaphelelanga - kubume ibandakanya enye kuphela kwezi iithishu.

Ukuhlelwa iinyanda nemithambo kaLote

Okwangoku, yinto eqhelekileyo luhlelo umgangatho amaqashiso ukuba yahlula ezithungwini olujikeleza kwezi ntlobo zilandelayo:

• Ivaliwe, uhlobo akananto.
• Ivaliwe, iintlobo bikollateralnoy.
• uhlobo Concentric - zibekwe ngaphandle xylem.
• Umahluko yemboniselo elidlulileyo, apho xylem - ngaphakathi.
• iintsika ziqu.

Ngokubanzi, oko phantse zonke iinkcukacha kufuneka wazi kuphononongo lwezityalo zase conductive kwikharityhulam yesikolo.