Into eziphilayo - it ... umcimbi zomgquba ... Chemistry Organic

izinto eziphilayo - yikhompawundi imichiza apho yinxalenye carbon ekhoyo. Ngaphandle nje asidi kuphela, carbides, carbonates, siyanadzi, kunye oxides carbon.

indaba

Igama elithi "izinto eziphilayo" wabonakala kubomi bemihla izazinzulu ibakala chemistry yophuhliso yokuqala. Ngoxa esilawulwa Outlook vitalistic. Yaba nokuqhubekeka isithethe Aristotle noPliny. Ngeli xesha, i pundits babexakekile ngokwahlula ihlabathi ziyaphila kunye ezingaphiliyo. Kulo mzekelo, ngaphandle kokukhetha, iyeza yahlulwe ngokucacileyo ibe izimbiwa kunye organic. Oku kwakukholelwa ukuba Yindibanisela iikhompawundi ukuba izinto "abaphilayo" Kufuneka ekhethekileyo "amandla". It sizalwa kuzo zonke izidalwa eziphilayo, kwaye ngaphandle izinto eziphilayo ukuze kwakheke hayi.

Yinto funny ukuya ngoluvo inzululwazi mihla namandla ixesha elide, de 1828 Fridrih Veler empirically oko ukuyithenga. Isenokuba zingaphiliyo ammonium cyanate makafumane urea ephilayo. Eyayityhala phambili chemistry. Nangona kunjalo, iCandelo kwezinto eziphilayo nezingaphiliyo kwaye yagcinwa ixesha lenene. Yeyona sisiseko yokuhlela. Phantse 27 millionov eyaziwa organic.

Kutheni iikhompawundi abaninzi kangaka organic?

into eziphilayo - kukuthi, ezinye ngaphandle, a carbon ezimbaxa. Enyanisweni, oku yinto efunekayo umdla kakhulu. Carbon kungenzeka-athom zabo kwikhonkco. Kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba ubudlelwane phakathi kwabo uzinzile.

Ngaphezu koko, kwekhabhoni oganikhi khompawundi ibe Valence - IV. Ukusuka oku kulandela ukuba lwesi sakhi unako wokusungula uqhagamshelwano kunye nezinye izinto olunye nje kuphela, kodwa kabini kunye kathathu. Kunye multiplicities ezandayo, nomxokelelwane equka athom iba mfutshane. Kulo mba, uzinzo buyanda.

Kwakhona Carbon uyakwazi ukwenza tyaba, yomgama kunye nesakhiwo ngokomthamo. Kungenxa yoko le nto uhlobo organic izinto ezininzi ezahlukahlukeneyo.

isakhiwo

Njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngasentla, lo mbandela eziphilayo - a carbon esimbaxa. Kwaye oku kubaluleke kakhulu. organic ukuba kwi uqhagamshelo yayo phantse nasiphi element lwezakhi. Kwindalo, ngokufuthi ukwakhiwa kwawo (ngaphandle carbon) kuquka ioksijini, hydrogen, isalfure, nitrogen kunye phosphorus. Iziqalelo ezisele anqabe kakhulu.

izakhiwo

Ngaloo ndlela, izinto eziphilayo yikhompawundi carbon. Kulo mzekelo, kukho imiqathango eliqela ebalulekileyo kufuneka ihlangane. Zonke izinto ze imvelaphi eziphilayo kufuneka iipropati eziqhelekileyo:

1. I ekhoyo phakathi atom typology ezahlukeneyo kokufakelwa ngokuyimfuneko bangela isomers. Ngaphezu kwako konke, ukuba zakheka iimolekyuli carbon compound. Isomers - ngumbandela eyahlukileyo, kunye ubunzima ezinto eziphilayo kunye nokwakhiwa, kodwa eyahlukileyo iikhemikhali kunye neempawu zomzimba. Le nto ibizwa ngokuba isomerism.

2. Enye yokuhlola - isenzeko of homology. Olu thotho oganikhi khompawundi, apho izinto ifomula elingummelwane olwahlukileyo odlulileyo elinye CH ₂ iqela. Le impahla ebalulekileyo lisetyenziswa materials science.

Zeziphi iindidi ezahlukeneyo ze-oganikhi khompawundi?

organic zibandakanya iiklasi ezininzi. Bona ezaziwa bonke. It iiprothini, lipids kunye carbohydrate. La maqela ngokuba neeplastikhi eziphilayo. Bona inxaxheba nethe kwinqanaba yeselula na ephilayo. Kwakhona kweli qela ziquka nucleic acid. Ngoko sinokuthi mbandela eziphilayo - kukuba ndiligqibele imihla ukutya, ngoko, oko lenziwa.

protein

Iiproteni luqulathe components zezakhiwo - acid. Kuyinto monomers zabo. Iiproteni ezibizwa ngokuba iiprothini. Kukho malunga ne-200 iintlobo asidi acid na. Bonke bephela zifumaneka eziphilayo. Kodwa amabini kuphela kubo amacandelo kweziyi. Loo maKristu abizwa ngokuba esisiseko. Kodwa uncwadi ingafunyanwa nayo ngokwemiqathango ngaphantsi ethandwayo - acid proteinogenic kunye belokobrazuyuschie. Ifomula yale iklasi kwezinto eziphilayo eziqulathe ngomdla (-NH _2), carboxyl (-COOH) amacandelo. Phakathi kwabo, ukuba idityaniswe iingxaki carbon efanayo.

Imisebenzi ye iiprotheni

Iiproteni emzimbeni izityalo kunye nezilwanyana enze imisebenzi ebalulekileyo. Ke omkhulu phakathi kwabo - isakhiwo. Iiproteni ezi ncindi enkulu inwebu zeselula kunye organelles eziseleni matrix. Emzimbeni wethu zonke iindonga kwemithambo, emithanjeni ngemithambo, imisipha kunye intlala, iinwele kunye nezikhonkwane iqanjwa ngokuyintloko kweziyi ezahlukeneyo.

Umsebenzi ilandelayo - enzyme. Iiproteni asebenze enzymes. Bona catalyze ukungena reactions kwemichiza lomzimba. Abanoxanduva yokuwa izondlo lokugaya. Kwizityalo, i-enzayim ayinakutshintshwa carbon kwabo phakathi photosynthesis.

Ezinye iintlobo iiprotheni idluliselwa kukho izinto ezahlukeneyo ephilayo, ezifana mpilo. into Organic ubuye abe nakho ukuba abe nguvulindlela. Ekubeni umsebenzi yezothutho ikhutshwa phandle. Iiproteni yasasazeka ngenxa yegazi, ion zesinyithi, okunamafutha acid, iihomoni, kwaye, kakade, icarbon dioxide kunye mpilo. Transport ithatha indawo kwinqanaba intercellular.

iikhompawundi protein - immunoglobulins - onoxanduva lokwenza zikhusela. Oku omzimba igazi. Umzekelo, thrombin kunye lwefibrinogen athathe inxaxheba kwinkqubo ekunqandeni. Ngaloo ndlela, ukunqanda ilahleko enkulu igazi.

Iiproteni zinoxanduva yokusebenza kunye contractile umsebenzi. Ngenxa myosin kunye actin protofibrils rhoqo asebenza sliding kuthelekiswa intshukumo omnye komnye, kukho ukuncitshiswa imicu kwezihlunu. Kodwa e kwiseli kukho iinkqubo ezifanayo. Movement misila bacteria kwakhona elidityaniswe ngqo slidably microtubules, ezo iiprothini indalo.

Igcwala komgquba ukhupha isixa esikhulu wamandla. Kodwa umthetho, iiprotheni zichithwa iimfuno zamandla kunqabile kakhulu. Oku kwenzeka xa isitokhwe ndidiniwe. Kungcono ifanele le lipids kanye carbohydrate. Ngoko ke, neeproteni ungakwazi ukwenza umsebenzi amandla, kodwa kuphela phantsi kweemeko ezithile.

lipids

Kwaye izinto eziphilayo i fat-like ezimbaxa. Lipids basonta iimolekyuli zilula eziphilayo. Bona ezingenakunyibilika emanzini, kodwa inyibilike izisombululo nonpolar, ezifana benzene, iEtere kunye chloroform. Bayinxalenye zonke iiseli eziphilayo. Awo, lipids - kuba esters ze-alkoholi kunye asidi carboxylic. Eyona idumileyo - ngamanqatha. Xa umzimba lezilwanyana nezityalo, ezi izinto enze imisebenzi ebalulekileyo. lipids amaninzi asetyenziswa ngayo amayeza kunye noshishino.

imisebenzi lipid

Ezi Amachiza kunye iiproteni izisele benza inwebu eziphilayo. Kodwa umsebenzi zazo eziphambili - eneji. Xa igcwala neemolekyuli ezityebileyo wakhululwa izixa kakhulu amandla. Uya nokusekwa ATP iiseli. Xa uhlobo lipids kumzimba imali eninzi loovimba amandla eziyintlanganisela. Ngamanye amaxesha ke ngakumbi kunokuba kuyimfuneko ubomi obuqhelekileyo. Xa utshintsho yezifo emzimbeni 'inqatha' iiseli iba ezinkulu. Nangona kubulungisa kufanele kuphawulwe ukuba ezi ntlanzi ngokugqithisileyo kubalulekile ukuba izilwanyana, ungayicimi, kunye nezityalo. Abantu abaninzi bakholelwa ukuba imithi namatyholo kwixesha abandayo feed ngenxa umhlaba. Enyanisweni, bachitha isitokhwe amafutha kunye amafutha, abenziwe ngexesha ehlotyeni.

Xa abantu kunye nezilwanyana amafutha uyakwazi ukwenza umsebenzi olukhuselayo. Bona ifakwe kwi inyama ongama kwaye amalungu eziyingqongileyo ezifana izintso amathumbu. Ngenxa yoko, bakhonza njengomkhuseli esihle umonakalo, oko kukuthi izithonga.

Ukongeza, nezikhongozelo kuba conductivity eliphantsi thermal, enceda ufudumale. Oku kubaluleke kakhulu, ingakumbi ezibandayo. Xa izilwanyana zasemanzini amanqatha umaleko ongama kwakhona ikhuthaza ukubagcina elungileyo. Kodwa iintaka kunjalo ukuthwala lipids kunye amanzi angangeni kunye umsebenzi ethambisayo xa iqatyiwe. Wax iquka iintsiba yawo eyenza dyondzisaka. A kuhlasela efanayo emagqabini kuba ezinye iintlobo zezityalo.

carbohydrate

Formula izinto eziphilayo C _n (H ₂ O) _m kubonisa ezimbaxa ukubayinxalenye iklasi carbohydrate. Igama ezi molekyuli ibonisa ukuba niyinikele oksijini hydrogen mali efanayo amanzi. Ukongeza kwezi zinto zekhemikhali abanokubakho ngexesha iikhompawundi, umz, initrogen.

Wekhabohayidreyiti iseli lokuqala kwiqela oganikhi khompawundi. Zizo ezi iimveliso eziphambili zale inkqubo yefotosinthsis. ibonisa ukuba ukuqala izixhobo kunye kudibaniso yezityalo kwezinye izinto, ezifana alkoholi, acids organic kunye acid. Carbohydrate eziyinxalenye iiseli zezilwanyana ezinzwaneni. Bona kwafunyanwa phakathi iinkalo eziphambili iintsholongwane lenyama. Ngoko, kwi iseli zezilwanyana ukusuka ku-1 ukuya kwisi-2%, kwaye izityalo inani labo uyakwazi ukufikelela 90%.

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, ezintathu kuphela amaqela akwanti carbohydrate:

- iswekile ezilula (monosaccharides);

- oligosaccharides kuqulethe ezininzi iimolekyuli lidibane iswekile elula;

- polysaccharides, ukwakhiwa yabo iimolekyuli ngaphezu kwe 10 monosaccharides kunye nezakhi zawo.

carbohydrate umsebenzi

Zonke izinto eziphilayo kwiseli ukwenza imisebenzi ethile. Umzekelo, iswekile - ngowona mthombo amandla. Oku zahlulwe zaba iiseli zonke izinto eziphilayo. Oku kwenzeka ngexesha cell nokuphefumla. Glycogen kunye starch zenza reserve engundoqo amandla, iyeza lokuqala izilwanyana, kwaye eyesibini - kwizityalo.

Carbohydrate kwaye enze umsebenzi noshowo. Kwincindi amaqela ezinkulu iindonga cell zezityalo. Kunye arthropods umsebenzi ofanayo lwenziwa yi ngechitin. Kwakhona, oko ifumaneka kwiiseli zomngundo ngaphezulu. Xa sithatha umzekelo oligosaccharides, ukuba yinxalenye inwebu cytoplasmic - ngokohlobo glycolipids kunye glycoproteins. Kwakhona ngokufuthi kubonakele eziseleni glycocalyx. Xa Yindibanisela nucleic ababandakanyekayo pentose. Ngoko deoxyribose yafakwa kwi-DNA kunye ribose - RNA. Kwakhona, la macandelo zifumaneka coenzyme, umzekelo, isininzi, NADP kunye nad.

Carbohydrate abakwaziyo ukwenza emzimbeni kunye zikhusela. Kwezilwanyana, lo lweeHedfowuni kweziyobisi ngenkuthalo kuthintela igazi ekunqandeni ngokukhawuleza. It iveliswa ngexesha lokwenzakala inyama kunye neebhloko ukuyilwa egazi kwimikhumbi yegazi. LweeHedfowuni ifumaneka kukuninzi kwiiseli lwemasti kule granules.

nucleic

Iiprothini, carbohydrate kunye lipids - ke ukuba asingabo bonke ezaziwayo iindidi oganikhi khompawundi. Chemistry Kubhekisele apha okwangoku, nucleic asidi. Le phosphorus-equlethe biopolymers. Bona, ukuba kwinucleus yeseli kwaye kukho icytoplasm zonke izidalwa eziphilayo, ukuqinisekisa transfer kunye nokugcinwa kwedatha yemfuza. Ezi zinto ziye bafumanisa enkosi eziphilayo F. Miescher, owayendifundisa isidoda salmon. Yaba 'ngengozi' izovela. Kamva, RNA ne-DNA nabo afumaneka kuzo zonke izinto izityalo kunye nezilwanyana. Kwakhona, i-asidi acid bachongwa iiseli iintsholongwane nomngundo, kunye neentsholongwane.

Total ngokwendalo bafumana iindidi ezimbini nukleokislot - ribonucleic (RNA) kunye deoxyribonucleic (DNA). Umahluko gca evela igama. Ubume be-DNA kuquka deoxyribose - carbon ezintlanu-iswekile. Molecule RNA ibhaqwe ribose.

Uphononongo nucleic ababandakanyekayo organic chemistry. Izihloko lophando kunye namayeza ngokweso simo. Iikhowudi DNA uyakwazi ukuchaza iintlobo zezifo yemfuza, ukuze kufumanisa ukuba izazinzulu kufuneka lingaka.