Ibinzana elithi "Drang nach Osten" ngokwezwi nezwi lithetha "Ukuhlaselwa kwiMpuma". "Drang nah Osten": intsingiselo, ukusetyenziswa kunye nembali yentetho

UDrang Nach Osten ligama elisetyenziswe kwikhondo le-19 ukubhekisela kwimigaqo-nkqubo yokwandisa iJamani yokwandisa "indawo yokuhlala" ekulwa nabanye abantu, ngokuyinhloko amaSlav. Le ngcamango yayisetyenziswe kwiKaiser Germany kunye neengqungquthela zobuzwe ukuxhasa inkqubo yomgaqo-nkqubo welizwe langaphandle. Ukongezelela, eli gama liqiniswe ngokusisigxina kwingxelo-nkcukacha kazwelonke.

Imbali yokuvela

Ingcamango kaDrang Nach Osten yabonakala yokuqala kwimbali yaseJamani kwangoko ekuqaleni kweMinyaka eyiMinyaka ye-8 neye-13, xa amaJamani aqhubhisa amazwe aseBaltic Slavs. Bafuna ukufumana indawo engxenyeni eselunxwemeni lwaseBaltic, apho kwakukho umzabalazo oqatha phakathi kwabo kunye neLithuanians, amaLatvia nama-Estoni, kunye nabantu baseFinnno-Ugric. Ngokweqhinga, le ngcamango yagqitywa ngekhulu le-12, ngexesha lolawulo lukaFriedrich Barbarossa. Lo mlawuli wenza umgaqo-mpu meko osebenzayo, ulungelelanisa amaphulo asempuma. Ngethuba lokulawula kwakhe, abantu abaninzi, kuquka amaSlav kunye namaBalts, bebanomdla. Nanku ku funeka kuqatshelwe ukuba umgaqo ofanayo wenziwa kwimimandla ephakathi kweYurophu, ngokuyinhloko kwinqanaba laseAustria. Nangona kunjalo, kulolu hlobo inkqubo yoJamani ayiphumelelanga.

Amanqanaba

Intsingiselo yegama elithi "Drang nach Osten" ineengcambu zembali ezibuyela kumaxesha ekuhambeni kwezizwe kumazwe aseMpuma Yurophu. Iimbali-mlando ziqulathe iziganeko ezininzi ezifudukelayo kunye nezigwenxa. Eyokuqala yale mihla ibuyele kwikhulu le-9, xa iinkosana zaseFrank Frankish zihlela ukwandiswa kwilizwe laseCzech naseCroatia. Ixesha elilandelayo lixesha lama-Middle Ages (i-10-11 ekhulwini), xa abalawuli boBukumkani boBukumkani baseRoma bahlasela iindawo zaseBaltic nasePoland. Isigaba sesithathu kukuhlaselwa kwabaninzi ababusi kunye neenkosana kwiintlanga zaseSlavic. Eli lixesha, mhlawumbi, lenzeke kakhulu kwimbali yokuhlasela kweJamani. Kwakungoku ngeli xesha i-Teutonic ne-Livonian imiyalelo kunye noMyalelo we-Swordmen bafuna ukwandisa amandla abo kummandla wase-Eastern Baltic. Ngelo xesha, kungekhona kuphela amaqhawe aseJamani, kodwa nabarhwebi baseJamani, abaye bafumana impumelelo ethile kulolu hlobo, baxineke abathengisi baseRashiya baseLatvia ngenzondelelo.

Kamva i-Middle Ages namaxesha anamhlanje

I-Drang nach osten isebenza ukwandiswa kwamaJamani kwilizwe lase-East Slavic nakwii-16 neye-18. Ngelo xesha eYurophu, kwakhiwa urhulumente omtsha-ubukumkani baseHabsburgs, obambe isiCzech, iSaxon, isiHungary namanye amazwe. Ukongeza, indlu yaseBrandenburg ixhomekeke kwiindawo zasePoland emva kokuhlukaniswa kwePoland-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Nangona kunjalo, lo kwandiswa kwaye kwancipha ngokukhawuleza ngenxa yokuchasana nokusebenza kwabantu baseSlavic. Phakathi kweemfazwe ezidumileyo yi-Battle of the Ice kunye ne- Battle of Grunwald. Okubonisa ukuba iJamani ngokwabo basebenzisa eli gama ukulungiselela imfuneko yokudibanisa amazwe aseJamani phantsi kolawulo lwePrussia.

Ngesiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane ye-19, uDktang Nach Osten wayengumgaqo wemfundiso ebonisa ukuba ngumzabalazo oqhelekileyo wobunye belizwe ngexesha lokuhlaselwa kwiindawo zaseSlavic. Ekuqaleni, kwaba malunga nokwanda kwezoqoqosho, kunye nokuqiniswa kwefuthe laseJamani kumazwe olawulo. Iingcamango ezinjalo zazidibene nenyaniso yokuba intlawulelo yokukhululwa kazwelonke yomelezwa kwimbuso yezizwe ngezizwe, kwaye i-pan-Germanism yavela njengempendulo. Le ngcamango entsha yaxhaswa ngabasemagunyeni kwaye isetyenziswe ngurhulumente kaKaiser ngasekuqaleni kwekhulu ukulungiselela umzabalazo wokwandisa ummandla wempembelelo.

Ukusasazwa

Igama elithi "drang nach osten" lisetyenziswe kwi-journalism ukususela phakathi kwekhulu le-19. Elizweni lethu, liye lasasazeka ukususela ngo-1865, okwenzeka ngenxa yokudakalisa ubudlelwane phakathi koRhulumente waseRashiya kunye namaJamani aseJalimane. Emva koko, le ngcamango yahanjiswa kwi-journalism kwezinye iincwadi (ePoland, eCzech Republic, eFransi). Ngelo xesha, ibinzana lisetyenziswe ngabadumi beembali.

Kwimpi

Amagama athi "drang nach osten" athola umbala omtsha nengqiqo malunga nokugqitywa kweMfazwe Yehlabathi Yokuqala. Nangona kunjalo, okwangoku aqhelekileyo asetyenziswa xa ifika kwiMfazwe ePhambili yePatriotic. Oku kubangelwa ukuba uHitler emsebenzini wakhe "uMein Kampf" ulungelelanisa isidingo sokuba amaJamani akwandise indawo ehlala kuyo ngexabiso lamazwe aseSlavic. Wabhala ukuba urhulumente wabo unelungelo lokuhlala kwimihlaba yabanye abantu ngenxa yokuba kukho ukukhula kwamanani kweli lizwe, okufuneka lidliwe. Ngexesha elifanayo wabiza ukushiya umgaqo-nkqubo wokwandisa ubudlelwane bezorhwebo nokugxila ekunqobeni ukulawula kweJamani kwilizwekazikazi. Ngoko ke, iimbali-mlando zasekhaya, kunye nabaphandi abavela eMpuma Yurophu, sebenzisa eli gama ukubhekisela kumgaqo-nkqubo wamaNazi onobudlova.

Isicelo samanje

Kwimbali yaseMpuma Yurophu, ukuhlaselwa kweJamani kwafumana idumela elibi. I-East (i-nach osten kwinguqulelo yesiJalimane) yaba yindlela ebalulekileyo yokwandisa, ehambelana nokuxhaphazwa kwezoqoqosho kunye neemfazwe ezininzi. Kodwa namhlanje i-term ayizange ilahlekelwe yintsikelelo yayo, ngokukodwa ngokubhekisele kwiimeko ezinzima kwiimeko zaseSlavic. Ngaphezu koko, izazinzulu zenzululwazi zanamhlanje zisebenzisa eli gama kungekhona kuphela kwiiSlavic, kodwa nakwi-oriented orientation ngokubanzi. Iingcali ezininzi ziye zazisa igama elithi "American Drang Nach Osten" xa kuziwa kumgaqo-nkqubo welizwe lase-US kule mihla. Ababhali bayiqaphela umnqweno karhulumente wokuthatha inxaxheba kwiimicimbi kwi-Ukraine, eSiriya nakwamanye amazwe. Kule nkalo, eli thuba lifumene isandi esitsha kwaye asisoloko iqondwa njengokwandiswa kweJamani kumazwe aseSlavic. Nangona kunjalo, ukuphawula okugqibela kusebenza kwisayensi yezopolitiko.

Isayensi kunye nezopolitiko

Kwimbali-nkcazo kunye nesayensi yesiganeko, eli gama lisasetyenziselwa umgangatho wendabuko. Ezi ngxaki zidibaniswe nelokuba ulwalathiso lwasempuma luhlala luhlala linye yeendlela eziphambili kumgaqo-nkqubo waseYurophu. Imeko enjalo iyaqhubeka nanamhla, yaye, nangona kukho izibheno zoxolo kunye nokuzama ukuxazulula ukuphikisana okubanjelwe yizindlela zepolitiki, le meko ihlala ikhulu kakhulu kule ndawo. Iingxaki zamazwe asempuma zihlala zihlala ziphuthuma ngokukhawuleza, kwaye yile nto namhlanje le ndawo ifakwe kwingcamango eqwalaselwe. Imeko yexesha lemihla yezopolitiko yinto yokuba igama elithi "drang nach osten" liqala kwakhona ukusetyenziswa ngokuthe ngqo kwiilwimi zepolitiki.