I-Solar Crown: inkcazo, iimpawu, ukukhanya kunye neenkcukacha ezithakazelisayo

Ilanga yinkalo enkulu yamagesi ashushu avelisa amandla amakhulu kunye nokukhanya kwaye kwenza ubomi bomhlaba bube khona.

Into ephezulu yasezulwini iyona nto inkulu kwaye ininzi kakhulu kwisistim somhlaba. Ukusuka eMhlabeni ukuya kuthi umgama uvela kwiikhilomitha eziyi-150 yezigidi. Ukuze sifumane ubushushu kunye nelanga kuthatha imizuzu engama-8. Lo mgama ubizwa nangokuthi imizuzu yesibhozo yokukhanya.

Ienkwenkwezi ezibuhlungu umhlaba wethu unemiqolo emibini yangaphandle, njengeefoto, i-chromosphere kunye ne-corona yelanga. Iingqimba zangaphandle zomoya we-Sun zenza amandla phezu komhlaba ogquma kunye nokugqabhuka kwi-viscera yeenkwenkwezi, kwaye ichazwa njengelanga.

Izixhobo zobume obungaphandle beLanga

Uluhlu esilubonayo lubizwa ngokuba yi-photograph okanye indawo yokukhanya. Iiphotofayile ziphawulwe ngamagranules aqaqambileyo, abilayo kunye nama- sunspots adibeneyo aphakama xa amasimu ombane asebusuku aphulukana. Amabala avela kwaye ajikeleze idiski yelanga. Ukubukela le ntshukumo, izazi zeenkwenkwezi zaphetha ukuba i-luminari yethu iyajika ijikeleze i-axis yayo. Ekubeni iLanga lingenaso isiseko esiqinileyo, imimandla eyahlukileyo iyajikeleza kwizantya ezahlukeneyo. Imimandla ye-equator iya kwendulungu epheleleyo malunga neentsuku ezingama-24, ngelixa ukujikeleza kwe-polar kungathatha iintsuku ezingama-30 (ukujika).

Ziziphi iifoto?

Iifoto zepropati nazo ziyimithombo yelanga: amalamlilo anweba ngamakhulu amawaka eekhilomitha ngaphezu kwelanga. Iingqungquthela zelanga zivelisa i-X-ray, i-ultraviolet, imisebe ye-electromagnetic kunye namaza omsakazo. Umthombo we-X-radi kunye nokusasazwa ngomsakazo ngqo ngqo kwi-corona yelanga.

Yintoni i-chromosphere?

Ummandla ojikeleze iiphotoferensi, okuyiyo igobolondo yangaphandle yeSelanga, kuthiwa yi-chromosphere. Ummandla omncinci uhlukanisa i-corona ukusuka kwi-chromosphere. Iqondo lokushisa liphakama ngokukhawuleza kwingingqi yenguqu, ukusuka kuma-degree angamawaka amaninzi kwi-chromosphere ibe ngaphezu kweesigidi esizigidi kwisithsaba. I-chromosphere ikhiphela ukukhanya okubomvu, kokubili ukususela kumlilo we-hydrogen engaphezulu. Kodwa ibomvu ebomvu ibonakala kuphela ngexesha lokudangala. Ngamanye amaxesha, ukukhanya okuvela kwi-chromosphere, njengomthetho, kubuthakathaka ukuba kungabonakali malunga nemvelaphi yecala elibonakalayo. Ubuninzi be-plasma buyinciphisa ngokukhawuleza, ngommandla wenguqu uhambela phezulu ukusuka kwi-chromosphere ukuya kwi-corona.

Yintoni i-corona yelanga? Inkcazelo

Izazi zeenkwenkwezi zihlala ziqhuba uphando malunga nomlobo, ofihla i-corona yelanga. Uthanda ntoni?

Lo ngumoya weLanga okanye uluhlu lwangaphandle. Leli gama linikezelwa ngokuba kubonakala ngathi kubonakala ukuphela kokuphela kwelanga. Iimpawu ezivela kwisithsaba ziya kude kwaye zifikelele kumhlaba. Ubume becwangciswe ngokukodwa kwi-field magnetic. Ama-electrons akhululekile kwi-corona ukuhamba kunye nemigudu yamandla ombane enza iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zakhiwo. Iifom ezibonwa kwi-corona kuma-sunspots zisoloko zineenkcazo ezinjengama-horseshoe, eziphinde ziqinisekise ukuba zilandela imigca ye-magnetic field. Ukususela phezulu "kweenqanawa" ezinjengezintlu ezide ziyakwazi ukusabalalisa, kumgama wobubanzi beLanga okanye ngaphezulu, ngokungathi enye inkqubo inokukhupha izinto ezivela phezulu kwii-arches zibe yindawo. Oku kubandakanya umoya welanga, owela ngaphandle kwindlela yethu yelanga. Izazi zeenkwenkwezi zibizwa ngokuba yi-"helmese helmet" ngenxa yokufana kwazo kwiinqanda ezigqoke zikhwila kwaye zisetyenziswe ngamasosha aseJamani kude kube ngo-1918.

Isithsaba senziwa ntoni?

Izinto ezisuka apho i-corona yelanga eyenziwa yitshisa kakhulu, iqukethe iplasma engabonakaliyo. Iqondo lokushisa ngaphakathi kwisithsaba lingaphezu kwamadigridi ayizigidi, ngokumangalisayo, ephakamileyo kakhulu kuneqondo lokushisa elangeni, malunga ne-5500 ° C. Uxinzelelo kunye nokuxinwa kwe-corona kuncinci kakhulu kunomhlaba.

Ukuqwalasela imbonakalo ebonakalayo ye-corona yelanga, imizila ephazamisayo yokufumanisa ifunyenwe kwiivelengths ezingahambelani nezinto eziyaziwayo. Kule nxu lumano, izazi zeenkwenkwezi zicebise ukuba kukho "isithsaba" njengegesi ephezulu kwisithsaba. Ubungqina bokuba le nto yahlala ingummangaliso kwaze kwafunyanwa ukuba iigesi ze-coronal zanyuka ngaphezu kwe-1,000,000 ° C. Ngaphambi kobushushu obuphezulu, izinto eziphambili, i-hydrogen kunye ne-helium, ayinayo i-electron. Nokuba izinto ezincinci ezifana nekhabhoni, i-nitrogen kunye ne-oksijini ziyahlanjululwa zingabikho. Izinto ezinzima kakhulu (i-iron kunye ne-calcium) ziyakwazi ukugcina ezinye zee-elektroni zazo phantsi kwefuthe laloo mafutha. Iimitha ezivela kulezi zixhobo eziphezulu kakhulu, eziyimizila yeembonakaliso, kwada kwada kwahlala ingavaliyo kubafundi beenkwenkwezi zakuqala.

Ubumhlophe kunye namaqiniso anomdla

Ukukhanya kwelanga kukhanya kakhulu kwaye, njengomthetho, umoya wethu welanga awufinyeleleki emehlweni ethu, isithsaba seLanga nayo ayibonakali isohlo. Uluhlu lwangaphandle lwemoya lincinci kwaye lubuthathaka, ngoko luyabonakala kuphela kwiMhlaba ngexesha lokuphela kwelanga okanye ngokusebenzisa i-telescope ekhethekileyo-i-coronagraph eyenza ukutshatyalaliswa kwelanga, ehlanganisa i-disk ekhanyayo yelanga. Ezinye ii-coronagraphs zisebenzisa i-telescopes ezisekelwe kumhlaba, ezinye zenziwa ngama-satellites.

Ukukhazimula kwe-corona yelanga kwi- X-ray kubangelwa kukushisa okukhulu. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-solar photophere iphuma kwii-ray-ray ezimbalwa kakhulu. Oku kusivumela ukuba sijonge i-corona kwiDiski ye-Sun, xa siyibona kwi-X-ray. Ngenxa yoko, i-optics ekhethekileyo isetyenziswe, evumela ukubona ii-X ray. Ekuqaleni kwee-1970, isikhululo sokuqala se-US Skylab sasebenzisa i-telescope ye-X, eyabonisa ngokucacileyo i-corona yelanga kunye nama-sunspots okanye izimbobo okokuqala. Ngexesha elishumi lokugqibela, ulwazi oluninzi kunye nemifanekiso kwisithsaba se-Sun sanikezelwa. Ngokuncedwa ngama-satellites, i-corona yelanga ifikeleleke ngakumbi kwimiboniselo emitsha neyolonwabo ye-Sun, iimpawu zayo kunye nesimo esinamandla.

Ukushisa kwelanga

Nangona isiseko sangaphakathi sesiseko selanga sifihliwe ekubonweni ngokuthe ngqo, singagqitywa, sisebenzisa imizekelo eyahlukeneyo, ukuba ubushushu obuphezulu ngaphakathi kwenkwenkwezi yethu malunga neesigidi eziyi-16 yezigidi (Celsius). Iifoto - indawo ebonakalayo ye-Sun - inokushisa malunga nama-6000 degrees Celsius, kodwa ikhula ngokukhawuleza ukusuka kwii-6000 degrees ukuya kwizigidi zezigidi eziliqela kwisithsaba, malunga neekhilomitha ezingama-500 ngaphezulu kweefoto.

Ilanga liyashisa ngaphakathi ngaphakathi kunaphandle. Nangona kunjalo, umoya ongaphandle we-Sun, isithsaba, siyashisa kakhulu kunemifanekiso.

Ekupheleni kweminyaka engamashumi amathathu, i-Grotrian (1939) kunye no-Edlene bafumanisa ukuba imizila engaqhelekanga yembonakaliso ebonakalayo kwi-corona yelanga iphuma kwizinto ezifana ne-iron (Fe), i-calcium (Ca) kunye ne-nickel (Ni) kwizigaba eziphezulu kakhulu ze-ionization. Bafika kwisigqibo sokuba igesi ye-coronal yavutha ngamandla ngokushisa kwama-degrees angama-1.

Umbuzo wokuba kutheni i-corona yelanga ishushu kakhulu enye yeyona nto inomdla kakhulu kwi-astronomy kwiminyaka engama-60 edlulileyo. Akukho mpendulo enye kulo mbuzo.

Nangona i-corona yelanga ishushu ngokukhawuleza, nayo inobunzima kakhulu. Ngaloo ndlela, kuphela inxalenye encinci yelanga lokukhanya kwemitha yelanga efunekayo ukwenza i-corona. Amandla amaninzi akhanyiswa kwii-ray-ray kuphela malunga nesigidi esisodwa se-luminosity. Umbuzo obalulekileyo yindlela umbane othunyelwa ngayo kwisithsaba kunye nendlela ejongene nokuthutha.

Iinkqubo zokondla i-corona yelanga

Kule minyaka, iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokondla isithsaba zicetywayo:

• Amaza acoustic.

• Ukukhawuleza nokukhawuleza kwamagagasi omzimba.

• Amaza a-Alfvén.

• Amagagasi omsindo omhlaba ophantsi kwaye okhawulezayo.

• Okwangoku (okanye intsimi yamandla) -sasabalalisa.

• Imifudlana yeengqungquthela kunye ne-magnetic flux.

Ezi ndlela zivivinywe zombini kwaye zizama kwaye ziza kuba ngamaza kuphela ama-acoustic amaza akhankanywe.

Kuze kube ngoku, akuzange kufundwe apho umda ophezulu wesithsaba uphela. Umhlaba kunye nezinye ieplanethi zesistim eselanga zifumaneka ngaphakathi kwithsaba. Ukukhanya kwemisebe ye-corona kubonwa kwi-radii ye-10 ukuya kwi-10 (iwaka yezigidi zeekhilomitha) kwaye idibaniswe kunye nesimo se-zodiacal light.

Iphephethi yamagnetic ye-corona yelanga

Kungekudala, "i-magnetic carpet" yadibaniswa nephazili yokufudumala kwe-coronal.

Ukuqwalaselwa kunye nesisombululo esiphezulu sendawo kubonisa ukuba ububanzi beSizwe buhlanganiswe ngamasimandla obuthathaka, kugxininiswe kwimimandla encinci yecala eliphambene (i-magnet). Ezi ziphumo zamagnetic zikholelwa ukuba ziyizona ngongoma eziphambili zamathambo amagnetic athatha umbane wamandla.

Ukuphawula oku kutshanje kwale "magnetic carpet" kubonisa intshukumo enomdla: iifoto ze-photopheric zihamba rhoqo, zisebenzelana, zidibanisa kwaye zihamba ixesha elifutshane kakhulu. Ukubuyisana kwamagnetic phakathi kwendawo yamagnetic ye- polarity ephikisanayo kunokutshintsha i-topology yentsimi kwaye ikhulule amandla ombane. Inkqubo yokubuyisana kwakhona iya kubangela ukutshatyalaliswa kwamagxa kagesi okuguqula amandla kagesi ukuya kushushu.

Le ngcamango ngokubanzi malunga nendlela i-magnetic carpet inokubandakanya ngayo ukufudumala kwe-coronal. Nangona kunjalo, ukuxela ukuba "i-magnetic carpet" ekugqibeleni isombulula ingxaki yokufudumala i-corona ayikwazi, kuba umzekelo wokuba ulandelelwano lwenkqubo awukacetywayo.

Ngaba ilanga lingaphuma?

Inkqubo yelanga yinkimbinkimbi kwaye ingacatshulwa ukuba izitatimende ezinomdla ezinjengokuthi "Ilanga liza kuphuma" okanye, ngokuchaseneyo, "Iqondo lokushisa kwelanga liphakama kwaye kungekudala ubomi bomhlaba bube nzima" kubonakala kunene. Ngubani ongenza iziganeko ezinjalo, engazi kakuhle iindlela eziphambili kwenkwenkwezi engummangaliso?