Intlanzi, iintlanzi, iintlobo, isakhiwo, ukuhluka

Ngokweenkcukacha zenzululwazi zakutshanje, iinkozo zeentlanzi zanamhlanje - izilwanyana ezilwanyana zasendle zifana nokubonakala kwazo-zahlala sele ziqala kwiCambrian, malunga ne-530 yezigidi zeminyaka edlulileyo. Kucetyiswa ukuba izidalwa ezifanayo ezifunyenwe ngo-1999 kwiphondo laseYunnan zingaba ngabagcini bezilwanyana zonke.

Okwangoku, iintlanzi ezinobumba, iintlanzi zentlanzi (i-lobateperes kunye ne-luchepers) zibangela ngaphezulu kwesigamu sazo zonke izilwanyana ezinobomi eziphilayo emhlabeni. Ekubeni, kukho iindidi eziyi-31 zeentlobo zeentlobo, ubukhulu, abahlala emanzini amanzi kunye namanzi amnandi. Ukufundwa kwezidalwa zasendulo kuyisayensi ehlukeneyo - ichthyology. Masihlale kwiinkcukacha ezininzi kwiiklasi, iimpawu zabo kunye nokungafani.

Intlanzi e

Into ebalulekileyo yabo bonke abameli beklasi kukuba i-squeletti yabo iqulethe i-cartilages, ehamba kunye nexesha ngenxa yokutshala kweemaminerali kunokuba nzima kakhulu. Ekuqaleni kwesi sizathu, babejongwa njengezilwanyana zangaphambili. Nangona kunjalo, abaninzi babo babonakaliswa ngokuzalwa ngokubomi, ngamanye amaxesha kunye nokubunjwa kwe-bile placenta - oku kukuthi iintlanzi ezinobumba zihluke kwiintlanzi zentlanzi.

Ukongezelela, banemibandela emininzi yesatomical yesakhiwo. Okokuqala, ukungabikho kwe- swim bladder. Ngako oko, kufuneka bahambe ukuze bahla baye emanzini. Okwesibini, iintlanzi ezingenayo i-gill cover, kwaye izigulana zivulekile ngaphandle kunye nezikhefu zesimo. Okwesithathu, zonke zihlanganiswe nezikali ze-placoid, ezifana namazinyo ezilwanyana. Iqukethe i-dentin kunye ne-koqweqwe loqweqwe. Amanqanaba anjalo awabuyiselwa ngokulahleka, kodwa ngokukhula kweentlanzi ubuninzi bonyuka.

Iinkqubo zenkxaso yokuphila kwiintlanzi ezinobomi

Iimpawu zentlanzi kunye neentlanzi zethambo aziyi kuzaliswa, ukuba zingabhekiseli kwiinkqubo eziphambili: ukujikeleza, ukugaya ukutya kunye nesondo, apho kukho ukungafani. I-cartilage inegazi elibomvu (ngenxa yobuninzi be-hemoglobin kunye ne-erythrocytes), eveliswa yi-pen. Inkqubo ye-circulatory ngokwayo ifana neye-cyclostomes. Ngolu hlobo lwesantya ngesimo seengqungquthela zombini ezibomvu zeentso. Ubisi lweentlanzi ezinobumba luqulethwe ngamacandelo amathathu: ngumathumbu omncinci kunye omncinci, umqolo. Isibindi kunye ne-pancreas ziphuhlisiwe kakuhle. Kodwa into ebaluleke kakhulu kukuba iiklasi zeentlanzi ezinobumba kunye ne-Bony iintlanzi ziyahlukahluka kwisakhiwo senkqubo yokuzala. Eyokuqala ibonakaliswa ngumbumba wangaphakathi kunye nokwakhiwa kweqanda, ezinokuthi zifakwe kwindawo yangaphandle okanye zihlale kwicandelo elingaphantsi kwe-oviduct. Kwimeko yesibini, imbungu iyaqala ukukhula kumzimba womama.

Ukwahlula kweentlanzi

Bonke abameli abakhona beklasi zeentlanzi ze-Cartilaginous bahlulwe baba abathathu abakhulu.

• Izakhono zintlanzi ezinobumba (i-bony iintlanzi - apha ngasemva) kunye nesimo somzimba "esicwecwe" kunye neengcambu ezinkulu zepectoral ezifakwe entloko. Amanqanaba anciphisa amaninzi kubo, Omnye wabameli abakhulu nguye manta.
• Sharks. Iintlanzi, ezinempawu ezihlukile: umzimba owenziwe nge-torpedo, i-widpedo, i-heterocercal enkulu cauallocalal final caudal kunye nenani elikhulu lamazinyo emilanjeni. Omnye wabameli abakhulu kunabo bonke emhlabeni, ookhokho babo babonakale kwi-420-450 yezigidi zeminyaka edluleyo. Ubungakanani obuvela kwi-17 cm ukuya kwi-20 m (i-whale shark - kwisithombe esingentla), ininzi yezilwanyana. Iintlobo nganye zinexesha elithile lokuphila, kodwa kwiimeko ezininzi ziphila ixesha elide - iminyaka eyi-20-30.
• I-Tselnogolovye - yayimele enye iyunithi - i-Chimera, equka malunga ne-50 eninzi inhlanzi yolwandle. Oku kuchaza isifundo sabo esincinci.

Intlanzi yeBony: uphawu oluqhelekileyo

Kwangexesha elide, ukufikelela kwikhulu lama-21, iintlanzi zeentlanzi, iintlanzi zeentlanzi zazibhekwa njengezigaba ezimbini. Nangona kunjalo, kwimeko yenzululwazi, enye imbono yembono iyakwamkelwa ngokubanzi. Ngaloo ndlela, isazi sezilwanyana zaseCanada kwimisebenzi yakhe ye-lobe-hoppers kunye neentlanzi ezixhambileyo zichaza iintlobo ezihlukeneyo, kunye nethambo, ngokulandelanayo, kwi-superclass. Le yindoda ehluke kakhulu kuzo zonke iindidi zamanzi. Imilomo yabo yenziwa ngokubamba imihlathi kunye namazinyo aphezu kwayo, iigill zifumaneka kwii- branchial arches, kunye namaqoma adibeneyo.

Ulwahlula kwiintlanzi ezinobumba

Uhlobo olubaluleke kakhulu phakathi kweentlanzi zeethambo kunye ne-cartilage kucacile kwigama-i-skeleton. Yenziwe ngamathambo. Kwisithuba sangaphakathi yinkqubo yokujikeleza, ukukhutshwa, ukuveliswa kunye nokutya. Izikali nazo ziyimpawu, enye yeentlobo ezintathu: i-cycloid, i-ctenoid okanye i-ganoid.

Ukwahlula olandelayo kukukho kwebhandi yokubhukuda ephantsi komgudu kwaye uzaliswe ngeegesi ezikhupha iimitha zegazi. Ngokunyuka kwindleko yayo, intlanzi ihamba ngokukhawuleza phezulu, kunye nokunciphisa - iya ekujuleni.

Ukwahlukana akukhona nje iimpawu zangaphandle zezilwanyana ezinobumba kunye neentlanzi, kodwa kunye nezitho zokuzala, njengoko sele zikhankanywe. Kuba uninzi lwababameli beqela lesibini, ukucoca kwangaphandle kwenzeka kwiimeko zasemanzini. Le nqubo ibizwa ngokuba yi-spawning, iyenzeka ngexesha elithile kwaye ihamba neendlela zokuziphatha.

Intlanzi ehlanjwe

Leli liqela elincinci kwiintlobo zeentlanzi zanamhlanje, zibalwa iintlobo ezingaphezu kwama-20 ezilwanyana, malunga ne-95%. Zihlala kuzo zonke iindalo zeeplanethi, ukusuka elwandle lwe-arctic ukuya kwi-equator eshushu, ubukhulu becala ukusuka kwi-8 mm ukuya kwiimitha ezili-11, kwaye ubunzima bomntu ngamunye bufikelela ngaphezu kweetoni ezimbini. Igama, njengokuba kunzima ukuqiqa, lidibaniswa nesakhiwo seefayili ezibiniweyo, apho kungekho mxhasi we-basal. Iklasi, kwakhona, lihlulwe ngamacandelo amabini: i-Novopyerye (iindidi ezinempumelelo kakhulu) kunye ne-Kostochkryshchevye iintlanzi. Isakhiwo saloo mva sineempawu ezahlukileyo. Bahamba ngesantya, kodwa ngelo xesha i-skeleton yabo iqukethe iisisu zomzimba. I-Chorda ine-arcs kuphela kwaye ayinakucatshulwa, imizimba ye-vertebral enjalo ayikho. Into ehlukile - i-rostri kunye nomlomo ophantsi. Uninzi lwazo zorhwebo, ngokukodwa i-sturgeon (kwisithombe esingezantsi - ukubamba i-beluga).

I-Lopastegre intlanzi

Iklasi elincinci lentlanzi, i- skeleton yayo isekelwe kwi-elastic chord. Zidibanisa iimpawu eziqhubela phambili kunye neengcali, bonke abamele babengabanini-mabini abango-modern-holders-Kysteperes kunye ne-Larvae. La mabini maqela adibanisa iintlanzi zasendulo. Amagqabi aphilileyo ahlala kumaziko amanzi ase-Australia, eMzantsi Melika nase-Afrika. Abanayo iigulane kuphela, kodwa nemipopu. Oku kubanika ithuba lokuba benze ngaphandle kwamanzi kwaye bazive bekhululekile ukukhupha izikhumba zomoya. Ezizonke, iintlobo ezi-6 ziyaziwa: ezine ezinezinto ezisemaphandleni zaseAfrika (isithombe esingezantsi), ama-bastard ase-Australia kunye namanqanaba aseMzantsi Melika.

Nadotryad Kistepery

Kucatshangelwa ukuba phantse. Kuze kube ngoku, i-genus eyodwa kuphela ifike - iLatimiria (echazwe ngezantsi), eneentlobo ezimbini. Yaye bobabini bafunyanwa ngokukhawuleza, i-specimen yokuqala yabanjwa e-Indian Ocean ngo-1938. Kukholelwa ukuba iintlanzi ze-cystepper zihlala kubanini bamanzi amanzi aphelileyo apho kukho ukungabikho kwe-oksijeni. Kule nkalo, baqulunqa imisundu kwisiseko seengcongolo kunye nendlela yokuphefumula kabini (imiphunga kunye nezigulane). Oku kwavumela abanye ukuba babuyele elwandle, kwaye ekugqibeleni amanzi aphelileyo afa. Kukho inkolelo yokuba yinto eyiyo i-cystpie eentlanzi ezinikezela kwiklasi yama-Amphibians.

Ngaloo ndlela, iintlanzi zentlanzi, iintlanzi zethambo zinemiba ethile. Izinto eziphambili zigcinwa kwisakhiwo samathambo (i-cartilaginous okanye ibony), ubukho okanye ukungabikho kwe-swim bladder, uhlobo lwesikali, inkqubo yokuzala kunye nendlela yokuvelisa.