I-Alternator: ifowuni, umgaqo wokusebenza, injongo

Okwangoku umbane ngumthombo omkhulu wamandla, wenza umsebenzi oncedo kuzo zonke iindawo zobomi bomntu. Isetyenziselwa iindlela ezihlukeneyo, inika ukukhanya, iyatshisa izindlu kwaye ifaka iindidi ezininzi zezixhobo ezinika ubomi bethu obukhululekile emhlabeni. Ngokuqinisekileyo, olu hlobo lombane luphela. Kuyo unako ukufumana nantoni na oyithandayo, kunye nokutshatyalaliswa okukhulu kunye nokuphathwa kakubi.

Kodwa kwakukho ixesha apho iziphumo zombane zisekhona ngokwemvelo, kodwa ayizange imncede umntu. Yintoni eguqukile ukususela ngaloo ndlela? Abantu baqala ukufunda iziganeko zomzimba baze baqulunqa oomatshini abanomdla - abaguquleli, oko, ngokubanzi, benza iinguqu zokuguquguquka kwempucuko yethu, okuvumela umntu ukuba athathe amandla omnye kwenye.

Ngoko abantu baye bafunda ukuvelisa umbane kwizixhobo eziqhelekileyo, amagnethe kunye nokunyakaza kwemishini - konke oko. Izivelisi zakhiwe, ezinokukwazi ukukhupha amandla amakhulu, zibalwe kwi-megawatts. Kodwa kuyathakazelisa ukuba umgaqo wokusebenza kolu matshini awuyinkimbinkimbi kwaye ingaqondakala nakwishumi elivisayo. Yintoni umbane wenjenje kagesi? Masizame ukuqonda lo mbuzo.

Impembelelo yokufakelwa kwe-electromagnetic

Isiseko sokubonakala kumqhubi wamandla kagesi ngumbane we-electromotive-EMF. Iyakwazi ukwenza amaqhekeza ahlawulisiweyo ahambayo, awona amaninzi nakweyiphi isinyithi. Lo mandla ubonakala kuphela xa umqhubi engena kutshintsho kwintsimi ye-magnetic. Umphumo ngokwawo wawubizwa ngokuba yi-electromagnetic induction. Ephakamileyo i-emf, enkulu inqanaba lentshintsho ekuhambeni kwamaza ombane. Oko kukuthi, unako ukuhambisa umqhubi eduze kombane ogxininisekile , okanye utshintshe intsi ye-electromagnet ngetambo echanekileyo, utshintshe amandla ayo, isiphumo siya kuba sesinye - i-current electric will appear in the conductor.

Kulo mbandela kwisiqingatha sokuqala seXIX ye-XIX, izazinzulu zasebenza i-Oersted ne-Faraday. Baye bafumanisa lo mcimbi. Kamva, ngesiseko sokuqulunqwa kwe-electromagnetic, i-generator zamanje kunye neenjini zombane zenziwe. Kuyathakazelisa ukuba olu matshini lunokuguqulwa kalula.

Indlela esebenza ngayo i-DC kunye ne-AC

Kucacile ukuba i-generator yamanje yombane ngumatshini we-electromechanical owenza ikhoyo ngoku. Kodwa eqinisweni yinguqulelo yamandla: umoya, amanzi, ukushisa, nantoni na kwi-EMF, esele ibangele ikhoyo kumqhubi. Isixhobo salo naliphi na i-generator asiyiyo nayiphi na indlela ukusuka kwisiphaluka sokuqhuba esivaliweyo esijikelezayo phakathi kwezibonda zombane, njengokuqala kovavanyo lwezesayensi. Kuphela okungaphezulu kunokubaluleka kombane ogqityiweyo oveliswa ngamagesi anamandla angapheliyo okanye amaninzi. Umgca ovalwe unesimo se-multi-turn winding, ekhoyo kwi-generator yanamhlanje ayikho enye, kodwa ubuncinane ezintathu. Konke oku kwenziwa ukwenzela ukuba ufumane i-EMF eninzi kangangoko.

Umqhubi wombane osemgangathweni (okanye osisigxina) uvelisi:

• IiShells . Yenza umsebenzi wesakhelo, ngaphakathi apho i-stator ifakwe kwiipalo ze-electromagnet. Kuyo kusekwe imithwalo yokukhwelisa i- rotor shaft. Yenziwe ngesinyithi, ikhusela kwakhona ukugxinwa kwangaphakathi komatshini.
• Stator enezibonda zamagnetic. Kulo lugxininisa ukukhutshulwa kwe-magnetic flux. Yenziwe ngensimbi yentsimbi.
• Rotor okanye ihange. Ingxenye ehambayo yejeneretha, i-shaft yayo eyenza amandla angaphandle kunye nokunyakaza okujikelezayo. Ukuqhayisa ngokuzenzekelayo kufakwe kwisiseko somda, apho kusetyenziswa khona umbane wamandla.
• Amanani okuguqula. Le nto yelungu ilungiselela ukuguqula ugesi kwi-shaft rotary ye-rotor. Iquka izindandatho ezithintekayo ezixhunyiwe ngokukhawuleza kubaqokeleli be-graphite.

Ukudala ngoku ngqo

Kulo jenerethi ukuvelisa ngoku ngokuthe ngqo, isiphaluka sokuqhuba sijikeleza kwisikhamo sogesi samagnetic. Kwaye ngomzuzwana othile wokujikeleza, isiqingatha ngasinye sesigqithiso sisondele omnye okanye esinye isibonda. Inkokhelo kumqhubi weli qingatha-umjikelo uhamba kwelinye icala.

Ukufumana ukususwa kweengqungquthela, kwenziwa umbane wokususwa kwamandla. Isiqalo saso kukuba isiqingatha ngasinye somoya (ifreyimu) sidibaniswe kwisiqingatha esisiqhubekileyo. Imisindo ayivaliwe omnye komnye, kodwa ichanekileyo kwinqutyana ye dielectric. Ngethuba lexa elinye iqela lokuhamba liqala ukudlula ipolisi ethile, i-semicircle ivaliwe kwisiphaluka zombane ngamaqela okudibanisa. Kuvela, nganye kwisigufi kuza kuphela uhlobo olulodwa lwezinto ezinokwenzeka.

Kuchanekile ngakumbi ukubiza umnqweno ukuba ungahlali rhoqo, kodwa ukutshixa, kunye ne-polarity. Ukufuthwa kubangelwa kukuba i-magnetic flux kumqhubi ngexesha lokujikeleza inomlinganiselo omncinci kunye ncinane. Ukuze ulungelelanise le ngqungquthela, ukuqhutshwa kwamanzi amaninzi kwi-rotor kunye nama-capacitors anamandla kwigalelo zesiphaluka kusetyenziswa. Ukunciphisa ukulahlekelwa ngumbane wamagnetic, isithuba phakathi kweengalo kunye ne-stator sincinci.

Umsetyenzana wesiphaluka

Xa inxalenye ehambayo yesicatshulwa esenzayo ijikeleza, i-EMF iphinde iqhutywe kubaqhubi befomathi, njengokwenza kwi-generator ye-DC. Kodwa into encinci - i-alternator ye-node ye-node ifowuni inomnye. Kuyo, ipini nganye ixhunyiwe kwindandatho yayo.

Umgaqo we-alternator ungolu hlobo lulandelayo: xa isiqingatha sokuhamba sihamba sisondele kwisibonda esinye (enye, ngokulandelanayo, kufuphi nesiqhelo esichaseneyo), ukuhamba kwamanzi kwisiphaluka kwelinye icala ukusuka kumncinci ukuya kwixabiso eliphezulu kwaye kwakhona ukuya kutsho. Ngokukhawuleza ukuba i-windings iguqula isikhundla sayo ngokubhekiselele kwizibonda, ngoku iqala ukuhamba kwayo kwindlela eyahlukileyo.

Kwipembelelo yesiphaluka, ifom ye-waveform ifumaneka ngesimo se sinusoid esinomlinganiselo we-wave-wave, ehambelana nexesha lokujikeleza kwe-rotor shaft. Ukuze ufumane uphawu olusisigxina kwimveliso, apho ukuphindaphinda kwesinye i-alternator kuqhubeka, ixesha lokujikeleza kwelo candelo kufuneka litshintshwe.

Uhlobo lwegnetic generator of gas

Ukwakhiwa kwezivelisi ezikhoyo, apho iplasma eqhubayo, i-liquid okanye i-gas isetyenziswe endaweni yesakhiwo sensimbi njengomphathi wenkcitho, kuthiwa yi-MHD generators. Izinto eziphantsi kwengcinezelo ziqhutyelwa kwintsimi yokuxhatshazwa kwamagnetic. Ngaphantsi kwempembelelo ye-EMF efanayo, ukufundwa kweengqungquthela ezifunyenweyo zifumana ukunyuswa kwesalathiso, ukudala umbane wamandla. Ubungakanani bokuba ngoku buhamba ngokukhawuleza kwinqanaba lokuhamba nge-flux magnetic, kunye namandla alo.

I-Generators MHD inesisombululo esilula - abanalo indlela yokujikeleza i-rotor. Ukunikezelwa kwamandla okunjalo kunako ukunikela amandla amakhulu ngexesha elifutshane. Ziyasetyenziswa njengezixhobo zokukhusela kunye neemeko eziphuthumayo. I-coefficient ecacisa umphumo ochaphazelekayo (ubuchule) bo matshini buphezulu kuneyomnye umbane.

I-Alternator Current Synchronous Generator

Kukho iintlobo zee alternators:

• Amashishini afanayo.
• Amashishini asynchronous.

I-alternator alternator inebudlelwane obunzulu obuqinileyo phakathi kwesantya sokujikeleza se-rotor kunye ne-frequency generated of electricity. Kwiinkqubo ezinjalo, i-rotor i-electromagnet ehlangene ukusuka kwiibhola, izibonda kunye neempompo ezinomdla. Ezi zimbalwa zondliwa zivela kumthombo wamandla olawulo lweDC ngokubethelela kunye nokuqhagamshelana nabo. I-stator yikhoyili yocingo, ixhunywe ngumgaqo weenkwenkwezi kunye nenqaku eliqhelekileyo-i-zero. Sele sele ihoxise i-EMF kwaye ivelise ngoku.

I-shaft shaft iqhutywe yinto eqhelekileyo, ngokuqhelekileyo iitribini, ezihamba ngokuphindaphindiweyo kunye nokuqhubekayo. Isiphaluza zombane esxuselwe kwiphathi-generator enjalo isiphaluka sesigaba sesithathu esona sangoku kwimizila ehlukeneyo ishintshiswe kwisigaba sama-degrees angu-120 ngokumalunga neminye imigca. Ukufumana i-sinusoid echanekileyo, isalathisi se-magnetic flux kwi-lumen phakathi kwe-stator kunye neengxenye ze-rotor ilawulwa ngulo hlobo lokugqibela.

Ukuxhaswa kwe-alternator kuzaliswa ngeendlela ezimbini:

1. Uqhagamshelwano.
2. Ukungathintana.

Kwintlanganiso yesitishi yokuzonwabisa, umbane ovela kwenye i-generator unikezelwa kwikhoyili ye-electromagnet ngokusebenzisa ibini le-brush. Le jenereta inokudibaniswa ne-shaft enkulu. Njengomthetho, unamandla angaphantsi, kodwa okwaneleyo ukudala intsimi enamandla.

Umgaqo wokungaqhagamshelana unikezela ukuba i-alternator alternate kwi-shaft ineemimoya ezongezelelweyo zesithathu apho i-EMF iqhutyelwa ukujikeleza kunye nombane. Iyadlula kwisiphaluka esilungisayo ukuya kwikhoyili yokuxolisa ye-rotor. Ulwakhiwo, ayikho inxibelelwano ehambayo kule nkqubo, eyenza lula inkqubo, eyenze ibe yithembeke ngakumbi.

Jenerethi ekhoyo

Kukho enye i-alternate alternator. Ifowuni ihluke kwi-synchronous one. Akukho xhomekeke ngqo kwi-EMF kwixesha apho i-rotor shaft ijikeleza khona. Kukhona into efana ne "slip S", ebonisa ukuba lo mmahluko wempembelelo. Ubungakanani besikhala sithathwa ngokubala, ngoko kukuphosakela ukucinga ukuba akukho ndlela ekhoyo kwinkqubo ye-electromechanical kwi-motor asynchronous.

Ukuba i-generator, idling, imithwalo, ukuhamba okukhoyo kwi windings kuyakudala umbane ogqithisayo ovimbela i-rotor ukuba ijikeleze kwixesha elichaziweyo. Oku kwenza i-slip, leyo, ngokwemvelo, ifuthe kwimveliso ye-EMF.

Utshintshi lwangoku nje lwe-asynchronous yeqela elihambayo linemilo emithathu eyahlukeneyo:

1. I-rotor ehambayo.
2. I-rotor esifutshane.
3. I-rotor yesigaba.

Oomatshini abanjalo banokuzixhamla. Isicwangciso sokuqala senziwa ngenxa yokubandakanywa kwabakhompyutheni kunye nabaguquleli bee-semiconductor kwi-winding. Ukuxhaswa kohlobo oluzimeleyo ludalwe ngumthombo owongezelelweyo wokungena okwangoku.

Iimpawu zokuguqula i-generator

Zonke izixhobo zamandla ezinamandla zamagqabi ezinamandla zivelisa isantya samandla ombane wesigaba esithathu. Ziqulethe ezintathu zomoya ezinokuthi zenziwe ngamanqanaba atshintsho kunye nesigaba esitshintshaniswayo ngomnye nge-1/3 kwithuba. Ukuba sibheka umbane ngamnye womthombo wamandla, sithola isangqa esisodwa soluhlu oluya kumgca. I-voltage yamashumi amawaka e-volts ingavelisa i-generator. 220 V umthengi ufumana ukusasazwa kwe-transformer.

Naluphi na umbane, isixhobo sokuqhafaza sisisigxina, kodwa ukuxhomekeka komthwalo kukuzimbini ezimbini:

• I nkwenkwezi;
• Triangle.

Umgaqo wokusebenza komnye umbane onikwe amandla yenkwenkwezi kubonisa ukuhlanganiswa kwazo zonke iifowuni (zero) enye, ephuma kwimithwalo ebuyela kwi-generator. Oku kubangelwa ukuba isibonakaliso (ukusetyenziswa kwamandla kagesi) sisasazwa ngokubanzi ngetambo yokucima i-winding (linear), ebizwa ngokuba isigaba. Ngokwenza oko, kulula kakhulu, kuba akudingeki ukuba udonse iintambo ezintathu ezongezelelweyo ukuxhuma umboleki. I-voltage phakathi kweengcingo zomgca kunye nomgca wokuhamba kunye neendlela ezingathathi hlangothi ziya kuhluka.

Ngokudibanisa ukujikeleza kwe-generator ngonxantathu, zixhunyelelana ngokulandelelana kwesekethe enye. Ukusuka kumanqaku oxhumo lwabo, imigqa ithathwa kumthengi. Emva koko akukho mfuneko yecingo yentsimbi, kwaye i-voltage kumgca ngamnye iya kuba yinto efanayo nangakhathaliseki umthwalo.

Ukuxhamla kwangoku kwesigaba samathathu ngaphambi kokuba isisombululo samanje sisincinci sayo esincinci xa kulungiswa. Oku kunemiphumo emihle kwimpahla yamandla, ngakumbi i-DC motors. Kwakhona, i-current phase phase yenza i-flow flow of field engakwazi ukuqhuba iinqwelo ezinamandla ezinamandla.

Apho ii-generators ezifanelekileyo ze-DC kunye ne-AC

Ivelisi ze-DC zincinci kakhulu ngobukhulu kunye nobunzima ngaphezu kwemishini ye-AC. Ukuba noyilo oluyinkimbinkimbi kunokuba lusekugqibela, lusetshenziselwa kwamashishini amaninzi.

Ukusabalalisa okubalulekileyo abafumanayo ngokukhawuleza ukuhamba kumashishini apho kufuneka ukulawulwa kwejubane, umzekelo, kwindlela yokusebenza kwesebe, izitshixo zamashishini, iindleko zokugaya. Kwizothutho, ii-generators ezinjalo zifakwe kwii-diesel locomotives, iinqanawa ezahlukeneyo. Iimodeli ezininzi ze-generators zomoya zihlanganiselwe kwisiseko semithombo yamandla onke.

Iinjongo ezikhoyo zangoku zenzelwe i-welding, ukuxhaswa kwemimoya ye-generator ye-synchronous type, njengamaphuleli angoku ngqo, ukubonelela izityalo ze-galvanic ne-electrolysis.

Injongo yenye i-alternator kukuvelisa umbane kwizinga lemveliso. Olu hlobo lwamandla lunika abantu uNikola Tesla. Kutheni na ukuba i-current-reversing current, ingasigxina, isetyenziswa ngokubanzi? Oku kubangelwa kukuba ekuhanjisweni kwethamo le-DC kukho ilahleko ezinkulu kwiifowuni. Kwaye ixesha elide lucingo, iphezulu ilahleko. Utshintsho oluthile lunokuthuthwa kumgama omkhulu kwiindleko eziphantsi. Ngaphezu koko, kulula ukuguqula i-voltage alternating (i-down and raising it), eyenziwa yi-generator 220.

Isiphelo

Indoda yayingazi ngokupheleleyo uhlobo lombane, olwenza konke okujikelezayo. Yaye amandla ombane kuphela yincinci encinci yemfihlelo evulekile yendalo yonke. Oomatshini esiwabiza ngokuba ngabavelisi bamandla baselula kakhulu, kodwa oko banokusinika kuyamangalisa. Nangona kunjalo ummangaliso okwenene apha awukho kwitheknoloji, kodwa ekucingweni komntu onokungenelela kummandla ongapheliyo weengcamango ezichithwe endaweni!