Gill Iingqameko yeentlanzi. Imisebenzi nakwiingqameko zalo, uGill

Indlela ukuphefumla intlanzi kweentlobo ezimbini: umoya namanzi. Ezi umahluko wavuka lugqibelele ngexesha yendaleko, phantsi kwempembelelo yeemeko ezahlukeneyo lwangaphandle. Ukuba iintlanzi kuphela uhlobo ngamanzi ukuphefumla, le nkqubo abazenzileyo ngoncedo ulusu kunye iigilizi. Iintlanzi, uhlobo umoya-ukuphefumla kwenkqubo lwenziwa besebenzisa imizimba nadzhabernyh, isinyi qubha, kwesisu kunye ngesikhumba. Eyona engundoqo amaziko yokuphefumla, Kakade ke, zezona iigilizi, kwaye abanye - abangabancedani. Noko ke, azisoloko ukuxhasa okanye imizimba ezongezelelweyo ukwenza indima lesibini, yaye ngokufuthi ukuba zezona zibalulekileyo.

Uphefumla iintlobo fish

Cartilaginous kunye nentlanzi nokudleka kufuneka isakhiwo eyahlukileyo dj ezikuyo. Ngenxa yoko, befundisi izahlulelo slits kumculo, ebonelela ngaphandle lokuvula iigilizi imingxuma ezahlukeneyo. Ezi neendonga wambu ezinamagqabi kumculo ogcwele yinkukuma nayo, uthungelwano imithambo yegazi. Le isakhiwo kumaqweqwe kumculo ibonisiwe kakuhle kwimitha kunye ookrebe.

Kwangaxeshanye, iintlobo data of ekudibaneni ingamathambo yancitshiswa ezingeyomfuneko, njengoko kumaqweqwe kumculo ziphatheka ngokwabo. Gill Iingqameko zeentlanzi enze umsebenzi lwenkxaso, yaye izeziphi kwayo dj.

kumculo function. kumculo neengqameko

Umsebenzi ibalulekileyo Kwakukhuhlwa, kakade, exchange igesi. Ngoncedo lwabo wendele oksijini kumanzi, kwaye zonke icarbon dioxide iyekelela (carbon dioxide). Kodwa bambalwa siyazi ukuba iigilizi iintlanzi zikwanceda ukwabelana mba amanzi kunye saline. Ngenxa yoko, emva kwenkqubo kokusingqongileyo lithathwe urea, ammonia, exchange ityuwa kwenzeka phakathi kwamanzi kunye nebhunga nentlanzi, ingakumbi oku kusebenza ion sodium.

Kwinkqubo yendaleko kunye nenguqulo subgroups kwezixhobo intlanzi kumculo nalo zatshintsha. Ngoko ke, ngo iigilizi intlanzi ingamathambo khangela ngathi crests, xa cartilaginous ayimiqulu neepleyiti babe cyclostomes sac kuba iigilizi. Kuxhomekeka isakhiwo isixokelelwano sokuphefumla kunye nesakhiwo yahlukile, kwakunye umsebenzi arch kumculo yeentlanzi.

isakhiwo

Kwakukhuhlwa zimi emacaleni nemingxuma ezichaphazelekayo kweentlanzi ingamathambo kwaye ukhuselwe iqweqwe. dj ngalinye lenziwa nakwiingqameko ezintlanu. neengqameko ezine dj bayazibhijabhija ngokupheleleyo, yaye omnye - sekukubi. Ukususela branchial ngaphandle arch amacala khaxa nangaphezulu jike kwi kwayo kumculo yandisa, ukuba imitha cartilaginous ezisekelwe. Gill neengqameko ukunceda for obandayo isithinzi leyo zigcine, noseko lwalo, noseko lwalo kunye iikona ezamahala diverge wasemfihlekweni kwaye ngokwangaphandle kwi-engile yayiyazi. Ngomhla dj kwayo ngokwabo ekuthiwa-amacwecwe eziziisekondari ezithi zilungiswe transversely lobe (okanye iintyatyambo, njengoko zibizwa). Xa iigilizi inenani enkulu ezinamagqabi, iintlanzi ahlukileyo kunokuba ukusuka 14 ukuya 35 ezinga- nganye, nomphakamo hayi ngaphezulu kwe 200 microns. Bathe ubukhulu encinane kangangokuba ububanzi yabo ayiyi ukufikelela ukuya kwi-20 m.

Eyona umsebenzi Iingqameko dj

Gill arc ekuyo basebenza umsebenzi mechanism filter kukudliwa rakers kumculo ibekwe i pewa ejongene kwisisu ngomlomo nakwiintlanzi. Oku kwenza kube lula ukuba ukulibazisa ukunqunyanyiswa emlonyeni ukuba kwikholam emanzini, kubekho izinto ezincinane okunesondlo.

Kuxhomekeke ulondla kumculo intlanzi rakers nayo ngokuguquka; ukuba zisekelwe ziquka amacwecwe ithambo. Ngoko ke, ukuba iintlanzi - utshaba, ngoko unawo stamens kwaye ibekwe okuba enokwehla loo ntlanzi ondle kuphela ezincinane eziphilayo kwikholam emanzini, kumculo rakers phakathi eliphezulu kwaye ikule. Ezo iintlanzi izidla, stamens kufuneka isikhundla avareji phakathi kwiintshaba planktivorous.

Inkqubo kwegazi ye kwegazi pulmonary

Iigilizi of zeentlanzi imibala eqaqambileyo epinki ngenxa isixa esikhulu wegazi ahlanganiswe neoksijini. Oku kungenxa yenkqubo kwegazi kakhulu. Igazi, apho kuyimfuneko ukuze zityebise oksijini (lwemithambo), iqokelelwe nomzimba yonke wentlanzi kunye aorta esiswini engena nakwiingqameko zalo dj. aorta besisu bifurcates zibe Umthambo ezimbini inyumoniya, kulandele arch esimbaxa branchial, mvisiswano leyo, kwelinye icala, yahlulwe yaba inani elikhulu ezincinane amaphini inwenwa zixhobo kumculo, amalungiselelo ecaleni anolwazi semitha cartilaginous. Kodwa oku kumda. imithambo caba ngokwabo yahlulwe inani elikhulu emithanjeni, ngokuyambathisa enemingxuma angqingqwa kwezi ezinamagqabi ngaphakathi langaphandle. Ubukhulu be emithanjeni ezincinane kangangokuba ulingana ubukhulu bezinto erythrocyte uthwala ioksijini egazini. Ngenxa yoko, neengqameko kumculo enze umsebenzi inkxaso stamens, ngokubonelela exchange igesi.

Kwelinye icala zonke ezinamagqabi arterioles abekelwe bahlanganisane ukuze inqanawa enye, aqukuqela imithambo, ephethe igazi, nto leyo kuya inyumoniya, uze apha aorta amaphiko.

Ukuba ufumane iinkcukacha ezingakumbi nakwiingqameko zalo kumculo iintlanzi kunye nokuqhuba isifundo histological, kungcono ukufunda kwicandelo longitudinal. Ngoko nje kuphela uya kuba stamens ezibonakalayo kunye ezinamagqabi, kodwa nezibaya nokuphefumla ukuba kukho umqobo phakathi eliphakathi zolwelo kunye negazi.

Ezi ezibayeni ilandelelanisiwe kunye umaleko ube mnye epithelium, yaye ngaphakathi - emithanjeni ixhasa iiseli Pilar (reference). Ukungakwazi ezi ngcanjana kunye iiseli zemiphunga elisesichengeni kakhulu ukuba iziphumo kokusingqongileyo lwangaphandle. Ukuba kukho ukungcola kwezinto ityhefu emanzini, ezi ndonga adumbe, delamination kwenzeka, yaye izokhula. Oku naxa ingumbandela ozaliswe ziziphumo ezinzulu, njengoko inkqubo kunzima kunaniselwano igesi egazini, nto leyo ekugqibeleni kukhokelela hypoxia.

Gas exchange kwiintlanzi

Ukulungiswa fish ioksijini isixando kwenzeka ngotshintshiselwano igesi. Imeko ephambili yegazi kunye zophuculo oxygen eyayinethombo rhoqo wamanzi iigilizi, yaye oku kufuna ukuba arch kumculo iphela izixhobo igcina isakhiwo sayo, ngoko ke umsebenzi Iingqameko kumculo kwi intlanzi ingabi sengozini. phezu kwentamo kufuneka agcine ingqibelelo yawo ukuze oxygenation eyiyo mpilo.

Kuba ukuphunyezwa kunaniselwano igesi isixando sokwenziwa igazi emithanjeni uhamba iintlanzi kwicala elijongene nalo eyayinethombo legazi kwi iigilizi. Olu phawu negalelo nezokukhupha phantse ngokupheleleyo oksijini kumanzi nezenza igazi kubo. Abanye abantu ukulinganisa xi oxygen igazi ngokubhekiselele ubume emanzini yi 80%. amanzi ngokusebenzisa iigilizi kungenxa zokumpompa kuwo kwisisu kumculo, umsebenzi omkhulu lwenziwa yi intshukumo mouthparts, kunye dj lugubungela.

Yintoni egqibayo izinga nokuphefumla yeentlanzi?

Ngenxa yeempawu Ungabala uphefumlele ngentlanzi kuxhomekeke intshukumo dj ezikuyo. Uyondelelwano lwee- oksijini emanzini kunye nomxholo dioxide carbon egazini kuchaphazela amaza nokuphefumla yeentlanzi. Ngaphezu koko, ezi izilwanyana zasemanzini enkulu basengozini zoqhaphelo aphantsi ioksijini, kokukhona isixa-carbon dioxide egazini. Le Ukuxhaphaka yokuphefumla kwakhona alichatshazelwa lobushushu amanzi, pH, kunye nezinye izinto ezininzi.

Iintlanzi babe nako ethile bekhupha umcimbi angaphandle ukusuka kumphezulu Iingqameko kumculo kunye ukuqanda zabo. Le ikhono ngokuba khohlo. Operculums ngamathuba athile zambethe, kwaye usebenzisa reverse ukumiswa amanzi Motion yonke ibekwe phezu iigilizi, ahlambe emanzini yangoku. Oku kubonakaliswa lentlanzi ngokufuthi kwenzeka ukuba emanzini iyasuleleka na izinto eziyityhefu okanye ukumiswa.

iimpawu ezongezelelweyo iigilizi

Ngaphandle basic, izifo, iigilizi zisebenza osmoregulation kunye nemisebenzi excretory. Zeentlanzi eziphilayo ammoniotelicheskimi, enyanisweni, njengazo zonke izilwanyana ezihlala emanzini. Oku kuthetha ukuba imveliso ekupheleni ukubola lomzimba nitrogen-equlethe i ammonia. Kungenxa Kwakukhuhlwa sibonakala lula ukusuka umzimba iintlanzi ngohlobo ion Ammonium, ngaloo ndlela ohlambululayo umzimba. Ukongeza mpilo, ngenxa iimpumlo zabo igazi ngenxa kwe- zezenzi, iityuwa isenzo, ubunzima molekyuli ephantsi eqhola kwakunye isixa esikhulu ion kwiQela kwikholam emanzini. Ngaphandle iigilizi, kukufakwa ezi zinto ikhutshwa phandle esebenzisa izakhiwo ezizodwa.

Oku kuquka iiseli chloride ezithile zisebenze umsebenzi osmoregulation. Bona bayakwazi ion uhambisa kesodiyam chloride, ngelixa kusiya ngumbala ulwalathiso ithambeka kwe- enkulu.

Movement of ion yeKhlorini ixhomekeke yokuhlala yeentlanzi. Ngaloo ndlela, amanzi iintlanzi monovalent chloride ion zidluliselwa ukusuka amanzi iiseli igazi, ngokubuyisela ezo eziye ezilahlekileyo ngenxa yokusebenza kwenkqubo excretory yeentlanzi. Kodwa inkqubo iintlanzi zolwandle oluqhutywa icala: ukukhethwa efunyenwe egazini kokusingqongileyo.

Ukuba xi lamanzi izinto eziyingozi kakhulu kwemichiza, ngoko ke iigilizi umsebenzi osmoregulyatsionnaya abangabancedani sengozini. Ngenxa yoko, igazi akungeni inani lunezinto kufuneka, kwaye kanzulu kakhulu ngakumbi, nto leyo ichaphazele imeko yezilwanyana. Le Okukodwa iye akusoloko ezimbi. Ngoko ke, ngokwazi oku osemqoka iigilizi, singakwazi ukulwa nezifo ezininzi iintlanzi, ukwenza amachiza ezonyango okugonya ngqo emanzini.

Ulusu nokuphefumla yeentlanzi ezahlukeneyo

Ngokupheleleyo zonke iintlanzi bayakwazi umoya esikhumbeni. Yiloo nje indlela ephuhliswa kuyo - oko kuxhomekeke kwizinto ezininzi, eli phakade, kunye neemeko zokusingqongileyo, kunye nabanye abaninzi. Ngoko ke, ukuba intlanzi uhleli ukuhamba kwamanzi umnatha, ipesenti internal cutaneous lincinane yaye ifikelela kwi% 10.2 kuphela, ngoxa le mveku umsebenzi sokuphefumla lwenziwa kuphela ngesikhumba, kunye nenkqubo sentliziyo kwisingxobo cholic.

umoya Colonic

Kuxhomekeka bume yahluka indlela lokuphefumla intlanzi. Ngenxa yoko, yetropika catfish kunye loach intlanzi ngenkuthalo aphefumle ngoncedo emathunjini. Xa tapeworm umoya ifumana kukho sele yi womnatha oxineneyo imithambo yegazi egazini. Le ndlela waqala kukhule iintlanzi ngenxa yeemeko ezithile zokuhlala. Amanzi amadama zabo ngokunxulumene amaqondo obushushu aphezulu, kukho ioksijini yoxinaniso ephantsi, nokwandiswa kukungabikho kwemali kunye turbidity. Ngenxa yeenguqu yendaleko kwi namachibi loo bafunda kusinda, esebenzisa oksijini evela emoyeni.

Omnye umsebenzi olongezelelweyo lwesinye qubha

lwesinye qubha yenzelwe ummiselo hydrostatic. Le umsebenzi wayo ophambili. Noko ke, kwezinye iintlobo zeentlanzi qubha lwesinye ofanele ukuphefumla. Oku kusetyenziswa njenge ichibi umoya.

iintlobo zokwakha lwesinye qubha

Kuxhomekeka isakhiwo yokwakheka le ukuqubha esinyini zonke iindidi zeentlanzi zihlukaniswe:

• physostomous;
• zakrytopuzyrnyh.

Iqela lokuqala ke zininzi kakhulu kwaye primary, ngelixa iintlanzi iqela zakrytopuzyrnyh liphantsi kakhulu. Oku kuquka, zakhele, mullet, cod, stickleback kunye abanye iintlanzi physostomous, ngokusekelwe igama, esinyini qubha uvulekile ukunxibelelana nokuqukuqela wamathumbu engundoqo, ngoxa zakrytopuzyrnyh, ngokulandelelanayo, -. No.

ZeCARP kwakhona isakhiwo esithile lwesinye qubha. Yahlulahlulwe yaba ngaphambili nangesemva kwamagumbi abaqhagamshelwe ijelo elifutshane elimxinwa. SobuKristu chamber lwesinye luqulathe amaqokobhe amabini, umphandle nomphakathi, xa ngaphandle ayikho egumbini ngasemva.

swimbladder Vystlan omnye kumqolo we-epithelium carcinomas, emva koko kukho iqela nokuqina evakalala, izihlunu kunye nemithambo ijwabu umaleko. Swimbladder has ayinikiwe kuphela kuye pearlescent reflection, nto leyo inikwa ngumntu ashinyeneyo izihlunu eyodwa nokuqina ukuba isakhiwo ezinezikhondo. Ukuze kuqinisekiswe amandla kwiqamza ngaphandle kwamagumbi ezimbini zizele i inwebu elastic serous.

lungu ekulo

A Inani intwana yentlanzi yetropika liphuhlise ilungu ezithile njengendlela ekulo kunye nadzhaberny. Kule uhlobo bangamalungu makropody, gourami, cockerels kunye snakehead. Formation singabonakala njengeenguqu pharynx, nto leyo uguqulwe liqumrhu nadzhaberny okanye bulges kwisisu kumculo (ebizwa ngokuba yi-body ekulo). Zazo eziphambili njongo - ithuba yokufumana oksijini evela emoyeni.