Formula ngqesho. Izinga ukubala njani?

Rhoqo siva kwi iindaba TV malunga ukwanda okanye ukuhla kwezinga labantu kwilizwe elithile, isixeko. Kodwa kakuhle, ngamnye wethu uyazi ukuba kwakuthetha ntoni? Ngapha koko, inyaniso ziyalandeleka bazi kakuhle ukubaluleka kwento ezifana kuphela ngqesho. ifomula ukubala enikwe apha ngezantsi, kuya kuba negalelo ekuqondeni ngcono umba.

Intsusa-ngqesho

Njengalo okanye hayi, kodwa naliphi na ilizwe kukho ipesenti ethile abantu abangasebenziyo ngalo mzuzu. Nkqu kumazwe acebe ngqesho. Oku ngenxa yezizathu eziliqela.

Naliphi na ilizwe kakhulu yaye uqoqosho lwehlabathi njengangoku indawo ngqesho. Mhlawumbi kuphela ingcamango capitalism, abantu yiSoviet bakholelwa ukuba kwixa elizayo wonke umntu uya kuba umsebenzi kwaye igcina impahla liyayeka ukuba kuthengiswa imali.

Ngqesho inokuba ngenxa yezizathu eziliqela. Baya lungahlulwa-hlulwa ibe ngamaqela ezininzi:

- yoqoqosho;

- lezopolitiko;

- kwezentlalo;

- ubuntu.

Ngenxa yezizathu zoqoqosho qela ziquka ezo ezinxulumene ne nkcukacha zophuhliso lwezoqoqosho kummandla (ilizwe). Ukuba amandla karhulumente kunothi, uqoqosho ephela, iinkampani wayeka, kulindelekile ukuba ingqesho epheleleyo ayikwazi aziyi kuqwalaselwa. Kulo mzekelo, bantu kufuneka nje ndawo ukuze isebenze.

yezizathu zezopolitiko ezisekelwe nawaphi na amanyathelo olawulo kumgaqo karhulumente icandelo ethile kuqoqosho. Ngamanye amaxesha imigaqo ukujongana nemiba emhlabeni wonke, silibale ukuba kuchaphazela ubomi abemi kweli lizwe. Umntu ngaloo ndlela ufumana umsebenzi, kunye othile ulahlekelwa.

iqela loluntu kuquka oonobangela ngqesho, elizimeleyo uphuhliso lwezoqoqosho okanye ezopolitiko kumda wesangqa. Bona baphenjelelwa nangakumbi nodumo fashion. Umzekelo, kusenokuba 1000 izithuba simahla isithuba cleaner, kodwa ngenxa yeenkolelo zabo malunga amathuba okufumana imisebenzi zindala kwaye engcono ngakumbi abantu abangasebenziyo ngalo mzuzu.

Ngenxa yezizathu siqu qela ziquka ezo ezinxulumene iimpawu ngabanye abantu. Ngapha koko, kukho abo abangafuniyo ukusebenza, ubomi kwintlalontle, ukusela utywala neziyobisi, afumane ukuba enze into kuba uluntu nje akunakwenzeka kwi sikhokelo esemthethweni ekhoyo.

Ukubala iinkcukacha ezichanekileyo manani ngabantu abakhubazekileyo, ifomula ekhethekileyo ngqesho. Izinga lentswela, nto leyo onokuyisebenzisa ukuze ukubala ukuze ligqibe ngobungakanani ngqesho yabantu esebenzayo kwezoqoqosho. Kuya kuqwalaselwa ngezantsi.

Ngoko nangoko ke kubalulekile ukuqaphela oku kulandelayo. Ngaba kubalwa ngeendlela Izinga lentswela ezahlukeneyo. Ifomula yokubala kwimo nganye iya nelayo. Kodwa ubukhulu becala-manani kusetyenziswa izinga lentswela -International Labor Organization.

Ixhomekeka lulwahlulo inani lilonke abangaphangeliyo ukuba inani labantu esebenzayo kwezoqoqosho.

Andiphangeli - ukuba yinxalenye zabasebenzi, leyo kuqeshwa ekuvelisweni impahla okanye iinkonzo, kodwa ngenxa yesizathu esithile akazibandakanyi kwezi nkqubo.

abantu ngokoqoqosho esebenzayo - inani lilonke labantu abakwaziyo eyomeleleyo kwaye babandakanyeke ekuveliseni kwempahla okanye iinkonzo.

iintlobo kwemisebenzi

Yokubala izinga lentswela, kufuneka anikwe uvavanyo efanelekileyo iziphumo. Kufuneka ufune iindidi labemi, kwakunye neentlobo-ngqesho ukuba bakwazi ukuhlalutya iziphumo, nto leyo ebonisa ifomula ngqesho. Izinga lentswela ngokungqinelana parameters ngasentla ziya kwahluka kwaye banxibe unobumba eyahlukileyo.

Unga khetha okulandelayo iintlobo ngqesho :

1. Isakhiwo.

2. Kunobunye.

3. Ngamaxesha athile onyaka.

4. Zijika.

Okulandelayo, siqwalasela uhlobo ngalunye ngokweenkcukacha kwaye ufumane ifomula eza kunceda ufumane kwinqanaba ngalinye kuwo.

kwemisebenzi

kwemisebenzi yenye lweentlobo kakhulu luninzi. ubukho bakhe kwezoqoqosho ngenxa utshintsho rhoqo kwemfuno wentengiso ezinye iimveliso. Ukuba imfuno iwela ukuba imveliso ethile, ngoko ke kufuneka iingcali abavelisa kuyo, zanciphisa.

Ukuze soyise olu hlobo ngqesho lufuna kakhulu ixesha elininzi kwi iingcali zoqeqesho baye baphelelwa yimisebenzi phantsi iintsingiselo ezintsha kwemfuneko.

Ukuze kubalwe le hlobo le fomyula ilandelayo ukungasebenzi. Izinga lentswela lohlobo noshowo ibalwa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

Bstr = ACC / Chrs * 100%, apho:

CCA - isixa yokunqaba;

Chrs - sabasebenzi bebonke.

ngqesho frictional

ngqesho Frictional ephawula kwinqanaba nezanyatnyh abantu baneemfaneleko ezithile. Ngokuqhelekileyo kukho ekwandeni kwentswelo-msebenzi, ukuba kukho ingxaki ilandelayo kuqoqosho: ukuvalwa kunye nokwehla amandla emveliso ngokukhawuleza lombutho a imveliso entsha. Oko kukuthi, abantu okunene bephelelwa yimisebenzi kwaye asikwazi ukufumana umsebenzi ngenxa yokunqongophala imisebenzi ehambelana kwiziqinisekiso zabo.

Oko kukuthi ukuba ngqesho frictional yintshukumo elula zabasebenzi, leyo ukuthintelwa, kodwa kusenokwenzeka ukuba kukunciphisa izinga. Yeendlela eziphambili zokunciphisa ukufumaneka kolwazi olungcono isisahlulo kwimalike yabasebenzi, ekufuneka ngexesha elifanelekileyo ukwazisa uluntu malunga imbonakalo kwezithuba ezahlukeneyo simahla.

Bala izinga lentswela kuya kunceda fomyula ilandelayo. Izinga lentswela lohlobo zochuku ibalwa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

BDF = CDF / Chrs * 100%, apho:

FCC - isixa-ngqesho frictional.

ngqesho zonyaka

Ubukhulu becala edibene kumsebenzi ngamaxesha athile. Umzekelo, ukuba uthe waya endaweni yokuphumla, ngoko waphawula ukuba kuphela ngaxesha lithile besisihla, nebango elonyukileyo kunye isindululo iimpahla okanye iinkonzo. Ezintabeni, abakhenkethi ungathanda ukuza ebusika, nolwandle - ehlotyeni. Ezinye izinto zokudla, iivenkile kunye namanye amashishini musa nokuba isebenze. ke ngeli xesha abaqeshwa abo okanye umsebenzi okanye wenza into enye.

Ukongeza, kukho imizi-mveliso ezininzi zibanga iimveliso onyaka. Umzekelo, kubavelisi yetumato Intlama okanye nancindi ebotshelelwe nexesha ekukhuleni iimveliso ezithile zezolimo. Zonke ezinye izibonelelo zemveliso uphelelwe ngumsebenzi, kwakunye nabasebenzi ezi mveliso.

Asinto nzima ukubala ukuba izinga lentswela. Le ifomyula:

Ub = Kc / Chrs * 100%, apho:

KS - inani ngqesho onyaka.

ngqesho oguquguqukayo

Olu hlobo lu dityanisiwe imijikelo ziqondwe ngokubanzi sophuhliso lwezoqoqosho. Kukho amalungelo ezoqoqosho, nto ingqinwa rhoqo kwaye kuwo onke amazwe, ukuba kukho ixesha kokukhula kwezoqoqosho, apho kuya kubakho ixesha recession.

Oko kukuthi, kumaxesha ngamaxesha nawuphi Uqoqosho luyakhula, oko lunciphe. Ngexesha ukuncitshiswa GDP kwaye kubonakala ngqesho elibujikele, leyo olwahlula inqanaba yabasebenzi asihlali ngokunxulumene ukwehla okwexeshana amandla emveliso kunye nokukhululwa de ugqitywe.

Ukubala izinga lentswela usebenzisa ifomula ilandelayo. Izinga lentswela Zijika:

BC = CP / Chrs * 100%, apho:

CP - isixa-ngqesho nokungazinzi koqoqosho.

Okunye lokusweleka

Ukuze enze olunzulu zohlalutyo akwanelanga ukwazi ukubala indlela manani ezinikwe apha ngentla. Amaxesha amaninzi asebenzise into efana izinga endalo ngqesho.

ifomula layo kubalwa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

Yiba Bstr = + BDF.

Ukungasebenzi yendalo. Ntoni lo mzobo?

Ntoni kulo mzobo? Oku kubalwa xa ufuna ukwazi ukuba ziya kuba yintoni na inqanaba iyonke ngqesho kwimeko, ukuba iimeko zengqesho ngokupheleleyo.

Oko kukuthi, ukuba wonk 'ubani owayefuna, akwazi ukufumana umsebenzi. Ngoko ke, kubonakala ukuba izinga lentswela zendalo, ifomula yayo eboniswe ngasentla, uthatha ukuba uqoqosho kuphela iintlobo yokunqaba kwemisebenzi kunye frictional.

Sinokuthi ukuba eli nani ibonisa imeko eliye lakhula kwimarike yemisebenzi, phantsi kweemeko efanelekileyo, xa bonke abantu esebenzayo kwezoqoqosho uqeshwe ekuvelisweni kwempahla okanye iinkonzo.

uqobo kwemisebenzi

Enye salathisi le ngqesho eyona engundoqo. Babalwa udibaniso zonke iintlobo-ngqesho ekubhekiselwe kuwo ngasentla apha, ngaphandle ngenxa yendalo. Okt sum of noshowo, frictional, nokungazinzi koqoqosho kwaye ngamaxesha - oko eyona ngqesho. Ifomula yile ilandelayo:

BF = Bstr + BDF + Bs + Bc.

Eyona kwemisebenzi ingumongo ibonisa imeko benene kwimalike yabasebenzi. Kunokuba ibe ngaphezu ilingana okanye ngaphantsi kwe umlinganiselo endalo ngqesho. yokubala ifomula ubonisa ukuba eli nani kuchaphazela ngokupheleleyo zonke iintlobo-ngqesho, oko kuthetha ukuthi:

1. Lo mgangatho ingaphezulu kwe izinga lentswela zendalo isiganeko ukuba kukho ukuhla isantya uphuhliso kwezoqoqosho.

2. Le meko iya umva ngokomlinganiselo yokuqala, ukuba uqoqosho luya lusiba nochatha kunye nemisebenzi ivele ngokukhawuleza ngaphezu kokuya kwi ukugxothwa kwabantu emisebenzini yabo endala.

Enyanisweni, kunye ukuqonda ngokupheleleyo izizathu, iintlobo kunye izinto, ifomula yokubala ngqesho kunceda ukunika uvavanyo yokwenene yengqesho kunye nomsebenzi karhulumente ukunika amathuba emisebenzi efanelekileyo.

Izinga lentswela lisoloko ebonakala nemeko yoqoqosho, ngenxa yoko salathisi nga yokugqiba malunga nalapho ukuba afune ngakumbi kwaye kufuneka ukulungisa kumda wesangqa kwezoqoqosho nophuhliso.