Lerner Index. Oonobangela kunye neziphumo lokubanga imarike

Nangona amanyathelo zoqoqosho mthetho esithathwe ngabasemagunyeni bamazwe ezahlukeneyo ukujongana lodwa, le meko yinto eqhelekileyo. Lodwa Amandla iinkampani ngamnye ibanga ingozi enkulu kuphuhliso loqoqosho.

Abadla bodwa imithombo yayo

Phantsi bodwa ukuqonda ukukhonya emarikeni umakhi omnye (implementer), okanye iqela ezidityanisiweyo zezifundo (zorhwebo).

Eyona engundoqo imithombo bodwa:

1. imfuno selastiki. Lo mba, kuthi, umiselwa ubukho imveliso efanayo kwimarike, isantya impendulo umxumi lwamaxabiso utshintsho, intsingiselo impahla kubathengi, Ukwanda kwimarike, iintlobo izakhono ezisebenzayo yempahla kunye imigangatho eyiyo abathengi yengeniso.
2. Ukugcwala emakethe. Apho iinkampani 2-3 kubagubungela 80-90% labathengi, yedwa ivela ngokukhawuleza kunokuba kwiimarike kukhuphiswano.
3. Intsebenziswano phakathi amaqela amabini. OBambeleyo nezinamatheleneyo, abathengisi okanye abavelisi ube namandla ngakumbi.

Imiphumo bodwa

Inkampani ngamandla bodwa, ngabom enciphisa isixa imveliso yempahla kwaye icwangcisa amaxabiso aphezulu. Yena akukho nkuthazo ukuthoba iindleko zemveliso. Ukongeza, inkampani lifumana iindleko ezongezelelweyo ukwenzela ukugcina nokomeleza indawo yayo.

Bodwa kwimarike kukhokelela kwiziphumo ezifana:

• izibonelelo zisetyenziswa okungafanelekanga;
• Society akazamkeli izinto eziyimfuneko;
• Akukho inkuthazo uphuhliso kunye nokuqaliswa ubuchwepheshe ezintsha;
• nokunyuka iindleko zemveliso.

Ngenxa yemveliso alifikeleli ngempumelelo enkulu kunokwenzeka.

ixabiso abadla bodwa

Enye Isiphumo nokubonakaliswa kuphela kumgaqo yedwa na ukubekwa kwamaxabiso.

ukuqonda Phantsi bodwa intengo eziphambukileyo kakhulu ukusuka kwinqanaba yabo eqhelekileyo, nto leyo ezenzeka kwindawo ukhuphiswano. Phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo, ixabiso kwenziwa ngenxa of a ratio yemfuno abathengi kunye nonikezelo emarikeni. Phantsi kweemeko ixabiso abadla bodwa icwangcisiwe isifundo lubalaseleyo kumgangatho oza kuqinisekisa ukuba ngengeniso kwemfuneko bagubungele iindleko kwemfuneko.

ixabiso abadla bodwa ukuba babebiza imali okanye phantsi. ixabiso eqolo ke ngenxa ukukhonya kwabathengisi enkulu. Ukuba, ke, imakethi kulawulwa umthengi enkulu kunye nenani elikhulu abathengisi, kuya badla understate ixabiso kangangoko kunokwenzeka.

Lerner index njenge sisalathisi lokubanga

Inqanaba amandla abadla bodwa okuzikisa imakethi kulinganiswa umthetho komnwe, isalathisi kunye kwisalathiso Lerner Garfindelya-Hirschman.

Lerner into yaphakanyiswa ngo-1934 Le yenye yeendlela bokuqala yokuqingqa inqanaba lokubanga nasekubaleni ilahleko ekungenwe yiNkampani ngenxa lodwa. Ukuba ilula kwaye ongenantandabuzo, eli nani luphawu ngokucacileyo imiphumo lokubanga. Namhlanje isetyenziswa ngezoqoqosho ehlabathini lonke ekuvavanyeni kwintlalo-ntle yoluntu.

Ukuba iimpahla ziveliswa kwaye athengiswe phantsi lokubanga, ixabiso layo uya kusoloko kuba ngaphezu kwe kwendleko ebekiwe. Lerner Index kubangelwa ngokwahlula amaxabiso net eziseludinini amaxabiso iindleko. Okukhona ixabiso yahlukile indleko, kokukhona ixabiso index kuthatha.

Ukubala kunye nokutolikwa kwale Lerner index

Lerner Index ibalwa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

• _{I L = (P - MC)} / P = - 1 / e _d.

P - na ixabiso bodwa, kunye MC - kwendleko ebekiwe.

ukhuphiswano Perfect ithetha ukuba esiqinileyo akakwazi nefuthe kwinqanaba lamaxabiso. Price ikwinqanaba efanayo njengoko ebekiwe (P MS), ngokulandelelana:

• P - MC = 0;
• _{I L = (P - MC)} / P = 0 / P = 0.

Naziphi na ukunyuka kwamaxabiso xa kuthelekiswa neendleko litheni ibonisa ukuba inkampani amandla athile. Elona xabiso liphezulu kangangoko isalathiso yi-1, kwaye lubonakalisa lodwa epheleleyo.

Lerner salathisi singavuselelwa ngendlela enye indlela - ngokusebenzisa ukungavumelani kwe luthambe :

• (P - MC) / P = -1 / e d;
• I _L = -1 / e _d.

Index e _d ubonakalise luthambe kwemfuneko kwiimveliso zenkampani ngokwemigaqo kwamaxabiso. Umzekelo, ukuba E = -5, ngoko mna _L = 0,2.

Inqanaba eliphezulu monopolisation ayikho asisoloko sithetha ukuba inkampani ufumana ingeniso. Yena uyakwazi ukuchitha ngokugcinwa ukuthembeka zabo imali eninzi ukuba zonke iingeniso zuza ngenxa yokuba ukunyuka kwamaxabiso, nto endaweni ephantsi.

Zokubonisa bodwa Russia

Ngethuba Iexesha Ienguqu, imi--90. uqoqosho Russian iye luphawulwa enamandla ophezulu kumacandelo emveliso. Imarike kugcwele yimibutho super-elikhulu, ukhetho amahlakani yomsebenzi abambalwa kakhulu. impumelelo Business ixhomekeke kakhulu kubonelelo amandla. neenkampani Iimpawu yokusebenza zawa imithamo yemveliso wehla waya, inkqubo sikwimo kungekho kukhula.

Ngowe-1992, emva kokuba yinkululeko abadlali abaphambili eemarike abe zommandla ecandelo bodwa. Imibuzo emalunga ngemali mveliso ezinkulu kuzuzwa liqabane elincinane, ngenxa yoko kwenzeka kwi ingxaki ukungalingani kwinqanaba macro.

Monopolists ngaphandle kokujonga abathengi ulele amaxabiso nokufumana umvuzo ezongezelelweyo. Urhulumente akazange abe zokuxhathisa ngokwaneleyo enamandla nempembelelo kumgangatho amanani. Lo mthetho waye Amaziko ayicacanga kunye norhulumente - buthathaka kakhulu. i monopolists amasebe awohlukeneyo ngasese Ukuthatha ithuba le meko, bemanyene zorhwebo. Kwakukho zorhwebo phakathi abathengi nabathengisi, kwakunye ogalelwe.

Nokufika kwenkulungwane omtsha, le meko iye yatshintsha kancinane. Phantse yonke bodwa eqalisiweyo '90, qhubeka ukusebenza. Ngokusemthethweni yokwabela kwezinye kumashishini yaqhutywa, kodwa amaxabiso ukunyuka igesi kunye nombane icebisa ukuba bodwa wayesenamandla. Ukungayelelelani, eyenziwe impembelelo ezibambe emarikeni, uye waba ngomnye ezibangela le ngxaki 2008-2009 gg.