Ezilula nezixandileyo namagqabi: iifomu, iintlobo, umahluko

Autumn - lelinye lawona maxesha eliligugu kulo nyaka. Ukwahluka nobutyebi bendalo kweli xesha bagwayimbile ezingqondweni, zahluke kangaka ngabanye kushiya ezilula kunye nezintsonkothileyo ukusuka. icaciswa Phyllotaxy ngamnye isityalo ezizodwa (ngamanye amaxesha enye okanye whorled), kwaye phezu kwayo, usebenza kuyo naluphi na uhlobo. Makhe ukufunda ngokweenkcukacha iimo kunye nemisebenzi uhlobo ngalunye igqabi.

Ozimisele Botany

Kunye neentyantyambo, iingcambu, iziqu kunye namasebe, amagqabi amalungu zibalulekileyo kwezityalo kwezityalo, nayo banoxanduva umsebenzi ifotosinthesisi. Ukongeza, ukuba enze neminye imisebenzi emininzi, efana inxaxheba kwiinkqubo ze yokuphefumla, abe ngumphunga kunye nezityalo Guttation. Kukho ezi zilandelayo iintlobo namagqabi: ezilula kunye nezintsonkothileyo, ngamnye kubo uneempawu zawo kwaye enokufunyanwa kwiintlobo ezithile zezityalo.

Amaxesha amaninzi, iincakuba igqabi zenziwe ngamagqabi, kodwa enyanisweni ke umzimba iquka ipleyiti (kuso imithambo) nokusingatha, oluvela kwi kwisiseko kwaye ifaka nencakuba igqabi kunye stipules. Usoloko ithatha indawo osisi kwi likhaba, yaye onke amagqabi acwangcise phezu kwawo ngolandelelwano ethile ukwenzela ukunika ukufikelela ngokupheleleyo ukuba kwelanga. ubungakanani bayo ekungabonini ukusuka-2 cm ukuya m-20 (ukususela imithi emvula).

isakhiwo lwangaphandle kunye nemilo

Enye inkalo la maqumrhu na ukumila kwawo tyaba, nto leyo ibalulekileyo ukuze kumphezulu ubuninzi zoqhagamshelwano kunye nokusingqongileyo izityalo umoya kunye nokukhanya kwelanga. Uhlobo ezilula kunye namagqabi esimbaxa ziyahluka imbonakalo. kwenzeka Kukho nje ukuba mnye kuphela lamina, oludityaniswe isiseko esebenzisa petiole. Zobunewu efanayo kuquka lamina ezininzi ilahlwa kwi petiole enye. Khumbula Kubonakala ngathi maple leaf: embindini kudlula Kwangale echumayo, ukuba ezo stipule amabini okanye amathathu kwicala ngalinye eqhotyoshelweyo. Loo esimbaxa imilo kwimakhishithi kuthiwa esahlukileyo, kuba lamina abekwe symmetrically omnye komnye.

The main amacandelo - ipleyiti kunye imithambo ukubaleka ecaleni komhlaba kunye petiole, stipules (nangona asingabo bonke izityalo) noseko, awanyakazela ngayo element liqhagamshelaniswe esiqwini komthi okanye ezinye izityalo.

Ngokungafaniyo ifomu elula sheet, xa ezinzima uyakwazi ukuhlangabezana iintlobo ezininzi, apho kufuneka iimpawu kunye neempawu ezikhethekileyo.

isakhiwo yangaphakathi

Engaphandle lamina ngaphezulu lusoloko alekwe eluswini, equka umaleko leeseli ezingenambala kukugubungela ngelaphu - sangaphandle. Eyona misebenzi iphambili ye eluswini - oko ukhuseleko kumonakalo lwangaphandle ngoomatshini kunye nobushushu. Ngenxa yokuba iiseli yalo ngaphaya, kwelanga ngokulula kungenela singenelayo.

Umphezulu esezantsi liquka a ngaphaya ezi seli ngokusondeleyo kufutshane omnye komnye. Noko ke, phakathi kwabo kukho iiseli ngeziBini oluncinane, phakathi apho kukho umsantsa. Le nxalenye wabiza stoma. Kukwavulwa kokuxhuma iiseli kwakhona eluhlaza uvula naxa uvala umnyango ukuya stoma. Ngexesha lezi iintshukumo kwenzeka kunye komphunga ukufuma kunye nenkqubo Exchange igesi. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba umphezulu lamina omnye abe ukusuka 90 ukuya 300 yokondliwa nganye 1 mm ^2.

Into enika umdla: green iiseli phantse kusoloko ibekwe ecaleni wetshati apho ukutshintshiselana umoya ubuninzi. Ngoko ke, umzekelo, kwakudada phezu isityalo amanzi, okanye neenyibiba philisi, yokondliwa ibekwe kwicala elingaphandle elijonge umoya.

uhlobo

Izazinzulu ukuchonga iintlobo ezimbini eziphambili ngamagqabi; kuba uxwebhu plain kunye ezintsonkothileyo. Isakhiwo ngamnye kubo uneempawu zawo. Kuxhomekeka inkangeleko, inani amacwecwe kunye nokumila imiphetho zabo, amagqabi ayimbumba kwakhona zohlulwa ngokwendidi eziliqela. Ngoko ke, apha zezona eziqhelekileyo iindidi zeefayile, ukuba ekhethiweyo yi imbonakalo yazo:

• fan-ezimile (zimile njenge kwisangqa);
• lanceolate (Okubuhlungu, maxa wambi ameva zikhona phezu);
• Lancet (ebanzi ngobulungisa, elintlangothi iingqameko);
• okweqanda (imilo ovoid ukuba ayebekwa kancinci ukuya kwisiseko);
• palmate kunye lobed (maxa wambi badidekile, kuba bobabini babe ezininzi iincakuba);
• palmate (iipleyiti diverge ukusuka petiole, imbonakalo kufana iminwe);
• inaliti (angamarhoqorhoqo, ezibukhali kakhulu).

Uluhlu iqhubeka ixesha elide, Noko ke, uhlobo entsokothileyo sheet na iintlobo ezininzi ngokuxhomekeke imilo emiphethweni, kwaye indawo yabe kwegqabi ngokwabo.

Iintlobo zezityalo

Kunye kungqameko amacwecwe kusenokwenzeka rhoqo ukuqinisekisa ukuba zeziphi na iintlobo apho isityalo elinikiweyo. Ezi fom zilandelayo zifumaneka kwindalo, amaxesha amaninzi:

• mbini - Ndinencam agudileyo, ezo amazinyo angekhoyo ngokupheleleyo;
• gear - Nanjengoko igama layo lixela, kwezi amagqabi akhoyo emaphethelweni kwamazinyo;
• denticulate - zisikhumbuza i isarha, leyo siphume ezibukhali kakhulu amancinci;
• esimfaneleko - ezinjalo emathambekeni lihlangana apho kungekho umyalelo ngqongqo okanye ifomu.

Iimpawu zohlobo ngalunye

Kubalulekile kakhulu ukuba ukuthetha malunga iimpawu ezikhethekileyo amagqabi ezilula nezixandileyo, kuba oku kunceda ubone yeyethu uhlobo lwezityalo kunye iintlobo. Ngoko ke, enye yezona zinto eqaphelekayo uhlobo ngalunye - inani kweerekhodi. Ukuba kukho izinto ezintathu, ngoko thina trifoliate-ezimile sheet. Ukuba abahlanu - palmate, yaye ukuba ngakumbi, ngoko ke kuthiwa yahlulwe pinnately. Epleyitini nganye, Nani linganisani inkqubo mibala ezizodwa, apho izondlo kuza ancedisana embilwini. Xa iintlobo ezilula kunye nezintsonkothileyo, zahluke njani ekwimo kunye nesakhiwo. Nazi ezi ntlobo ikuyo yendawo emthanjeni:

• arcuate (xa venation ufana menorah - enye iisimboli zobuYuda);
• cross;
• longitudinal;
• palmate;
• parallel;
• net;
• pinnate.

Enye inkalo lokwahlula - yindlela apho zilungiswe ngayo kwi amagqabi esiqwini. Ezilula kunye nezintsonkothileyo - bonke ngaphandle kokukhetha, zincamathele zezityalo ngeendlela ezimbini:

• nge ngesiphatho, kwimeko apho isityalo bobabo ukuya lwasuka;
• ngaphandle handle, xa isiseko ukhula kwaye ibandakanya esikhondweni, ngoxa ehleli phambi kwethu zezityalo.

Amagqabi yezityalo: ezilula kunye nezintsonkothileyo

Ukuba bathi izityalo ngezizathu amagqabi, kunokwenzeka ukuba uqaphele ezi zinto zilandelayo. Simple kudla eqhelekileyo kuzo zonke izityalo herbaceous, kuquka amatyholo kunye nemithi. Complex njengoko kukho ezifana amatyholo kunye nemithi, Noko ke, njengoko kuchasene elula, ngexesha lokuwa amagqabi, baya kuwa bonke kwaoko, kunye namalungu: kuqala, kwipleyiti ngokwayo; kwandule ke kube yimpontshane.

Makhe sijonge imizekelo igama amagqabi ezilula nezixandileyo kwezityalo. Uninzi imithi ikhula eRashiya, amagqabi ifomu elula. Aspen, ezinde nemipopulari babe iimilo ezahlukeneyo: Lancet, ngeenxa elintlangothi scalloped kunye umkhonto-emile, ngokulandelelana kwazo. Xa kuqala kuneqabaka ekwindla ngamnye kubo amagqabi iwe ngokupheleleyo. Kananjalo bayifumeneyo imithi yeziqhamo ezifana apile, emibhaka ne cherry; izityalo ezifana oats kunye ingqolowa, nazo amagqabi ezilula.

Iifom Complex zikhona kwi kwezidumba, loo pinnate ishiya i-ertyisi. Sishiya imithi palmate le fomu ilandelayo :. Maple, nezompleyini, lupine njl Khumbula Trifolium pratense, imilo yayo kuthiwa Ternate elintlangothi ciliated.

Yiyiphi imisebenzi lwenziwa yi amagqabi?

ezilula kunye nezintsonkothileyo yezi imizimba yazo kubangelwa kakhulu iimeko zemozulu. Kumazwe ashushu, imithi sinemibala emikhulu ukuba ibe umlindi nxamnye imitha yelanga.

Nangona kunjalo, umsebenzi omkhulu buyafuneka - Kuquka photosynthesis. Njengoko yaziwa, imithi le nkqubo ukuguqula ikharbon dayokhsayidi mpilo yi ukufunxeka amandla elanga.

Inkqubo yesibini ibalulekileyo nokuphefumla zeselula. Ukusebenzisa mitochondria eshiya ukufumana ioksijini kunye nokukhupha ngokusebenzisa yokondliwa sele carbon dioxide, nto leyo ke kusetyenziswa ngexesha photosynthesis. Ekubeni photosynthesis kwenzeka kuphela ukukhanya, icarbon dioxide igcinwe ebusuku ngohlobo organic asidi.

Transpiration - a komphunga amanzi avela kumphezulu amagqabi. Ngenxa kule ulawulo ukutshintsha lobushushu lulonke nokufuma esityalo. Izinga uwase ixhomekeke kubungakanani Ebubanzini amacwecwe kunye isantya somoya ngexesha elithile.

Ukuziqhelanisa kanye ukuguqulwa

amagqabi amaninzi - ezilula kunye nezintsonkothileyo - kufuneka ukuba zikwazi ukumelana neemeko zokusingqongileyo. Xa inkqubo zazivelela akufunda vidizmenyatsya nobuchule. Leyo yeyona emangalisayo kubo:

• ukukwazi ukuvelisa wax edulusele phezu komhlaba kunye nokuthintela komphunga ngokugqithisileyo amathontsi amanzi;
• yakha yokugcina amanzi ngexesha lemvula, oko kwenzeka ngenxa coalescing imiphetho ukwenzela ukwenza isikhongozeli sac-ezifana (iifom ezinjalo inokufumaneka Liana ezininzi emvula);
• ukukwazi ukuguqula kancinane kumphezulu amacwecwe, baqhawula amagqabi zinqanda imiphumo nje yimimoya enamandla, ngaloo ndlela ukukhusela izityalo umonakalo.

Uninzi izibakala ezinxulumene nomsebenzi ezi amalungu ebalulekileyo nezityalo ayikaqondwa kakuhle. Ezi izivatho entle, ukongeza kwimisebenzi ngasentla, ukwenza enye ingxaki ubuhle - bakunanzile abantu ubungangamsha bayo kunye ezahlukeneyo imibala eqaqambileyo!