Eyona ndlela wefilosofi kwenkulungwane ye-19 kunye ukuvela positivism

Xa siqwalasela indlela eziphambili bulumko mihla, kuba ngokuqinisekileyo yenye yeendawo ezininzi emangalisayo kuphuhliso lolwazi bulumko iinqaba positivism. Ngaphambi kokuba ukuba uhlahlelo imfundiso bulumko, kufuneka ibonise imvelaphi leyo yenza isiseko sale iindlela, wadlala kwaye lidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuqondeni ehlabathini.

Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19 na intanda kakhulu kwandile irrationalist, ezichazwa umba okuvelelayo inkqubo yokufunda i zingqondweni, inkanuko, ezingenangqondo. Basic imithombo kwengqondo irrationalism imiba nemyslitelnye wathi - ke, imvakalelo, intuition. Not ubuncinane kuluhlu ngemithombo irrationalists cognitive sirhoxisiwe zingqondweni, ukhanyiso limangalisa, leyo Schopenhauer - enye abameli ubalaseleyo oku - ibhengeze ngokubanzi umthombo wolwazi.

Uphuhliso olulolunye-bulumko, kwaye ingakumbi zenzululwazi zendalo lubonise ukusikelwa umda ndlela ibubudenge, waxakwa inxaxheba ekwakheni ixesha elaneleyo lesayensi. Thina akakwazanga ukumelana kwentlekele ulwazi yentanda kwaye iintsingiselo eziphambili-bulumko, leyo kwasekwa phantse ngaxeshanye kunye irrationalism. Ifilosofi yokuphila, njengoko imfundiso yentanda, waba ngokungathandabuzekiyo kuphuhliso ngokwemigaqo ingqalelo abantu kunye noluntu luphela kunye neentshukumo. Kodwa kwakhona lingene ngqiqweni xa kufikwa ekufumaneni oonobangela leyo lunokwenza umntu inyathelo. Abameli izazinzulu zikholelwa ukuba ubomi - umlambo umbhodamo akukho bona njongo, yaye, ke ngoko, ukuba uthethe ngayo nayiphi na imithetho kwingqiqo, njenge nxalenye yobomi ngokwayo, akwenzi ngqiqo.

Hermeneutics wenza igalelo elikhulu kuphuhliso kwendlela lwenzululwazi, ngokukodwa imicimbi enxulumene neendlela zokufunda zeetekisi kunye nentsingiselo yawo. Kodwa apha, safumanisa impembelelo engenangqondo - nayiphi na ingcaciso ebalulekileyo lunikezelwa njenge ndlela yokwazi ubukho bayo sentloko itoliki. Xa ilizwi, itoliki utolika imbali kunye ngokoqobo ngenxa yokuqonda kwabo zabo.

bulumko ezisisiseko ezifana kuphela 19 - ekuqaleni ebomini kwenkulungwane yama-20 kunye ukujongwa, kwisigaba cognitive psychoanalysis kuphela ithe ukuba ngaphandle komntu ngamnye, ngexesha apho nguwo ngokwalo, okanye enye ngendlela.

Isisombululo ebalulekileyo ekucombululeni iingxaki zentlekele bulumko na ukuvela kunye nophuhliso imigaqo positivism. Isithuba lokuqala ngokusesikweni umthambo ingxelo malunga besimo sithembele imigaqo yenzululwazi jikelele ulwazi, njengoko kuboniswe ngaphambili imiyalelo eziphambili bulumko. Positivism kuchasa enyanisweni - njengoko yimvelaphi ekuphela oyinyaniso wolwazi, lo gama kokucacisa kweemeko zokuba le nto kufuneka ngokupheleleyo kususwa imithwalo kuqikelelwa yaye yaqinisekiswa iindlela zovavanyo (indlela yokuqinisekisa).

Owaseka lweentsingiselo positivist-bulumko kugqalwa lexicographer French Ogyust akhawunti, othe wangena imbali ingcamango lwezenzululwazi umsunguli wenzululwazi ngabantu nje inzululwazi ngengqiqo zakudala lwamaxabiso. Ngexesha ukhona, positivism kuphunyeziwe izigaba ezine eziphambili kuphuhliso. Lo - enye iimpawu olwahlula positivism, ukuba ezinye imiyalelo eziphambili bulumko elisetyenziswayo lomqhubekisi phambili okanye akwazi ukuphila phantsi isichotho ukugxekwa, yaye, enyanisweni, yaba kwingcamango lwabonisa, positivism wafumana izibonelelo kunye neendlela ezintsha methodological kugwebela imigaqo yayo engundoqo. Ngokomzekelo, xa inguqulelo ezaziwa positivism yokuqala sele imibuzo ngokunxulumene nophuhliso olukhawulezayo iinzululwazi zendalo, ukuba pretty ngokukhawuleza mbalwa nzulu yi Mach ne Avenarius. Machism waba uhlobo yesibini yembali positivism, nto leyo kwindawo yokuqala kukho amava kakhulu. Kungenxa yoko le nto kusifikeleyo oku Oku elinye igama - Empiric. Ngaphezu koko akukho sele kwenza intanda positivist ngokuba yiniyo kunye postpositivism, abameli abadumileyo kuzo Carnap, B. Russell, Popper, liqulunqe isifundo methodological inkqubo yokuqonda yokuqala ngokupheleleyo.

Umzekelo, neo babekholelwa ukuba bulumko esisiseko ulwalathiso ukuba ngokuyintloko uhlalutyo ubhalo indlela yezobunzululwazi iyindlela eyinhloko ukufumana ulwazi oluthembekileyo. Postpositivists waya kude ngakumbi, isihloko umdla yazo imicimbi ukuvela kolwazi ithiyori, ingxaki nezesayensi kunye nolwazi kusengaphambili. Postpositivism ethembekile ngakumbi bulumko kunye nendima yayo kwingqiqo.

Eyona mpumelelo ibalulekileyo postpositivism - ebhaliweyo echaza isizathu yokungabikho moya mandatory ukuvavanya ukuthembeka ngowona lesayensi. Oku lulandelayo kwesi sigqibo ebalulekileyo malunga nohlobo uphuhliso bezenzululwazi - oko kuphuhliso amahla-ndinyuka, kodwa ulwalathiso jikelele lujoliswe ekuphuculeni ulwazi lwenzululwazi.