Enomjukujelwa okulwa "Tochka-U": iimpawu

July 29, 2014 iindaba channel American CNN bavakalisa ehlabathini ukuba yaphehlelelwa ngexesha ekulweni, leyo Ukraine, a enomjukujelwa wokuhlolwa "Tochka-U" akavumelekile ukuba bawele umda karhulumente kulo. Ubuncinane, ukuba intsingiselo imiyalezo twisiseka. Kutheni isenokuba yingcinga yokuba injongo yokuqala into kungaba kwelinye ilizwe? Yintoni na? Kwaye ukuba ithagethi ibekwe eUkraine, kutheni ukuba intshabalalo yayo ukusebenzisa imijukujelwa weave? Kukho imibuzo emininzi ...

Nantoni na, kodwa ngenxa yokuba ezi ziganeko, uluntu waba nomdla kwiinkqubo ezithile "Tochka-U".

Isenzakalo zokubonisana

Omnye umbuzo ongundoqo yindlela impazamo kungenzeka ezenziwe xa uhambisa enomjukujelwa nokujoliswe kuko? Ukuze siphendule lo mbuzo, kubalulekile ukuqonda isakhiwo olu hlobo kwezixhobo.

imikhosi Ukrainian exhobileyo ligunyaziswa umsulwa, ebiza izizathu nje ezintathu kutheni kwakungenakwenzeka. , Izikhali ballistic kwinkonzo kungabikho APU kuqala. Okwesibini, andinalo. Okwesithathu, umkhosi Ukrainian zange uyisebenzise. Emva koko, phezu liphulo US Department State, kwabanjwa intlanganiso abameli balo kunye Russian uMphathiswa Foreign Lavrov, apho yokugqibela kwakhona wamqinisekisa ukuba uhlaselo wayengekho kummandla Russian Federation. On kwesi siganeko ke ngokusesikweni udiniwe, nangona enomjukujelwa "Tochka-U" ukuma, ngasendleleni, kwinkonzo yomkhosi Ukrainian, ilungelana inkcazo "izixhobo ultra-ngqo 'angaziwayo bazama ukugxotha ubunkokheli ka drn kunye LNR Prime Minister Yatsenyuk. Ubuncinane nto echanileyo ngakumbi APU Ngokucacileyo angenayo.

Fumana ngokwenene ibe nantoni akuphumelelanga. Kodwa ke oku akuthethi ukuba akukho iinzame. Iingcali Military ukwakha okucingelwayo ezahlukeneyo mngeni, ukufumana ukufana okuthile phakathi ngempumelelo vangama ukuhlasela irula Israel futhi waseSiriya imizili isehlo. Eyona sinengqondo kakhulu abaninzi luguqulelo ngokwendlela apho mijukujelwa Ukrainian emine "Tochka-U" wadubula phantsi kwenkqubo wokhuselo Russian. Akukho bungqina obubhaliweyo oku, kodwa ezinye izibakala eyaziwa iyayixhasa le mbono.

Ke luhlobo luni enomjukujelwa na apho avela Ukraine? Nini yaye apho ziveliswa? Mdala kangakanani na izikhokelo ezintsha? Ziintoni iimpawu olu hlobo isixhobo? kufuneka zisetyenziswe njani yaye yintoni injongo yokuba zadalwa? Yintoni zikhali ngayo ukuthwala? Ngubani na ukuphatha le complex?

On ezi kunye neminye imiba ngokucacileyo yaye eli nqaku liza kuphendula ngaphandle iinkcukacha ezingeyomfuneko.

izikhali yamacebo ingqiqo utshintsho zomkhosi

Zonke amandla enyukliya zahlulwe iindidi ezimbini eziphambili. izikhali Strategic, izithuthi ehamba enyukliya elide-uluhlu yezokubhabha amacala ukuba kubalulekile ukuba isicelo ubuninzi, umonakalo etshabalalisayo kuqoqosho, utshaba elo lizwe xa kuthe impi yomhlaba. Kodwa kukho kwakhona ezinamandla kangako umsebenzi, awalithabathayo ngxabano abaphambili abasebenza - zibizwa kwebhola. irula "Point" yadalwa le njongo ngo-1965 iinjineli yiSoviet ye-Bureau "letotshi". Yena waye intsebenzo esemgangathweni, kodwa ekupheleni gqira, baye bayeka ukuhlangabezana neemfuno emkhosini. Xa isicelo zikhali ukubaluleka ekhethekileyo ukuchana zange abe, kodwa ngeli xesha kubomi zangaphandle kuye kwakho utshintsho echaphazela uhlobo imfundiso wokhuselo lo. imikhosi Strategic wathabatha indima zongcoliseko lwehlabathi kunye nokuqinisekisa ukhuselo lwesidima lwamazwe wenkqubo yobuSoshali, kodwa ke inani kwiimbambano zengingqi liye landa. Ingcamango isicelo spetszaryadov ngexesha Vietnam imfazwe, okanye kuMbindi Mpuma, kusenokwenzeka ukuba watyelela intloko eshushu umntu, kodwa ngethamsanqa, watsho phantsi. Qinisa indima emthethweni eqhelekileyo, ke ngoko, kwakufuneka ukuphucula nzulu ukuchana betha target. Kwathi ngelo xesha ukwandisa kuluhlu. Ityala waphathiswa Design Bureau of Machine Building. iziko ngasese kunye negama nemadlana wakhokelela SP yoyiswe. ekhuluma Ifani.

Umjukujelwa entsha

amaxwebhu Design ukuba irula imodeli yangaphambili sakhutshelwa MSC ukusuka ICD "letotshi". Ezi zinto kwaba yinxalenye ebalulekileyo kakhulu yomsebenzi, gcina elininzi ixesha kunye nomgudu. Ezigcinayo ezininzi amacandelo, iindibano kunye neenkqubo, uhlobo kwibhedi test apho wakhonza rocket "Point". Imodeli entsha, nokunye ukulawula, kuquka jet igesi, destabilizer bupheliswe, ulawulo iguqulwe kunye nobuchwepheshe ukhokelo. Ngenxa yoko, umsebenzi obaluleke nzima ukuphucula iinjineli ukusebenza ngexesha kwiminyaka 1968-1971 iphunyelelwe apogee kunye perigee zanda. Yaye - okubaluleke - kwithagethi hit kwaba ngqo. Uvavanyo oluthe lwenziwa malunga launch Kapustin Yar, yaye ngowe-1973 iKomishoni kaRhulumente wamkela lo msebenzi. Yaqala imveliso. Le AMAGQABAZA ▸ ezenziwa kwi-Volgograd isityalo "ngothango" (ukuqalisa-up kunye neenkqubo zolawulo) kunye eVotkinsk Machine Building Plant (le mijukujelwa). Le nkqubo waya series Heavy Machinery Plant Petropavlovsk. Ukongeza, amashishini ezahlukeneyo ezimbaxa ukukhusela amacandelo odolo lizwe lonke yafakwa. Ulwamkelo ezisesikweni inkonzo kwenzeka ngo-1975, ukuba ziye zagqitywa kunye Ibutho kwinqanaba kweminyango.

Eminye yotshintsho zakhiwo kwenzeka kwiminyaka yoo-yee-. Thina kuthathelwa ingqalelo kunye neemeko ezahlukeneyo zemozulu yokusebenza, nto leyo Transbaikalia and Central Asia ukuba baqhube iimvavanyo ezongezelelweyo.

enomjukujelwa okulwa "Tochka-U" (ukuba igama elitsha le isixhobo) yayakhiwe kwisixeko eVotkinsk.

Point-to-P kunye nenkqubo ukhokelo entsha

Kuphehlelelwa ngokusesikweni Uvavanyo yokuqala yaqala ngo-1971, babesenzela iingcali mveliso. Kwisithuba seminyaka emibini, waphumeza ophela kunye nokuzimisela yokugqibela bokuthobela umyalelo karhulumente data. Iimpawu ababenza ngokupheleleyo ikhomishini eliphezulu. Le ukutenxa kule ekujoliswe kuwo zange ngaphezu kweemitha 250 kumgama oyi yeekhilomitha 15 zize ezona zininzi ukuya ku-70.

Ngcono wokukhomba nkqubo. "Point-P" angasebenzisa intloko isixando ukhokelo kunomathotholo kunye radar imitha eyandisa uluhlu isicelo yaso wavumela ukusetyenziswa isixhobo walo utshaba zokuzikhusela umoya okanye iinkqubo zolawulo troop nokudideka kunye nonxibelelwano utshaba ezinokubakho. Ngenxa indawo weehektare ezimbini boyise accuracy ukwanda - ngoku kweemitha 45.

Yaba umsebenzi omhle kakhulu.

ukuqashwa

Ukusetyenziswa kwebhola kwezikhali kubonisa ithuba ahlasele ekujoliswe ezincinane, phantsi apho emkhosini ukuqonda moya ezincinane nezinkulu, ikomkhulu, amaziko zonxibelelwano, izitora, iindawo zokugcina, kwizikhululo zikaloliwe, amazibuko kunye nezinye izibonelelo, ingakumbi kwixesha yokufumana ukubaluleka emkhosini.

Imilinganiso yalo njongo ayikwazi kubizwa ngokuba usemncinci. Malunga hit izikhali ballistic (nokuba ezincinane) isebenza isakhiwo, inqanawa, moya, inqwelo moya okanye imoto kaloliwe kwaye intetho akakwazi ukuya. Bovuthela kwenziwa kule ndawo, awathi yokugcina ezase ezahlukeneyo womserbia bokulwa.

Ngelo xesha xa eSoviet Army wangena umjukujelwa "Tochka-U" kwi abemi Soviet ubunqolobi bamazwe ngamazwe bafunda ikakhulu ukusuka kwinkqubo "Ixesha", yaye ke kuphela xa kusasazwa kwi imeko Ulster. Iziganeko amashumi eminyaka ngaphambili baye babonisa ukuba eli cebo kunokuba luncedo kunye ekulweni imigulukudu, ingakumbi, ukuze abatshabalalise iziseko namabutho kunye iinkampu zabo zoqeqesho. Kodwa nayiphi na imeko ayenzelwanga ukusebenzisa evuthayo "Tochka-U 'ukuba zokudubula kwiindawo zokuhlala kwizixeko okanye kwiilali. Enoba omkhulu ukuchana, ukufezekisa nembubhiso bamaqela abaxhobileyo abantu engqongwe abahlali akunakwenzeka.

On umhlaba namanzi

Ngokwawo, rocket Sanduluka isindululi ngeke. kwesistim yefowuni ephathwayo ikholam izithuthi eziliqela, inani apho kuyahlukana nedlela msebenzi. Okokuqala, kufuneka umndululi, nto leyo ebandakanyekileyo xa kusaziswa evuthayo "Tochka-U". Kodwa hayi ngenxa edubuleyo omnye wadalwa ezintsonkothileyo! Kuba ue kholamu kufanele eyenziwa Ukutshaja ezithutha oomatshini, ulawulo ephathwayo kunye nesikhululo uvavanyo kunye nokugcinwa kukamasifundisane. Imijukujelwa bathuthwayo kwimigqomo ekhethekile ukuthutha ekhuselekileyo emthethweni. Umatshini yokutshaja lixhotyiswe ngezinto zokusebenza. Izixhobo kunye nezixhobo ekujongwe ukulawula impilo kweenkqubo kunye namacandelo. Kukho phantse yonke xa kuthe kwiimeko zongxamiseko.

A itanki yezibaso iyafuneka kuphela xa iza kuhamba imigama emide (ngaphezu kwe-650 yeekhilomitha - oku ke reserve power). Irula lalapha e-mveliso, iye eqinileyo-propellant motor.

Lawulela abangenza ezintsonkothileyo phantse naluphi kwendawo, nkqu phezu kwamanzi. Isantya intshukumo yindlela elungileyo - ukuya ku-60 km / h, endleleni ukungcola - 40 km / h phezu ezimbi - 15 km / h. Xa usebenzisa amanzi-jet iinjini koomatshini onokuwoyisa ngayo umqobo amanzi ngesantya ka-8 km / h. Ubomi inkonzo kwizithuthi amawaka 15 km.

Spetszaryady

"Tochka-U" - a isikhali wokuhlolwa. Features naye, nangona ezindilisekileyo ngaphezu koko of izilo-qhinga, kodwa kwanele ukuqwalasela ukuba yenethiwekhi kunokwenzeka spetszaryadov. Phantsi kwale kota emkhosini ukuqonda nezixhobo zokubulala abantu abaninzi, nuclear, kunye imichiza. Wawaxabela ngesibetho elutshabeni, kufuneka intloko inxalenye ahambelanayo, ekwabizwa ngokuba bokulwa ibhetri gumbi. enomjukujelwa okulwa "Tochka-U" njani kuxhotyiswa zikhali, kuxhomekeke emandleni efunekayo ye-dubulo. Ngoko ke, inxalenye intloko unalo 9N39 TNT elilingana nekhulu kilotons kunye 9N64 - up to ezimakhulu mabini.

Ekusetyenzisweni spetszaryadov enyukliya, leyo mayixhotyiswe rocket "kwipoyinti-U", kwirediyasi sisilonda esidumbileyoesingaphakathi (eqinileyo), kulinganiswa ukusuka hub, bekuya kuba iikhilomitha ngaphezu elinesihlanu.

Ngenxa yokuqhuba ezase imichiza imfazwe Committe enikiweyo 9N123G kunye 9N123G2-1 equlathe 65 sub-element RH-mali ka-60,5 kunye 50,5 kg, ngokulandelelana ( "Soman").

Iimboniselo eqhelekileyo

Nokuhlelwa ukuqhumisa nezikhali enikiweyo ngokubanzi. Warhead izenzo 9N123F eliphezulu-edubulayo phantsi inika 162 kg TNT, ndibaphangalalisele phantse amawaka ezilishumi elinazibini. Kaloku isiphumo ibalulekileyo kushenxa lokugqibela eyenza enomjukujelwa "Tochka-U". indawo sisilonda esidumbileyoesingaphakathi yanikezelwa leendima ezintathu phantsi bengabaveleli kukho ukuphakama kuyimitha-20 emva kokuba ukuphinde usete yophuhliso wokuhlolwa kwindawo imo ukuwa kakhulu exandekeni. I-axis amaqhekeza razbroska cone abangenamakhaya ukuba zokwandisa icandelo umlilo.

Tape intloko isabelo iquka 9N123K iziqalelo amahlanu (ngalinye ngokobunzima malunga ezisibhozo kilograms) ezaliswe okuphawulekayo iziqalelo inani lilonke kufutshane-16 amawaka. cassette ngalinye analog of an iziqhushumbisi anti-personnel eziqhelekileyo, ezinkulu kuphela. Nenqaba utshabalalisa izinto ukhuselo ezikwekwayo kwindawo weehektare ezisixhenxe.

Kwakhona kuyenzeka ukusetyenziswa evuthayo "Tochka-U" ngenxa ekusasazeni uncwadi ubuxoki.

iinkcukacha yamacebo technical

Kuba izikhali yamacebo okulwa kubalulekile, hayi kuphela uluhlu yokubhabha eliphezulu, kodwa ubuncinane. Kungenjalo utshaba uya kukwazi ukuza kangangokuba kuba anihlasele, yaye ngoko ingakumbi yingozi. Le parabola ne umendo 15 emhlabeni ngokwehla sekhilomitha - oku umgama ezincinane kakhulu, nto leyo adubule "Point-U" (enomjukujelwa wokuhlolwa). iimpawu moya kulo mzekelo imi ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: ukuphakama - ukuya ku-26 amawaka eemitha, Intonga - 9800 KN, injini isebenza - ukuya imizuzwana 28 .. Emva koko ke moya luya yophuhliso wokuhlolwa.

Ukuba ekujoliswe lé, izicwangciso kwahluka kancinci. ukuphakama obukhulu (apogee) tsakisi kakhulu. imizuzu 2 16 imizuzwana enomjukujelwa iya kubeyisa 120 km - ke uluhlu iphezulu enomjukujelwa "Tochka-U".

Ukwenza firings ngempumelelo ukubaluleka kunye nocikizeko ngokusasazwa yokulwa nqanawa. Iqela yokuqalisa baqeqeshwe kakuhle, ebandakanya abantu abane, kukwazi ukuguqulela entsonkothileyo isithuthi ekulweni imeko imizuzu eli-16, oku eqhelekileyo. Ukuba uyafuna ukuqala waziwa kwangaphambili, ngoko imizuzu nje ezimbini emva kokuba iqela ubuyela ekuqaleni, uya kwenziwa. Warhead kokuhlaziya phantse isiqingatha setoni uya aphaphazele aye target. Isantya irula "Tochka-U 'ukuya ku ngekhilomitha enye ngomzuzwana,

Ngasinye iingalo uhlobo eyenzelwe ukusombulula imisebenzi ethile, leyo, ngokuxhomekeke kwiimeko ezithile inokuba ngaphezulu okanye ububanzi ngaphantsi. Sixhobo - uhlobo lwesixhobo, kwezinye iimeko, kufuneka ibe namandla kakhulu kwaye erhabaxa, kwezinye iimeko, kubhetele ukusebenzisa into yayisesona noxhamla ubuncwane. nezikhali okulwa ballistic, nangona ngqo targeting eziphakamileyo, akanako ukunika bazoyise ecacileyo yonyulo, ngoko kwiindawo ezinabantu abaninzi apho idla ungasebenzisi.

Ukufundiswa Isicelo Tactical

Umjukujelwa "Tochka-U", kwirediyasi ngokoyiswa iinjongo ongadluli 120 yeekhilomitha, ephelele etshabalalisa iziseko abagrogrisi neenkampu ibekwe ezintabeni okanye entlango. Ngexesha iphulo lokuqala Chechnya, kwathiwa isetyenziselwa injongo eyenzelwe yona, nto leyo ibhalwe kwiidayari zabo, memoirs, Jikelele GN Troshev (incwadi ebizwa ngokuba "break Chechen"). Iimpawu Amaqhinga usebenzisa le iimbumbulu busenza ukuba ukuba umyalelo ngedatha ethembekileyo kwaye uququzelelo ngqo kwethagethi. Ezo ulwazi kule mihla uyakwazi ukunika ukuhlolwa (kwimeko imozulu efanelekileyo phezu yeqonga kokusebenza kunye nokungabikho angaqondakali amafu ommandla lomlilo). Akunamsebenzi ngaphandle ukusetyenziswa kwezinye iindawo, xa bathe zifunyanwa arhente abafanelekayo, Ngokuba amava okusebenza kunye neemephu ngesimo.

NgoMatshi 2000, kufutshane emzaneni Komsomolsk ... Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba apha kule ndawo kukho inkampu namabutho. Le into enqatyisiweyo kakuhle, inqanaba zokuzifaka apha kangangokuba xa uzama zokubetha ilahleko kunqandwa enzima kwabasebenzi. Kufutshane nedolophu, ukulutshayela, Kakade ke, akunakwenzeka. Kukuqhushumba umjukujelwa "Tochka-U" kwabekwa ukuzithethelela, kunye nemigulukudu enamandla yaphela, yaye engaganwanga edabini, ukuze zilungiswe ngayo ukuze ngenyameko. iingxaki afanayo isonjululwe namabutho enomjukujelwa Committe kwezinye iindawo ngaphambili, ukunciphisa iilahleko yaye yaphumelela yayintle, yinxalenye ebalulekileyo leyo izibalo uqeqesho obalaseleyo.

Amabutho efanayo abaqeqeshiweyo kakhulu wabonisa amaqela Russian ngexesha iziganeko-2008 eMzantsi Ossetia. Alwa ngayo imisebenzi efanayo laseSiriya abathintela zidale antigovernmental. imigomo yabo idla isiseko abagrogrisi entlango.

marksmanship ayide ikwazi ndoqhayisa Ukraine. Evuthayo "Tochka-U", eli lizwe njengelifa imbali evela eSoviet Union abe sele idlulile ubomi babo ezikhabhathini (Yiminyaka elishumi). Ngowe-2000, ngethuba umthambo zoqeqesho badubula uluhlu Goncharov, oko ukusungulwa, yabulala emithathu wonzakala abahlali ezintlanu Brovary (kummandla Kyïv.). Le warhead iye isetyenziswe zoqeqesho, ngaphandle kwentlawulo, kungenjalo amaxhoba kusenokuba lukhulu.

nokugcinwa isakhiwo

Lawula izixhobo "Point" sinzima kakhulu inzima. Ukufumana iziqinisekiso kuthatha iinyanga eziliqela, yaye kwangaxeshanye, nokuba iimeko kakhulu (musa Uphelelwe ezikhabhathini, ubalo abanobuchule kwakunye nokungabikho inkcaso esebenzayo ezintshabeni) ibetheke siqinisekiso ngokupheleleyo ukususela yokuqala start-up apho. Umjukujelwa "Tochka-U" uqhagamshelwano lwetshiphu emsebenzi-ngqo izixhobo ayikho. Iingcali zithi iziphumo ezingcono aokusetyenziswa kunye nokukhululwa amaqokobhe ezine, enye yazo mhlawumbi kakhulu ukuba ekupheleni isikhokelo wokuhlolwa iya kuba kumgama owela ngaphakathi kwama-amashumi leemitha ukusuka target. Kufuneka uthathe ingqalelo into yokuba imilinganiselo ixesha ukususela kuphuhliso le complex zitshintshile. Ukusetyenziswa "amanqaku" ukuba kuliwe amajoni, ngabavukeli mbuso elisebenza kufuphi zokuhlala, ngqiqweni nje kuphela kodwa lolwaphulo-mthetho, ingakumbi banikwa isiqinisekiso phantsi izibalo irula.