Emqaleni - a ... Ukumisela isakhiwo kunye nomsebenzi pharynx, yokwakheka kunye neempawu nokomzimba

Pharynx -. Voronkopodobny le vidiyo imisipha, nto leyo iba ubude ukuya kwi-14 cm ye komzimba organ ikuvumela bolus ukuhamba lula ukuya kuvuleke iminxunya, uze emva koko - esiswini. Ukongeza, ngenxa kwiimpawu yokwakheka kunye nokomzimba, ngalo pharynx oko okusaqhubekayo umoya esuka empumlweni emiphungeni kwaye hi ndlela leyi hambaneke. Oko kukuthi, emqaleni kuwela inkqubo yokucola ukutya kunye nokuphefumla yomntu.

iimpawu yokwakheka kunye nokomzimba

Inxalenye nakumphezulu pharynx iqhotyoshelwe isiseko lukakayi, lo Occipital amathambo temporal pyramidal. E 6-7 th SIP omqolo eshenxela emphinjeni up.

Ngaphakathi yinto umngxuma (cavitas pharyngis). Oko kukuthi, ithamo - umngxuma.

Ekubeni liqonga nemingxuma yomlomo kunye ngeempumlo, sobuKristu ithambo Occipital (inxalenye yayo basilar) kunye omqolo eliphezulu wesibeleko. Ukungqinelana umlinganiselo emqaleni namanye amalungu (ngamanye amazwi, ubume kunye nemisebenzi pharynx) kukho imiqathango yahlulwe iindawo ezininzi: pars laryngea, pars laryngea, pars nasalis. Enye iindonga (phezulu), nto leyo ekufuphi nebheyi sisiseko Amaza kuthiwa isiqulathi.

kuvuthwa

Pars nasalis osebenzayo imela nokuphefumla isebe pharynx yabantu. Iindonga eli Sebe ukugogeka ngoko musani ukuyisonga (umahluko eziphambili kwezinye iindawo zomzimba).

Udonga ngaphambili pharynx indawo choanae, naphezu iindawo ecaleni - le pharyngeal ukuvulwa ifanele tube ezikhalayo, nto leyo isisahlulo nendlebe. Emva nangaphezulu apho ukuvulwa anqongophele ngenxa mqengqeleki ityhubhu ezikhandelwa yi Buze hryaschik tube eziviwayo.

Umda phakathi udonga ngasemva kunye aphezulu inwebu pharynx ephithizelayo cluster lymphoid (umgca) ekubhekiswa adenoids leyo zibonakaliswa abadala encinane.

Phakathi inkalakahla ethambileyo kunye yazala (gag) iityhubhu zilungiswe elinye cluster inyama emithanjeni. Oko kukuthi, emnyango ukuya umphimbo ring lymphoid phantse ashinyeneyo zomzimba: idlala zeelwimi ezininzi, le tonsils iPalatine (emibini), kunye pharyngeal tube (ezimbini) i tonsils.

mouthparts

Pars oralis - le nxalenye phakathi umqala, umqala nguMthengi, a ngaphambili ukunxibelelana kwisisu ngomlomo kunye inxalenye abasemva yayo imi vertebra lesithathu wesibeleko. iindawo Imisebenzi emlonyeni zixubene, ngenxa yokuba kukho bawela kokudla kunye zokuphefumla.

zibuko enjalo inkqubo ingakumbi abantu bokuphefumla eqalisiweyo ixesha amalungu nokuphefumla ukusuka ethunjini abangekaphuhli (udonga wayo). Of bay zaseprayimari kwakhiwa kwisisu nosorotovoy ngomlomo ngeempumlo, apho yokugqibela ibekwe ngasentla kwaye kancinane dorsally kuthelekiswa kwisisu ngomlomo. Uqhoqhoqho, kwingqula kunye nemiphunga bavela eludongeni (ventral) foregut. Kungenxa yokuba emathunjini intloko ibekwe phakathi lweHo- ngeempumlo (phezulu dorsally) kunye nosulelo ngokuphefumla (ventral), nto leyo echaza ekudibaneni bokuphefumla kokudla kwingingqi pharynx.

hypopharynx

laryngea Pars na inxalenye esezantsi lomzimba esemva kwingqula aze abaleke ukususela ekuqaleni kwingqula phambi kokuqala emphinjeni. owongozelelweyo Laryngeal ukwakweli eludongeni ngaphambili.

Ubume kunye nomsebenzi pharynx

Isiseko bodonga pharyngeal yi esingxotyeni salo ezinezikhondo eqhotyoshelwe kwisiseko phezulu kwethambo yokakayi, ngaphakathi yi isifo ngaphakathi nangaphandle - le ndizayo kwezihlunu. Le yokugqibela sigqunywe inyama ezinezikhondo obhityileyo olumanyanisa udonga pharyngeal nabasemagunyeni eselumelwaneni, yaye ngaphezulu, udlula m. buccinator kwaye iba ifascia yayo.

Sigutyungelwe imazi ibonakalisa kwi ngeempumlo pharyngeal kwicandelo epithelium ciliated, engqamana umsebenzi wayo yokuphefumla, kwaye izahlulo asezantsi - epithelium flat wakubo, kangangokuba umphezulu uba ogudileyo kwaye bolus kulula kwatyibilika ku ukuginya. Kule nkqubo, nazo zidlala amadlala indima kunye nemisipha pharynx, leyo zicwangciswe circularly (suzhivateli) kunye longitudinally (extenders).

ISETYHULA umaleko kuphuhliswa ngakumbi yaye imele detrusor ezintathu: eliphezulu avareji constrictor constrictor kunye ophantsi pharyngeal constrictor kwezihlunu. Ekuqaleni kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo, ukusuka amathambo kwisiseko yokakayi, emhlathini ephantsi, ulwimi, cartilages laryngeal kunye ithambo hyoid, uYesti kwezihlunu waza wathumela umva, kunye, zenza osembindini ka omhlophe pharynx.

Okuzenzela (ngaphantsi) le constrictor ephantsi ezinxulumene Imicu dystrophy ye emphinjeni.

Imicu umsipha Longitudinal ziquka izihlunu zilandelayo: shiloglotochnaya (M. stylopharyngeus) evela kwinkqubo styloid (yinxalenye ithambo zexeshana) yaye ubonakalisa downwardly, ukuba yahlulwe imiqadi ezimbini, aqukiwe eludongeni pharyngeal, kwaye ziqhotyoshelwe apha kule intlala lengqula (udini lwalo phezulu); umsipha velopharyngeal (M. palatopharyngeus).

igwinya

Ngenxa yobukho emqaleni lomzimba iphecana chiasm wokudla kunye nokuphefumla lixhotyiswe izixhobo ezizodwa bahlukane ngokuma sokugaya ngexesha ukuginya. Ngenxa yindibanisela imisipha bolus ulwimi ulwimi ukutya umva icinezelwe nxamnye esibhakabhakeni (eziqinileyo) waza wangena pharynx. Ngeli xesha, inkalakahla ethambileyo uza kuncothulwa (ngenxa zokurhwaqela kwezihlunu tensor Veli paratini kunye levator Veli palatini). Ekubeni isebe umqala ngeempumlo (zemiphunga) yabiwa ngokupheleleyo kwisebe ngomlomo.

Kwi efanayo izihlunu ukuba ibekwe ngaphezu ithambo hyoid, kwingqula uza kuncothulwa phezulu. Ingcambu ulwimi xa lo uya phantsi kwaye utyhala epiglottis, khon 'ukuze liyawa yokugqibela, lokuvala sicatshulwa kwingqula. Emva zokunciphisa ezilandelelanayo kukho constrictors, ukuze ukuba bolus yokutya ufumana ukuze kuvuleke iminxunya. Izihlunu longitudinal yomsebenzi pharynx njengoko podnimataeley, okt kuphakanyiswe pharynx ukuya intshukumo bolus ukutya.

igazi kunye innervation le pharynx

Ukubonelela pharynx ncakasana zinyuka pharyngeal Umthambo (1), lengqula phezulu (3) kunye namasebe ngaphambili (2), lo maxillary yegazi carotid lwangaphandle. ephuma lwemithambo lwenzeka kwi plexus, apho ibekwe phezu inwebu pharyngeal izihlunu, yaye ngakumbi efaka pharyngeal (4) kule ndlela jugular yangaphakathi (5).

Le nkovu kwemali kude limfatichekie ezalathelwe wesibeleko (enzulu pozadiglotochnye).

Innervation le pharynx ithwala pharyngeal plexus (plexus pharyngeus), nto leyo ukhandwa amasebe luvo vagus (6), ixabiso charset onovelwano (7) kunye luvo glossopharyngeal. Ngoko innervation ezibuthathaka udlula le glossopharyngeal kunye luvo vagus, ngaphandle kuphela stylopharyngeus kwezihlunu, nto leyo eyenzeka kuphela innervation luvo glossopharyngeal.

zobukhulu

Njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngasentla, pharynx - ityhubhu dystrophy. omkhulu Ubukhulu bayo ezinqamlezayo kukuba kumanqanaba le ngeempumlo kunye ukuqanda ngomlomo. Ubungakanani emqaleni (ubude balo) yi-avareji 12-14 cm. Ubukhulu umzimba ezinqamlezayo ngu 4.5 cm, ngamanye ezinkulu ubukhulu anteroposterior.

isifo

Zonke izifo pharynx zingahlulwa zibe ngamaqela ezininzi:

• ngezifo Acute arhabaxa.
• Ukwenzakala kunye namaqumrhu angaphandle.
• iinkqubo ezondeleyo.
• Ekubulaleni tonsils.
• Tonsils.

iinkqubo Acute arhabaxa

izifo ukudumba oloNgezelelweyo ukuba kwenzeka wayibona, oku kulandelayo:

• pharyngitis Acute - ngokoyiswa ze inyama lymphoid ye pharynx ngenxa yokuba zithembise nakancinane kuyo iintsholongwane, ifungi okanye neentsholongwane.
• Candidiasis womqala - umonakalo uxakaxa fungi umzimba uhlobo Candida.
• tonsils Acute (tonsils) - i ekubulaleni yokuqala tonsils ukuba indalo esosulelayo. Angina kungaba: catarrhal, lacunar, follicular, pustular film.
• Ithumba kwi ingcambu ulwimi - umonakalo inyama ubovu kummandla esihlunwini hypoglossal. Unobangela wale izifo - ukusulelwa amanxeba okanye kwingxaki le idlala arhabaxa zeelwimi.

umonakalo umqala

Phakathi ukulimala kuvela amaxesha amaninzi:

1. ukutsha ezahlukahlukeneyo ezibangelwa sikagesi, ziqu, inyathelo thermal okanye imichiza. ukutsha thermal iphuhlise ngenxa eziwayo kushushu kakhulu ukutya, iikhemikhali kunye - phantsi kwempembelelo-arhente weekhemikhali (idla ngokuba asidi okanye alkalis). Kukho izidanga ezininzi umonakalo inyama ngenxa ukutsha:

• Le isidanga sokuqala luphawulwa erythema.
• bolwesibini udidi - ukuyilwa maqampu.
• The degree sesithathu - utshintsho zeethishu necrotic.

2. imizimba Foreign emqaleni. Lo isenokuba amathambo, nezikhonkwane, amasuntswana ukutya, njalo-njalo. Clinic of loo monakalo kuxhomekeke kubunzulu lilide, kwasendaweni of a ubukhulu zomzimba amazwe. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba babe ukuhlatywa intlungu uze iintlungu igwinya, ukukhohlela okanye ukomiwa kuyabuya.

iinkqubo ezingapheliyo

Phakathi pharyngeal ezingapheliyo amanxeba basoloko ngoxilongo:

• pharyngitis Chronic - sisifo luphawulwa izitshanguba zodonga pharyngeal isifo ngasemva kunye izihlunu lymphoid ngenxa tonsils oyingozi okanye esingapheliyo umonakalo, sinuses paranasal, njalo-njalo.
• Faringomikoz - umonakalo nezihlunu pharynx ebangelwa Igwele-ezifana umngundo aze avelise ngokuchasene nentsukaphi immunodeficiencies.
• tonsils Chronic - ngezifo samathambo le tonsils. Ukongezelela, isifo namchoza esosulelayo, yaye ngenxa ukudumba gqolo sikhatshwe kwi nezihlunu tonsils.