Counter-ekhubekisayo kwi Stalingrad, "Uranus" ukusebenza: umhla move, abathathi-nxaxheba

Stalingrad yaba yindawo apho kukho utshintsho olukhulu kweMfazwe Patriotic Enkulu kunye iMfazwe Yehlabathi II. Baqalisa yimpumelelo Red Army ekhubekisayo, ikhowudi-ogama "Uranus".

ngumba

ESoviet counter-ekhubekisayo kwi Stalingrad waqalisa ngoNovemba 1942, kodwa ukuze alungiselele isicwangciso imisebenzi Kwikomkhulu Umyalelo eqaliswe ngoSeptemba. Ekwindla ukunduluka German ukuya iVolga antywiliselwa. Kuba omabini la macala, Stalingrad kubalulekile kokubini ngobuchule kwaye ngokwemiqathango ubuxoki. Le dolophu igama imbeko intloko karhulumente eSoviet. Xa Stalin wakhokela wawalwela Tsaritsyn emhlophe ngethuba leMfazwe Civil. Lose lo mzi, ukususela kwinqanaba Ngenxa ideology Soviet, wayengacingi. Ukongeza, ukuba amaJamani wathabatha ulawulo esezantsi kuyo iVolga River, baya kuba nako ukuyeka unikezelo lokutya, amafutha kunye nokwezinye izixhobo zokusebenza ezibalulekileyo.

Ngokuba zonke izizathu ngasentla, le counteroffensive kwi Stalingrad kwacetywa ngononophelo olulodwa. Ukusebenza imeko kakuhle ngaphambili. Ngesandla okwethutyana wafudukela iimfazwe ngokokuma. Ekugqibeleni, Novemba 13, 1942 isicwangciso counter-ekhubekisayo, ikhowudi-ogama "Uranus" watyikitywa ngu Stalin samkelwa Kwikomkhulu Jikelele.

Isicwangciso sokuqala

Ungathanda njani ukubona ukuphikiswa-ekhubekisayo kwi Stalingrad, iinkokeli Soviet? Phantsi isicwangciso, i Front South-Western phantsi kobunkokheli UNikolai Vatutin kwafuneka wambetha ngesibetho kufutshane nedolophu encinane Serafimovich, awayephantsi amaJamani ehlotyeni. Eli qela wayalelwa ukuba bahlukane ubuncinane 120 leekhilomitha. Enye Ndothuka ukubunjwa Stalingrad Front. Indawo livela yaye yatyunjwa Sarpa echibini. Emva kokuphumelela 100 km, phambi bempi behleli ukudibana ne-South-Western Front kufuphi Kalach-eSoviet. Ngoko ke, amaqela aseJamani ezibe Stalingrad, uya kweyela ezisingqongileyo.

Kwacetywa ukuba counteroffensive kwi Stalingrad ziya kuxhaswa yi ukuhlasela yesibini phambi kummandla Don kunye Kachalin Kletskaya. E GHQ sazama ukuchonga iindawo abuthatha imikhosi utshaba. Ekugqibeleni, i-qhinga nokusebenza kuye kwagqitywa ukuba izithonga ye-Red Army zilandelayo ngasemva kunye nangegxalaba lwabaninzi yokulwa-okwaziyo kunye yingozi kusitsha. Kwaba khona ukuba abanobubi bonke zikhuselwe. Ngenxa nhlengeletano, "Uranus" ukusebenza yahlala iyimfihlo kuba amaJamani, kwada kwayimini ekuqaleni zokuphunyezwa kwayo. Surprise noququzelelo yezenzo eentloko ezaxhobela Soviet ukudlalwa ezandleni zabo.

Ukubeka utshaba

Njengoko izicwangciso, lo counteroffensive yiSoviet kwi Stalingrad kwaqala nge-19 Novemba. Kwagqitywa lwandulelwe zokudubula ithala enamandla. Phambi kokusa, imozulu litshintshile kakhulu, nto leyo yenze uhlengahlengiso kwizicwangciso ze umyalelo. ngci akazange avumele ukuphakamisa umoya eyama njengoko ukubonakala uphansi kakhulu. Ngoko ke, lo ukugxininisa ukubaluleka kwamalungiselelo zokudubula.

Okokuqala phantsi kuhlasela umkhosi wesithathu isiRomania, ogama abameli oqhekezwayo amabutho yiSoviet. Ezomva lokhu baba baseJamani. Bazama ukumisa oluBomvu Army, kodwa ayiphumelelanga. ekuchithweni utshaba yagqitywa yi-1 Tank Corps phantsi kolwalathiso Vasiliya Butkova kunye 26th Panzer Corps Alekseya Rodina. La malungu, enza lo msebenzi, waqalisa ukuba sisinge Kalacha.

Ngosuku olulandelayo lohlaselo yaqala maqela Stalingrad Front. Ebudeni ngosuku lokuqala inxalenye bafudukela km 9, ukutyhoboza eziphumelela utshaba kwi ngaphandle kumazantsi umzi. Emva kweentsuku ezimbini zokulwa boyiswa amaqela amathathu elihamba waseJamani. impumelelo Red Army kaThixo wothuka yaye yakhokelela nokudideka kaHitler. I Wehrmacht wagqiba ukuba ugwayimbo iya kuba redeployment kakuhle amandla. Ekugqibeleni, emva kokuqwalasela iinketho eziliqela, amaJamani idluliselwe Stalingrad omnye ngamaqela amabini vehicles, phambi kokuba kuthathwe amanyathelo kwi North eCaucasus. Paulus de imini xa kwakukho bume lokugqibela waqhubeka ukuthumela ekhaya lobungangamsha. Ngenkani wasiphinda ukuba akayi ashiye iVolga yaye akayi kuvumela kwafa lunalo 6 Army.

21 Novemba 4 26 Tank Corps of the zantsi Front afika kwifama Manoilin. Apha ke wenza kushenxa engalindelekanga, sijike yasuka ukuya ngasempuma. Ngoku la maqhosha ukuhambisa ngqo UDon Kalach. Advance eliBomvu Army zazama ukumbambezela we 24th vehicles Division of the Wehrmacht, kodwa zonke iinzame zayo zakhokelela nto. Ngeli xesha, isithuba umyalelo we-6 Army Paulus ngokukhawuleza yafuduselwa kwidolophana Nizhni Chir, esoyika Ukubanjwa uhlaselo amajoni Soviet.

Operation "Uranus" iye kwakhona yabonisa ukuba ubuqhawe ye-Red Army. Umzekelo, lo wona libutho elichubekileyo 26 Panzer Corps kwi amatanki kunye nezinye izithuthi babewela ibhulorho phezu Don kufuphi Kalach. AmaJamani baba akholosileyo kakhulu - bagqiba ukuba ukufudukela isahlulo ngobubele, yafakelwa izixhobo Soviet kuthinjwa. i Red Army baxhamla kule connivance, wabatshabalalisa bakhululeke ukhuselo kunye nabammeli zonke ngeenxa zonke, elinde ukuba ukufika kwemikhosi eziphambili. Wona ukubamba isikhundla, nangona lokuhlaselwa utshaba ezininzi. Ekugqibeleni wasityhobozela kuye 19 Tank Brigade. La maqela mabini basebenze kunye ukuqinisekisa ekudibaneni imikhosi eziphambili Soviet, nilangazelela ukuba enqumlayo kule ndawo Don e Kalach. Ngokuba lo feat ngqwayi Georgiy Filippov kunye UNikolai Filippenko baba kufanele imbasa isihloko Hero eSoviet Union.

NgoNovemba 23, amajoni eSoviet wathabatha ulawulo Kalach, apho amabanjwa bangamajoni 1500 lutshaba umkhosi. Oku kwakuthetha bume Rule yale amaJamani kunye namahlakani abo baseleyo Stalingrad naphakathi iVolga kunye Don. Operation "Uranus" kwi inyathelo yakhe yokuqala waphumelela. Ngoku 330 amawaka abantu abalungiselelayo Wehrmacht, kwafuneka ukuba atyhudise ngekhonkco eSoviet. Kwezi meko, injengele 6 Panzer Army Paulus wacela uHitler imvume ukuba atyhudise ukuya ngasemazantsi-mpuma. I Fuehrer wala. Endaweni imikhosi Wehrmacht ababemi kufuphi Stalingrad, kodwa engafakwanga bume, ukuba ziye zadityaniswa iqela elitsha "Don 'imikhosi. Le ukubunjwa yayikukunceda bayagqobhoza, bayangena encirclement kunye Paulus ukubamba esi sixeko. Kanye West amaJamani wayenyanzelekile kodwa nihlalele uncedo bakuthi zabo ngaphandle.

akunakuqinisekiswa elizayo

Nangona ekuqaleni yiSoviet counter-ekhubekisayo kwi Stalingrad kwakhokelela encirclement yokuba inxalenye enkulu imikhosi yaseJamani, impumelelo ukuqina akuthethi ukuba umsebenzi ugqityiwe. I-Red Army waqhubeka ukuhlasela izikhundla yotshaba. iqela Wehrmacht lalilikhulu kakhulu, ngoko GHQ wayenethemba ukuba atyhudise, nasekuziqiniseni uwucandile ubuncinane ibe ziinxalenye ezimbini. Noko ke, ngenxa yokuba lo ngaphambili kakhulu iingqameko, uyazikhomba imikhosi utshaba kakhulu ngaphezulu. counteroffensive yiSoviet e Stalingrad kwathotha.

Ngelo xesha, i Wehrmacht walungiselela isicwangciso "Vintergevitter" imisebenzi (bona bubonakala "Winter Storm"). Injongo yawo kukuqinisekisa ukuba ekupheliseni encirclement le 6th Army phantsi kobunkokheli Fridriha Paulyusa. Ukuqapha ukuba atyhudise iqela "Don 'imikhosi. Ukuhlela kwaye uqala ukusebenza "Vintergevitter" wabelwa Marshal UErich von Manstein. Ecwebezelayo amandla iphambili amaJamani ngeli xesha 4 Panzer Army, umthetho kaHermann Hoth.

"Vintergevitter"

Iingongoma Wajika yemfazwe intsalela tilting ukuba enye, ezinye ke icala, yaye de kube mzuzu wokugqibela akucaci ngubani oya kuba ophumeleleyo. Ngoko ke phezu ngasechwebeni koMlambo iVolga ekupheleni kuka-1942. Qala counteroffensive yiSoviet kwi Stalingrad, i-Red Army washiya ngasemva. Noko ke, ngoDisemba 12 amaJamani bazama ukuthabatha inyathelo ezandleni zabo. Ngale mini, Manstein kunye Hoth waqalisa ukuphumeza isicwangciso "Vintergevitter".

Ngenxa yokuba le amaJamani babulala engundoqo ngesibetho ukusuka kwindawo kwilali Kotelnikovo, lo msebenzi ukwabizwa ngokuba Kotelnikovo. Kuvuthelwa waba engalindelekanga. I-Red Army wayesazi ukuba Wehrmacht iza kuzama ukuba ndimaphule zokungqinga evela ngaphandle, kodwa uhlaselo Kotelnikovo wayengomnye ezahlukeneyo ubuncinane ingqalelo le meko. Endleleni amaJamani abafuna ukuza awayihlangula akanye, intloko elihamba Division 302nd. Wayesele abasasazekileyo ngokupheleleyo yaye akanalo ucwangco. Ngoko Gotu bakwazi ukwakha umsantsa kwizithuba awayephantsi 51 Army.

Disemba 13 6 Panzer Division wahlasela kwizikhundla ezithathwe webutho, itanki 234th ekuxhaseni th 235 Tank Brigade kunye 20 anti-itanki zokudubula Brigade. Ezi imikhosi umthetho yi uLieutenant Kol Michael Diasamidze. Kwakhona kufuphi lo 4 imishini Corps Vasiliya Volskogo. iqela eSoviet zazikufuphi kwilali Upper Kuma. Amabutho Soviet ukulwa nakwiiyunithi ze-Wehrmacht wolawulo yathatha iintsuku ezintandathu phezu kwakhe.

Le zamehlo, obehamba ezishiyanayo impumelelo macala omabini, ukuba phantse yaphela kuDisemba 19. Iqela German iye yomelezwa kunye neeyunithi fresh, owayevele ngasemva. Esi siganeko iye yabangela kweenjengele Soviet abhenele Myshkova emlanjeni. Nangona kunjalo, oku kulibaziseka yeentsuku ezintlanu-ukusebenza edlalwa ezandleni ye-Red Army. Kuba ngoxa amajoni walwela ezitratweni zonke Upper Kuma, kuloo ndawo kufuphi kwimali we2 Guards Army.

elibalulekileyo

NgoDisemba 20, umkhosi Paulus kunye Hoth ezahlulwe sisithuba ngeekhilomitha ezingama-40 kuphela. Noko ke, amaJamani wazama ukwaphula yaye kuvalwe, sele ezilahlekileyo isiqingatha abasebenzi. Lohlaselo ke zithe phantsi yaye ekugqibeleni wayeka. amandla Goth ukuya ekugqibeleni. Ke kaloku, ukuze ndimaphule ring yiSoviet Wayengqongwe amaJamani uncedo. Plan of imisebenzi "Vintergevitter" ngokwenkcazo kuquka isicwangciso ezongezelelweyo "Donnershlag". Wangqengqa ke into yokuba 6 itshixiwe Army Paulus bekufanele ukuba ukudibana namaqabane akhe, ezama ukwaphula ukuqapha.

Noko ke, le mbono zange iphunyezwe. Yaba yonke indlela efanayo Hitler "wayengenakuze ukushiya Stalingrad inqaba." Ukuba Paulus waziqhekeza icici eqhagamshelwe Goth, ebeya, Kakade ke, washiya isixeko ngasemva. I-uMlawuli wacinga ekutshintsheni iziganeko lokoyiswa epheleleyo kunye nehlazo. ban wayo enxibe el. Ngokuqinisekileyo, ukuba Paulus walwa indlela yakhe ezintlwini yiSoviet, ange kwalingwa njenge umngcatshi ukuya lokhokho. Yena wayeyazi loo nto yaye akazange athathe inyathelo kwi mzuzu ezibalulekileyo.

baleka Manstein

Ngelo xesha, ephangweni ekhohlo uhlaselo amaJamani kunye namahlakani abo, imikhosi Soviet bakwazi ukunika silwe ngamandla umva. iyantlukwano Italian kwaye isiRomania abalwe kweli candelo, wemka, ngokuzithandela. Escape wathatha ukudilika. Abantu bashiya indawo yabo ngaphandle emuva. Ngoku, ngokuba Red Army wavula indlela eya Kamensk-on kweenxweme Northern Donets River. Nangona kunjalo, umsebenzi ophambili eentloko ezaxhobela Soviet ahlala Rostov waqala. Ukongeza, i intsimbi wazala zokuchopha ngobuchule ibalulekileyo Tazinskaya kunye Morozovsk, nto leyo yayifuneka ukuze ukutshintshwa Wehrmacht olukhawulezayo ukutya kunye neminye imithombo.

Kulo mba, ngoDisemba 23, injengele umsebenzi ukuba ndimaphule kwafa Manstein wayalela ukuba siphumele, ukuze kukhuselwe izibonelelo zonxibelelwano, ibekwe ngasemva. Ijelo utshaba wathabatha 2 Guards Army Rodion Malinovsky. emihlubulweni isiJamani wazolula nababuthathaka. NgoDisemba 24, amajoni Soviet kwakhona wangena Upper Kuma. Ngaloo mini Stalingrad Front wahamba lohlaselo ukuya Kotelnikov. Goth and Paulus baye bakwazi ukuqhagamshelana nokubonelela ngepaseji ukuba iyindawo engqongwe yiJamani. Operation "Vintergevitter" limisiwe.

Ukuzaliswa ukusebenza "Uranus"

KaJanuwari 8, 1943, xa Wayengqongwe amaJamani engenziwa, ummangali Red Army Umyalelo wafaka el. Paulus kwafuneka ukuba thela. Noko ke, akazange avume ukwenza njalo, ngokulandela imiyalelo ye Hitler, ogama nokungaphumeleli Stalingrad wayeza kuba buhlungu kakhulu. Xa kwikomkhulu bafunda ukuba Paulus unyanzelisa, lohlaselo ye-Red Army kuqaliswe ngamandla nangakumbi.

Januwari 10 Don Front wenza nesimo lokugqibela yotshaba. Ngokutsho koqikelelo lwabemi ezahlukeneyo ngelo xesha sisibatha malunga 250.000 baseJamani. ESoviet counter-ekhubekisayo kwi Stalingrad yathatha iinyanga ezimbini, kwaye ke kwakufuneka ukuqina lokugqibela yokugqitywa kwayo. January 26 engqongwe liqela Wehrmacht waba zahlulo ezimbini. Kumbindi Stalingrad yayisisiqingatha wasezantsi, kummandla "ngothango" mveliso kunye Tractor Plant - North. January 31, Pawulos kunye baphantsi yakhe yanikezela. NgoFebruwari 2, lwaphuka kweelana kweyunithi German lokugqibela. Olu suku yaphela counteroffensive Soviet e Stalingrad. Umhla, koko, iye yokugqibela lonke idabi ngasechwebeni iVolga.

iziphumo

Ziziphi izizathu impumelelo yiSoviet counter-ekhubekisayo e Stalingrad? Ekupheleni kuka-1942 zibe neziphumo kubasebenzi Wehrmacht entsha. Siyifake ekulweni empumalanga uye waba mntu. Amandla eseleyo ke ndidiniwe. Stalingrad waye kwinqanaba lohlaselo waseJamani. Kwindawo eyayisakuba Tsaritsyn oko petered phandle.

Undoqo kuyo yonke imfazwe yaba sisiqalo counter uxambuliswano e Stalingrad. Red Army ngokusebenzisa Iimbumba eziliqela zokuqala bakwazi kukurhawula uze ukuphelisa utshaba. It yatshatyalaliswa ngokwezahlulo utshaba 32 no-3 zokucima. Zonke amaJamani kunye namahlakani abo kwi "Axis" ezilahlekileyo abantu malunga 800 amawaka. Amanani Soviet nabo kakhulu. I-Red Army waphulukana abantu 485.000, ngaye 155.000 babulawa.

iinyanga Kuba ezimbini ezinesiqingatha olungqonge amaJamani akazange enze naliphi na iinzame qwele ngaphakathi. Balindele uncedo ukusuka 'umhlaba wanyamalala', kodwa kwesiqalekiso kuvalwe iindlela Army Group "Don" ayiphumelelanga ngaphandle. Noko ke, ebudeni bexesha elabelwe amaJamani baye inkqubo air ngobungxamo, apho ukusuka kokusingqongileyo ngokukhetha ngokomyalelo lamawaka 50 (ukuba ubukhulu becala kabi). Abo bahlala ngaphakathi umsesane, mhlawumbi yafa okanye kwikhompyutha.

counteroffensive kwi icebo Stalingrad wabulawa ngempumelelo. Red Army baphinde bakuthembe waloo mfazwe. Emva kwale mpumelelo, laqalisa inkqubo yokupasa yokukhulula eSoviet Union ukusuka yamaNazi. Ngokubanzi, i-Battle of Stalingrad, apho counter uxambuliswano yomkhosi Soviet exhobileyo yaba ngentambo lokugqibela, yaba yenye amadabi sikhulu lalawo kwimbali yoluntu. Ebhasini ukuba utshiswe, ATM bawonakalisile amanxuwa nzima nangakumbi imozulu ebusika. Imozulu ezibandayo kunye nezifo ezibangelwa ngabo baye bafa abavikeli ezininzi lamazwana. Noko ke, umzi (kunye naye yonke eSoviet Union) wasinda. Igama counter uxambuliswano kwi Stalingrad - "Uranus" - sibhalwe ngonaphakade kwimbali emkhosini.

Izizathu ngokoyiswa i Wehrmacht

Kamva, emva kokuba Second World War Manstein lapapasha kwimbali yobomi apho kuquka inkcazelo eneenkcukacha isimo sakhe Idabi Stalingrad kunye Soviet counter uxambuliswano ngaphantsi kwalo. Yena etyholwa kwi zokufa zindirhawule umkhosi 6 kaHitler. I-uMlawuli akazange afune ukuthatha Stalingrad yaye ngaloo ndlela yayenza isithunzi phezu igama layo. Ngenxa yoku, amaJamani ekuqaleni kwibhoyila, uze ngokupheleleyo uhlaselwa ngaphambili nangesemva.

Xa semkhosini Wesithathu nezinye iingxaki. moya Transport ngokwaneleyo ukubonelela iyantlukwano oluyimfuneko eyirhawula iimbumbulu, amafutha kunye nokutya. inyoba Air yaye ayizange isetyenziswe de kube sekupheleni. Ukongeza, Manstein wakhankanya ukuba Paulus avume ukuba atyhudise ngekhonkco yiSoviet ukuya Gotha ngenxa yokungabikho amafutha kunye noloyiko lokuba ubunzima bazoyise yokugqibela, ngoxa ukungathobeli lo umyalelo uMlawuli.