Carrier irula "Proton-M": iimpawu, ukubaleka, konakele

Space bekusoloko "inqala 'eli lizwe, kukho umthombo sekratshi abemi balo. Ukususela isathelayithi yokuqala kwaye umntu wokuqala emajukujukwini, siya owoyamaniswe ukuba sophuhliso sesizwe eli candelo, leyo yenye kwiimpikiswano ezininzi ezibalulekileyo neAfrika.

Ngelishwa, kwaba nomonakalo kwi 90 ayegqatse kakhulu kushishino umva, kodwa izinto ziqala ukuphucula kwiminyaka yakutshanje. Isiqinisekiso soku ukukhonza ukuqalisa iinqwelo "Proton-M" enomjukujelwa enzima ukuba uyakwazi ukubeka nezijikeleza a imithamo irekhodi imithwalo.

History of indalo

Ngo-1960, nto leyo egqalwa phantse ngokusemthethweni ixesha wokunyuka kobuzwe isithuba yiSoviet, ekugqibeleni waba ukucima imfuneko yokuba urhulumente kwisithuthi sungula enamandla kakhulu, nto leyo kuba nako ukubeka kwindledlana impahla ngakumbi. Kakade ke, lo "ivayolin yokuqala" xa nenguquko kwizicwangciso ezinjalo abakho inkqubo indawo esemthethweni, kwaye emkhosini, apho kwakufuneka "ilori 'womelele kuthutho indawo enzima umthwalo emkhosini.

Omabini la macala kweMfazwe Cold kule minyaka babonisa umdla nanto kwizicwangciso ukubonisa orbit super ezinamandla Ziyaqhubeka hydrogen. Ngethamsanqa, ukusebenza nokusebenzisa loo ukuzibulala linyathelo USSR zomkhosi kunye US nangoku kufikelelwe, kodwa ngexabiso "Proton-M" ngelo xesha wayekulungele.

Makhe sibuyele nembali yendalo. Ukuphuhlisa wayenikwe OKB-52, nto leyo elikhokelwa Chelomey V. N. kule ofisi akwazi ukumelana nale mali engakholelekiyo umsebenzi ekufuneka wenziwe ngexesha elifutshane ixesha, kwakufuneka zibandakanya ngaphezu kokuba CB moya kweshumi kulo lonke eli lizwe kunye naye.

Sele kwase yokuqala yakhiwa ngo-1962. Umjukujelwa ngokuba "ur-200." Ukususela ngowe-1962 ukuya 1964, ezisithoba zaqhutywa runs izilingo izixhobo ezitsha.

Kwase entsha

Bonke bephela zibe yimpumelelo, kodwa ngowe-1961, phambi kokuba moya uvavanyo, Chelomei baphikelela kuphuhliso prototype entsha. Ngokutsho izibalo, yena wayefanele ukuba ibe nzima ngaphezu uguqulelo sokuqala (!) Times amahlanu!

Ekuqaleni, yiko wafuna ukuhamba endleleni "ezilu-" ngokuhlanganisa imijukujelwa ezimbini "SD-200" kunye nokongeza ukuya kwisiphumo se kuyilo lomnye somelezi yeqonga. Noko ke, ukubala yokuqala baye babonisa ngokucacileyo ukuba ukuthembeka lungiselelo wayeza kushiya kangako ngokucacileyo.

Ngenxa yoko, kwagqitywa ukwenza rocket omtsha "SD-500", kodwa lula izibalo, oosonzululwazi tywa phezu kwizibhambathiso: ngokuthatha amanyathelo isakhiwo engaguqukiyo, njengoko basebenzisa phezulu enye i "SD-200". Kakade ke, lo msebenzi sokuqala layilwa ngokutsha kakhulu.

iinjini

Kunye iinjini ababhekisi kwafuneka ukuba silungise. Inyaniso kukuba ngenxa kwengxoxo ende, banyula polyblock inguqulelo ubeko kwinqanaba lokuqala. Esi sikimu wenza kube lula ukuba yanele endaweni nkqubo nezipani of iibhulorho namatonela ebudeni rocket zothutho, kodwa kukho ezinye imida kwi zamafutha asetyenziswe.

Classical isibini mpilo-separafini kwakungenakwenzeka kuba oko kwakuza kakhulu ukunyusa ubungakanani, yaye ke ngoko ibe izibaso ekhethiweyo yityhefu unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine tetraksidom ne-nitrogen njengoko oxidant.

Ngenxa yesi sizathu kwabakho ungquzulwano kunye Queen, owathi ukuba separafini. De 1965, siqhuba uvavanyo olunzulu isityalo esitsha amandla kwiimeko esondele yokwenene.

imbali olunye

Njengoko kudla ngokwenzeka kwinkqubo kwisithuba yesizwe ngaloo minyaka, ezopolitiko kugcwele kulo lonke. Ngowe-1965, xa projekthi sele phantse ukulungele ngokupheleleyo, inkampani izibetho ziqwalasele imiyalelo L. Brezhnev. Yena emangele ibitheni yelifa ezihlangwini wakhe.

Kungenxa yoko le nto uphuhliso "SD-200" ekugqibeleni wayeka. Ngethamsanqa, imodeli 500-th akwazi ukuzithethelela. Phakathi ku-1965 satellite "Proton" yaphehlelelwa orbit ngempumelelo. Uphawu kuwo wakwazi ukufumana kuphela kwiiyure ezimbalwa emva kokuba isitofu nezijikeleza, kangangokuba kuba ixesha elide ingqalelo nesiqalo esibi.

In upapasho lokuqala lale ucinezele i enomjukujelwa ngempazamo wamthiya igama satellite. Yaye kungekudala wambamba, yaye loo nto ukususela 1965 kwisithuba yethu babonakala "Proton-M". Okunye ngqo, endaweni isalathisi "M" kwi umjukujelwa unalo isimaphambili "K".

Yala maxesha ke oko kwazeka kuphela ngo-2001, xa kuphoswa orbit okokuqala ngoncedo kuyithula apho impahla.

Iimpawu eziphambili

Iimpawu ze lo mqondiso ngexabiso eSoviet-Russian kunye omhle ngokwenene. Ubeko rocket - emithathu-eqongeni. kanye Ubunzima "Proton M AE" - iitoni 702! Umjukujelwa ingabonisa kwi transfer orbit geosynchronous nje ezintandathu iitoni payload.

Inqanaba lokuqala na ububanzi of kweemitha ngaphezu ezintandathu, eyesithathu - ngaphezulu kwe ezine. Thathela ingqalelo ukuba amafutha esetyenziswa izakhi zinetyhefu kakhulu efuna migangatho iphezulu bokulungiselela hlolisiso kokubini ngexabiso kunye pad yokuvula kuye.

Ngelo xesha uqale cost - ngaphantsi kwe $ 100 million. Hi ndlela leyi, kuba American Delta IV rocket Heavy, leyo yenye okhuphisana eziphambili lwemoto yethu "Proton-M", eli nani $ 265 million .... kathathu ngaphezulu!

Izibalo ebuhlungu

Yeha, kwisihloko senqaku zange nje elithi "yengozi". Ngokude hayi kuphela ubungakanani kunye nenani lomthwalo output balizukisa yenethiwekhi. Isibakala sokuba rocket "Proton-M" yaziwa inombolo yalo uqala akuphumelelanga. Eli siko uye phambili kuneyokuqala.

Lithethe ityala ngokwakho. Of kuphehlelelwa ngokusesikweni ezine zokuqala zaye zabanjwa kwisithuba ukususela ngowe-1965 ukuya 1966, omnye singaphumelelanga ngenxa yengozi kweqonga booster yesibini. Noko ke, bekuya kuba engaqhelekanga ukulindela isichasi, njengokuba iteknoloji ngokupheleleyo entsha yale hlobo kusoloko kukho amathuba eliphezulu ukusilela.

Ngokubanzi, malunga nowama-47 kuphela babhala amatyala apho kwasungulwa "Proton-M" yasilela. Sisazi ukuba inani iqalisa 400, sifumana malunga ne-89% ye ukuqalisa ngempumelelo.

Le ntlekele idumileyo

Iingozi yale umndululi akunakwenzeka ukuba kwadala ukungaxoli onjalo (ingakumbi ekubeni kwiimeko zongxamiseko kwenzeka with "Proton" njalo), kodwa ke loo nto nje imitsi bakhe ezinxulumene ne ukuphuhliswa kwenkqubo domestic of global - GLONASS.

Ngoko ke abo 100 ezigidi zeerandi, nalapho amaxabiso uqale kakhulu, nje kungabalulekanga kuthelekiswa umonakalo kwelizwe kwimeko ngelahleko ubuncinane enye satellite. Oku kubonakala ngakumbi ngo-2010, xa Hewana nje ezintathu GLONASS umlaza ke akahambanga orbit kunye emazantsi Pacific Ocean.

Lo monakalo ke yaba malunga 3 billion engange, hayi ubala ixabiso le rocket ngokwayo. Ngenxa ngenxa yengozi (ezenzeke ngenxa iimpazamo xa ugcwalisa amanqanaba fuel) baphelelwa yimisebenzi iqela "isithuba" uqhagamshelwano lwetshiphu emsebenzi-simo amagosa.

Ngo-2011, kwakhona, ngenxa yeengxaki kunye iinjini rocket, ayikwazanga ukuzisa somelezi echanekileyo orbit ekhethekileyo satellite "Express AM4." It ehambisana nalo inguqu epheleleyo ukuya usasazo kumabonakude yedijithali kwilizwe lethu. unit Rescue wazama lonke ihlabathi: izitishi telemetry asetyenziswa kulo lonke ihlabathi, kodwa akakwazi ukuthintela kokutsha yesatellite emoyeni.

Iindleko umonakalo kuqikelelwa engange-10 ubuncinane billion.

Ngo-2012, kwakukho enyanisweni ibali efanayo kunye Hewana ezimbini zonxibelelwano. Kwakhona, ngenxa yeengxaki kwinkqubo amafutha lamacandelo rocket bafakwa komzila engalunganga. Ukuseka uqhagamshelwano Baphela, ubuchule sirhoxisiwe. Iindleko umonakalo - kulingane 10 billion efanayo.

Phakathi ku-2013 yaqhubeka ibonwe ne GLONASS. Kwakhona, lo iqabane ezintathu ukuzeka kade umsindo (!) Ukuvuthela kunye rocket. Uphando olunzulu. Ngeli xesha kwaba abenzi boluvo netyala of Velocity emboxo, ezo efakwe kwi ibandla uya kujikeleziswa izidanga 180 ukusuka kwindawo yaso yesiqhelo. Ngenxa yale rocket uye kwi ngokupheleleyo komzila engalunganga.

Ekugqibeleni, ngoMeyi kulo nyaka ukuya emazantsi kwakhona ndaya satellite "Bonakalisa" izicwangciso kwakhona kungcwatywa ukulungiselela inguqu ngokukhawuleza losasazo lwedijithali.

Izigqibo namathemba

Ngenxa yazo zonke iimeko ngasentla, siye salahlekelwa iintloko ngenkonzo ezininzi. Urhulumente sele eyabelwe engange malunga 2 billion nawokulungiselela ilungileyo le ngokubhengezwa imijukujelwa yale hlobo. Ngenxa yoko, iindleko zokusisebenzisa i "Proton" (kubandakanywa zonke iilahleko) lilingana naleyo "Atlas 5" rocket yaseMelika.

Ngaphandle koku, "Proton-M" uhlala yenye yeentsika ezibalulekileyo uqala zorhwebo. Nokuba iindleko iingozi kwi orbit luhlala kwanala ehlabathini, kodwa ngenxa yokunqongophala amaqabane ezinokubakho nabathengi Roskosmos angacingi.

Umjukujelwa entsha

Kodwa ke, iingcali bathe elide ukuba i "Proton-M" ngokukhawuleza iimpukane zakho. Into yokuba uphuhliso ngqongqo "Angara" osingethweyo ngoku sithethayo. Le irula ibloko omtsha kutshiphu kungekuphela kuneyokuqala, kodwa lula ukuvelisa. I "Angara" zisetyenziswa iinjini separafini-oksijini. It esebenzisekayo ukusuka cosmodrome "Plesetsk" yaye "East" ngaphandle kwemali Kazakhs izibalo ngeenkwenkwezi ukuba irente le "Baikonur".

Nangona mathemba ezithembisayo ezinjalo, rocket umthuthi "Proton-M" Ngokuqinisekileyo iya kusetyenziselwa ixesha elide, njengoko nokuphuhliswa kobuchwepheshe obutsha isalele.