Biodiversity: oko eziphilayo ezi prokaryotes?

Zeziphi izinto eziphilayo ezi prokaryotes? Prokaryotes - izidalwa ezimangalisayo nezahlukeneyo. Aphile phantse naluphi yokuhlala, ukudala nokufumana amandla ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, yaye ezinye zazo zezi ngamarhamncwa.

Prokaryotes: ulwazi ngokubanzi

Zeziphi izinto eziphilayo ezi prokaryotes? Zizo ezo izinto kakhulu ezininzi abalihlali Earth emhlabeni. ezikulo ngoku of prokaryotes esekelwe kwindibaniselwano iipropati genomic kunye phenotypic. Inani kweentlobo ezaziwayo prokaryotes ngoku idlula 6200. Ezi eziphilayo ukuvela eMhlabeni ngaphambi nabani na ongomnye uze uqhubeke ukuba ikhona ngokukhuselekileyo langoku.

olunika umdla kunye nenkcazo emfutshane prokaryotes

1) Prokaryotes abahlala apho kukho ubomi, yaye oko kuya kubonakala, ayikwazi kuba ubomi, ngenxa yokuba ukusinda ezi zinto ziphilayo yabanda, eshushu, acid kunye namajelo eendaba obrak.

2) Prokaryotes zabonwa nokuba kubunzulu malunga 3 km ngezantsi kumphezulu womhlaba.

3) Inkoliso prokaryotes - ezahlukeneyo eziphilayo olunye-ezineseli kunye omkhulu umthamo encomekayo.

4) Abantu abaninzi izinto eziphathekayo, malunga nesiqingatha zonke prokaryotes ekwazi intshukumo ngqo.

5) Ezi iiseli prokaryotes elula ngaphezu eukaryotic njengolwakhiwo yangaphakathi kwaye umbutho lofuzo.

6) Inani labantu prokaryotes akhule kwaye iguqule ngokukhawuleza.

7) Xa iimeko zivuma enye iseli enye unako ukuvelisa lithanga elikhulu inzala ngexeshana elingephi.

8) Abaphandi rhoqo emkhenkceni Iisampulu amathanga ukuze ukuphumeza ezongezelelweyo imifuniselo post-nobudlelwane kunye kuqhubeka nokujonga iimpawu zezi zidalwa luhleli.

lithathelwe Food

Xa ingqalelo eneenkcukacha malunga nokuthe eziphilayo ezi prokaryotes, ukuba libambe indawo ebalulekileyo inkqubo ulungisa ukutya. Ngaloo ndlela, eziphilayo ukufumana amandla avela ekukhanyeni phototrophic, ngenxa reactions kwemichiza - chemotroph. Eziphilayo ukuba kuphela carbon dioxide (CO ₂₎ njengomthombo carbon, ukuba autotrophic. eziphilayo, esifuna ubuncikane umthombo omnye zizondlo engumgquba (iswekile), ezi heterotrophs.

Photoautotrophs - eziphilayo photosynthesis ezisebenzisa amandla kukhanya ukuvuselela Yindibanisela oganikhi khompawundi ukusuka carbon dioxide (izityalo kunye lisiza). Chemotroph kufuneka kuphela carbon dioxide umthombo carbon, kodwa kwakhona ukufumana amandla oxidizing izinto ezingaphiliyo (emanzini (H ₂ S), ammonia (H. ₃₎ kunye ion yentsimbi (Fe ^2+)). Le ndlela elikhethekileyo ukutya prokaryotes.

yokuhlala

Ngokumalunga bume prokaryotes ezihlala, kusenokuba yeyona abohlukeneyo. ukuba iimpawu ezininzi prokaryotes ezinxulumene yokuba ezi eziphilayo bayakwazi ephila kwiimeko ezininzi kakhulu: etyuwa phezulu, ubushushu kakhulu, iindawo ningaswele ioksijini. Prokaryotes aphile kumzimba kwezilwanyana nabantu, ukunceda umnini ngokusebenzisa ngokuncedisana ukwenza imisebenzi yomzimba wakhe (ekugayeni).

prokaryotes Power iveliswa ezithathwe kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zemithombo. Oku kunokuba uphendlo leeseli kwabafileyo okanye ekuzingeleni live (ezinqabe kakhulu). Indlela oqhelekileyo kokufumana izondlo eziyimfuneko - ukuba ukudala amandla iphotosynthesis, okanye ukusetyenziswa nezinye izimbiwa ezifana nesalfure.

Iintlobo kunye nesakhiwo prokaryotes

Zeziphi izinto eziphilayo ezi prokaryotes? Kukho iindidi ezimbini eziphambili: iintsholongwane kunye eziphilayo olunye-ezineseli. iiseli Prokaryotic ziquka plasma inwebu, kukho icytoplasm, ribosomes kunye genetic material (DNA okanye RNA). Ezinye iintlobo kwakhona izakhiwo ezongezelelweyo - cell eludongeni, misila kunye nabanye. Ubume kweeseli prokaryotic, ngamnye izakhiwo iseli kunye namacandelo badlala indima ebalulekileyo ekukhuleni, ukusinda kunye nokuzala.

plasma ndizayo

iiseli Prokaryotic usenokuba ne-multi-umaleko plasma ndizayo. Xa prokaryotes, eyaziwa ngokuba iintsholongwane gram-negative, umzekelo, ngokufuthi ezimbini inwebu plasma, phakathi leyo ekuthiwa-periplasm. Njengoko kuzo zonke iiseli, i inwebu plasma kwizisele prokaryotic unoxanduva lolawulo kunye nokulawulwa konke oko kuyinxalenye esiseleni.

Unxibelelwano kwenzeka ngokusebenzisa inwebu, kuquka ukuthumela kunye nokufumana imiyalezo evela kwezinye iikhemikhali kunye nonxibelelwano iintsholongwane kunye iiseli eukaryotic, eziphilayo ngexesha iinkqubo esosulelayo. Kufuneka kukhunjulwe ukuba inwebu plasma jikelele zombini iiseli prokaryotic kunye eukaryotic.

kukho icytoplasm

Cytoplasmic kwizisele prokaryotic, sifunda ijeli okanye gel, into engamanzi, leyo likwaneklinkhi zonke ezinye amacandelo cellular. Kutshanje, zebhayoloji baye bafumanisa ukuba iiseli prokaryotic i cytoskeleton kwaye esebenza, ezifana yintoni na iiseli eukaryotic. Ngenxa yoko, iseli iyakwazi ukugcina imilo yayo.

ribosomes

ribosomes Prokaryotic zincinane kwaye abe imilo eyahlukileyo kancinane kunye nokwakhiwa ngaphezu kwalawo afumaneka kwiiseli eukaryotic. Ngaba ezifanayo kwaye umsebenzi weli candelo yeselula - ukwakhiwa kunye neeproteni siphawula ukuba uthumela DNA.

zofuzo

Zonke iiseli prokaryotes ziqulathe isixa esikhulu genetic material ngohlobo DNA kunye RNA. Kuba prokaryotes ziquka izinto zabo iiseli kufuneka nuclei, eyodwa enkulu setyhula DNA ingxenye equlathe uninzi zofuzo eziyimfuneko ukukhula, ukusinda nokukotshwa eziseleni. DNA kule seli uyafumaneka ngokulandelelana ejikelezayo.

Ngokuqhelekileyo, i-DNA zinabela lonke kwiseli ukwenzela ukuba decoded iguqulwe ibe RNA. Neemicroscope ungabona uphawu kwi gumbi ethile, oko umbandela genetic (DNA). Ukongeza inxalenye enkulu chromosomal DNA iiseli ezininzi prokaryotic olunye ziqulathe iingceba DNA ebizwa plasmids. La makhonkco DNA setyhula zikotshwa zikhutshelwe nokuba zofuzo kwaye kudluliselwa ukusuka kwiseli prokaryotic kwenye.

Ngenxa iimpawu zayo prokaryotes nga ngokukhuselekileyo kusinda kuyo nayiphi na imeko, ukuba yonke - kwindawo njengesiqhelo kunye namachibi ityuwa, nemithombo eshushu, mlilo kunye yimingxuma enzulwini, ndineemfesane Yomhlaba. Ngenxa yoko, prokaryotes zezona izinto ezininzi zokunyanzelisa inokwenzeka kakhulu kwiplanethi yethu.