Bernard Shaw: engobomi, umsebenzi, imisebenzi

Ngomhla emdeni kwiinkulungwane XIX-XX kuncwadi ehlabathini waqalisa kuvela iindidi ezintsha ngokupheleleyo nomlinganiswa kunye nemixholo. Umahluko omkhulu phakathi uncwadi kwenkulungwane intsha ukuba abo baphambili ngoku hayi ebantwini, kunye nezimvo, nobona nxaxheba abakhutheleyo inxaxheba kugwayimbo. Ababhali bokuqala baqalisa ukubhala "weqonga iingcamango" baba H. Ibsen, yaseChekhov, kwaye, kakade, Shaw. Ngokusekelwe kumava zooyise yoncwadi, Shaw waba nako ukuthatha inxaxheba ephambili kule ukudala inkqubo entsha ngokupheleleyo kakhulu.

ulwazi oluchaza

Dzhordzh Bernard Shou, ekuchubekeni kwihlabathi-edumileyo, wazalwa ngoJulayi 26, ngo1856 xa ikomkhulu Ireland - Dublin. Njengokuba umntwana yena ekuhleni wabonisa ukungoneliseki kwabo kwinkqubo yemfundo yemveli, nto leyo saliwe ngamandla, yaye wazama ixesha elininzi ukubatshabalalisa ukufunda. Xa kubudala beminyaka elishumi elinesihlanu, okt. E. Ngowe-1871, waqalisa umsebenzi umabhalana, yaye ngowe-1876 waya eNgilani, nangona intliziyo yakhe isoloko abenaso Ireland. Uva kwezopolitiko zibonakale zentlalo nokungalingani, nto leyo yanceda ukuba umbhali abaselula wobulali isimilo ukubonisa zonke ungquzulwano elizayo onikhathazayo kumsebenzi.

Kule 70 emva kwexesha 'Shaw wagqiba ikamva yam bakhetha iincwadi njengekhondo. Kule 80 waqalisa ukusebenza umculo umgxeki, yokujonga loncwadi yeqonga ngombhali. nangoko amanqaku Bright kwaye original kuvusa umdla phakathi readers.

iisampulu usiba

Imisebenzi lokuqala umbhali - inoveli apho uzama ukuphuhlisa indlela yayo ezithile ezininzi eziphikisanayo nemifanekiso ecacileyo. Kakade ngelo xesha imisebenzi George Bernard Shaw nto, kunoko, ezi imizobo yokuqala yoncwadi, lulwimi ophilayo, iincoko umdla, abalinganiswa ekhumbulekayo, yonke into efunekayo ukuze ube ngumbhali obalaseleyo.

Ngowe-1885, uBernard Shaw, odlala waba oqeqeshiweyo ngakumbi, waqalisa ukusebenza ngomhla imveliso "Indlu umhlolo", nto leyo aphawula ukuqala umdlalo omtsha eNgilani.

imibono zentlalo

indima ebalulekileyo zibonisa umbhali yayidlala iimbono zakhe zopolitiko nezentlalo. Kule minyaka ingama-80 yokuba lilungu yoluntu noFabian. Iimbono ekhuthazwa leli ngumbutho, elula ukuqonda, ukuba uyazi apho igama layo. Uluntu ithiywe emva cunctator waseRoma Fabius, lowo unako ukuyoyisa umlawuli esikhohlakeleyo i Carthaginian ithawula kanye kuba nako ukulinda ukukhetha mzuzu ekunene. Siye walandela namaqhinga efanayo kunye Fabians, naye wakhetha ukulinda de kuya kuba lula ukuba yaphule ongxowankulu.

Bernard Shaw, ogama zenzelwe ukuvula umfundi ukuba imingeni emitsha ixesha lethu imisebenzi, yaba mxhasi wangumququzeleli iinguqu kuluntu. Wayefuna ukutshintsha lukhuni kuphela iziseko capitalism, kodwa ezintsha bonke-kwi-Dramatic Arts.

Bernard Shaw Ibsen

Akwenzeki ukuba ukukhanyela ukuba swi yeyona fan uthembekileyo siphiwo Ibsen kaThixo. Yena inkxaso ngokupheleleyo iimbono ekuchubekeni Norwegian kwi utshintsho oluyimfuneko kulo ncwadi yangoku. Ukongeza, Shaw useleganelwe in ze esebenzayo izimvo izithixo zakhe. Ngowe-1891, waba yimbangi incwadi ethi "Quintessence ibsenizma", apho ubonisa intiyo yakhe lzhemorali yongxowankulu kunye nokuzinikela nokutshatyalaliswa siseko zobuxoki.

Ngokutsho Shaw, Ibsen ezintsha wabonakaliswa ekudalweni kogonyame- kwaye kukho ezifanelekileyo, iingxoxo, noxhamla ubuncwane. Kuyinto ngenxa Ibsen, mpikiswano yaseChekhov kunye Shaw iye yaba yinxalenye yale drama entsha.

"Profession uNkosikazi Warren esithi"

Enye edlalwa uthandwayo umbhali kukho uvuthondaba of yeVictorian England ongendawo. Njengoko kwakunye Ibsen, Shaw ubonisa ukungangqinelani kakhulu phakathi imbonakalo leyinene, nangaphandle nesidima kunye zokuqhawula engaphakathi njengamaqhawe abo.

Ekhaya udlala Heroine - intwazana isidima lula, leyo kungonga eyinkunzi kakhulu ngoncedo wobugcisa lwakhe. Ukuzama ukuzithethelela kwintombi yakhe, kodwa engazi malunga umthombo wengeniso yosapho, uNkosk Warren othetha ubuhlwempu obunzima apho kwakufuneka ubomi ngaphambili, zithi wamtyhala yena kule yokuphila. Omnye ingqalelo olu hlobo lomsebenzi akakwazi ukuza ukungcamla, kodwa uBernard Shaw uchazela umfundi ukuba uNkosk Warren waye ulixhoba izixhobo yoluntu sikweni. Umbhali uyamgweba yini umlinganiswa kwakhe, ngokuba yena wahamba nje malunga uluntu, nto leyo ithi zonke iindlela izinto ezilungileyo inzuzo.

Xa ndibukisisa kakuhle, ukwakhiwa analytical, nto leyo kubolekwe Ibsen Shaw, apha ndaqonda yi Iwawo umgangatho: inyaniso ngokuphathelele ubomi kaNkskz Warren, ivula kancinci. Ekugqibeleni isigqibo lomdlalo na ingxoxo phakathi umlinganiswa ophambili kunye nentombi yakhe, umfanekiso lwayo lilinge lokuqala lombhali ngendlela liqhawe entle.

Odlalela sithi

Zonke midlalo yakhe umbhali yahlulwe ngokweendidi ezintathu: mnandi, mnandi, kwaye sithi. Ezingemnandi udlala umbhali uzame ziveza imbonakaliso eyoyikekayo yokuma koluntu eNgilani. Pleasant, phezu koko, kwafuneka ukuba ukonwabisa umfundi. Nemidlalo sithi ngokunjalo zijolise ukubhentsisa sengqondo yombhali ukuya lzhemorali esemthethweni.

Iingxelo ze Bernard Shaw malunga nemidlalo bakhe NeePuritans ichazwe kwintshayelelo yencwadi, epapashwe ngo-1901. Umbhali ubanga ukuba wayengenguye intshembenxa kwaye akoyiki kukuveza iimvakalelo, kodwa nxamnye iinkcukacha zonke iziganeko kunye nezenzo abalinganiswa ukuthanda iintshukumisa. Ukuba landela lo mgaqo, ngokutsho kwabo ekuchubekeni, akukho namnye unako kuba nesibindi, uhlobo okanye nesisa, ukuba ayikho ngothando.

"Nokwaphuka House"

Umdlalo "nokwaphuka House", ebhaliweyo ekupheleni leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi, ziphawulwe isithuba esitsha kuphuhliso show yoyilo. Lijongene imeko ebalulekileyo yokuziphatha umbhali owayephila kwambatha nezazi IsiNgesi. Ukuze uqinisekise le mbono ekupheleni mdlalo kukho umfanekiso yokomfuziselo kwinqanawa off Kakade ke, leyo ndiyihlanganise ndiyidadise ebumnyameni ne-waka, owathatha umhlala-phantsi ukususela ibhulorho umphathi-mkhosi wakhe, yaye ngubani washiya neqela lakhe kwi lwabalindele akanankathalo ngenxa yobubi.

Kule umdlalo, uBernard Shou, kwincwadi engobomi bomntu emfutshane ebonisa ukuzibophelela kwayo Ukuphuculwa kwenkqubo boncwadi, umambese ngokoqobo kuzo iimpahla ezintsha ze uyinike nezinye iimpawu ezizodwa. Umbhali ajike kwibali, imiqondiso nkulumo umfanekiso kwezopolitiko nentanda-bulumko. iimeko Kamva exake abalinganiswa ukubonisa iintlobo fantastic zobugcisa nemifanekiso, zibe yinxalenye ye idrama yakhe, kwaye ingakumbi kubonakaliswa ngokucacileyo uvuthondaba kwezopolitiko. Baya bakhonza ukuvula amehlo ethu ukuba umfundi mihla le meko lokwenyaniso bume yangoku yezopolitiko.

Le isihlokwana umbhali ibhekisela umdlalo wakhe 'iingcinga kwi isimbo Russian kwi IsiNgesi Izihloko ", ebonisa ukuba wakhonza njengomzekelo umdlalo of Tolstoy kunye yaseChekhov. Bernard Shaw, ijoliswe ekubhentsiseni amaqhawe kwelindle lwangaphakathi yaseChekhov ogama iincwadi phonononga imiphefumlo neentliziyo nabadlali ezaphukileyo of inoveli yakhe, ngubani ungacinganga uphuthise lemveli lenkcubeko yesizwe.

"I-Apple kwinqwelo"

Komnye edlalwa zakhe ithandwa - "The kwinqwelo Apple" - umbhali ubalisa malunga iimpawu imeko yentlalo-yezopolitiko eNgilani, owesithathu yokuqala kwinkulungwane XX. Lo mxholo ngundoqo umdlalo - ingxoxo le-Elite kwezopolitiko, uKumkani Magnus kunye iKhabhinethi. Abalungiseleli, abo banyulwe ngabantu, t. E. Ngendlela lwentando yesininzi, kufuna ukusekwa uhlobo siseko karhulumente karhulumente, lo gama i-uKumkani onyanzela amandla zikarhulumente behlelo kuphela kurhulumente. Ingxoxo ne lumo element satirical ivumela ababhali ukubonisa isimo sabo okwenyaniso malunga norhulumente wengingqi kunye namaziko achaze ukuba ngubani ulawula lizwe ngokwenene.

Bernard Shaw, ogama engobomi lidwelisa zonke ulithiyile naliphi na igunya okhohlakeleyo, efuna ukubonisa inyaniso emva imeko impixano, hayi nje kuphela kweli longquzulwano phakathi lobuzwilakhe kunye kvazidemorkatii, kodwa kwi "plutocracy." Ngokutsho umbhali, igama elithi "plutocracy," uthetha into yokuba phantsi ngesebe yokukhusela idemokhrasi, wabatshabalalisa igunya lasebukhosini nedemokhrasi ngokwayo. Kwathi, Kakade ke, hayi ngaphandle koncedo abo, enamandla, uBernard Shaw. Quotes evela imisebenzi nga kuqinisekise lo mbono. Umzekelo: "King - oku obufanele kumisa iqela rogues, ngcono ukuze akhokele ilizwe, esebenzisa ukumkani nje iphaphethi" - uthi Magnus.

"Pygmalion"

Phakathi imisebenzi zibonisa iminyaka pre-imfazwe, ivelele comedy "Pygmalion." Xa ndibhala esi sincoko, umbhali waphefumlelwa intsomi yamandulo. Oku kubhekisela nomkroli ogama Pygmalion, ngubani ndathandana oqingqiweyo owadalwa nguThixo ngokwakhe waza wacela nothixokazi Aphrodite ukuvuselela esi sidalwa, ngoko umfanekiso elimangalisayo yoopopayi waba ngumfazi ngoMdali wakhe.

Shaw wabhala ingxelo mihla le ntsomi, apho abalinganiswa abaphambili aziyontsomi, kuba abantu abaqhelekileyo, kodwa injongo iyafana: umbhali ipolishe indalo yakhe. Xa indima Pigmalona apha UNjingalwazi higgins, lowo uzama ukwenza inenekazi ngaphandle Eliza simpleton, kodwa ngenxa yokuba kukhafula bayancokola kuyo, ukutshintsha kuba ngcono. Kulapha ukuba umbuzo ukuba ngubani na ke umbhali ngamagorha amabini, nokuba ngubani na isidalwa, nangona uMdali engundoqo, Kakade ke, yena waba uBernard Shaw.

Biography Eliza abameli ncam wayenza into xesha, aze nefonetiki unjingalwazi higgins ufuna ukuba ukulibala ukuba singqongwe naye ngaphambili, waza waba inenekazi silk. Ngenxa yoko, "nomkroli" wakwenza oko. inguqu ngokungummangaliso ophambili Shaw wayefuna ukubonisa ukuba, enyanisweni, akukho mahluko phakathi kwamaqela ezahlukeneyo kwezentlalo. Nawuphi na umntu enefuthe, ingxaki kuphela kukuba akukho ndlela ukuliphumeza kwi iyaxela ihlwempu labemi.

isiphelo

Bernard Shaw, iingcaphulo ezivela imisebenzi ezaziwa ukuba wonke umntu ofundileyo, kuba ixesha elide akwazi ukufezekisa ukunconywa yaye wahlala amathunzi, kuba abavakalisi wala ukupapasha umsebenzi wakhe. Kodwa nangona yonke imiqobo, wakwazi ukuphumeza zakhe aze abe ngomnye bemidlalo uthandwayo lonke ixesha. Njengeminqweno yoluntu, nto leyo kungekudala iza kuphunyezwa, ukuba nijike endleleni elungileyo, yaba leitmotif ye ekuchubekeni enkulu IsiNgesi, Kuvumelekile ukuba ukudala nje kuphela indalo nanto, kodwa ukuba umdlalo zakudala.