Bartolomeo Rastrelli, umakhi: biography, isebenza. Smolny Cathedral, i Winter Palace, Stroganov Palace

Lomhleli Bartolomeo Rastrelli - uMdali umdla, izakhiwo ezininzi ezintle. Iingxande zalo ezinde kunye izakhiwo zonqulo bagwayimbile enobuhandiba zabo nobungangamsha, abanekratshi sasebukhosini. Oku akothusi. Ngapha koko, Bartolomeo Rastrelli, ogama biography umdla kubalandeli ezininzi izakhiwo mihla, wadala wazenzela ababusi.

Ngokufutshane ngobuntwana

Wazalwa Bartolomeo Franchesko Rastrelli e Paris, unyana ka a nomkroli zinetalente-yaziwa kakuhle Italian Bartolomeo Karlo Rastrelli. Oku kwenzeka emva ngo 1700, xa France walawula uLouis XIV. King kuyivuyela kakhulu nomkroli yakhe enkundleni, ngoko yobuntwana encinane Francesco ocande nolwaneliseko nokunganaki.

Inkwenkwe wakhula nxanelwe ulwazi kakhulu nabasebenza ngenkuthalo. Wasithanda ukwenza into ngezandla zabo, wayethanda ukuxelisa uyise, ukuphucula ubuchule babo.

Ukuqhubeka eRussia

Emva kokufa "Ilanga King" Carlo Rastrelli wafumana isimemo esivela kwinkundla Russian kwi umsebenzi seminyaka emithathu-ebukumkanini bangasentla. Ngelo xesha, kwaba iingcibi abanetalente wesiNtu ukuya umsebenzi eRashiya, ngoko Rastrelli, Omkhulu, ngaphandle ukucinga kabini, wahlanganisa intsapho yakhe waya eSt Petersburg.

Capital wadibana basemzini kakuhle. Le ntsapho yahlala endlwini yakhe, ulonwabele intlonipho nembeko. Peter I, ndixakekile lungiselelo yesixeko entsha, liphathwe kunye amagcisa abanetalente ngobubele kwaye ngembeko. Wabona ubuchule babo kunye nobuchule eengcali ezinikwe odolo, elandelwa, umvuzo olungileyo yokumkani ngokwenene.

Ukuqala bobuchule

Ndisemncinane Bartolomeo Rastrelli benza umsebenzi zodcheskoy esinzulu phantsi kwesikhokelo kunye kweliso kayise. Ngokomzekelo, yena inxaxheba ekugqityweni ezinye kwibhotwe Prince Menshikov - ehlokomayo namandla-olambileyo uMlawuli Petros sizana.

Umsebenzi wokuqala elizimeleyo noko yi Bartolomeo Rastrelli (ngasendleleni, eRashiya, ngokomakhi oselula ogama Bartholomew Varfolomeyevich) yaba ukwakhiwa ibhotwe esinemigangatho emithathu zamatye zendalo ngenxa inkosana nozise, laseburhulumenteni kunye umphengululi Dmitriya Konstantinovicha Kantemira.

Umakhi akaninikanga isakhiwo yayo yokuqala ezinye iimpawu ezikhethekileyo kunye neempawu. Hayi, bhotwe lakhiwa ngokungqinelana indlela eyamkelekileyo uPetros mna, kwaba ezendeleyo nokugcwala umthamo, ukucaciselwa ukuhambisana kunye flatness ye olungaphambili. indlela yakho Rastrelli aya kuyinyula kamva.

Kwiminyaka 1720, wezakhiwo ngifuna izihlandlo eziliqela waya eFransi Italy ukuba babe nolwazi lweentsingiselo ezintsha fashion kunye nezalathiso kwimizobo wokwakha.

yezepolitiki

Ngo 1930, ekuqaleni kobukumkani uAnny Ioannovny, Rastrelli, uyise wagqiba ukuseka ubudlelwane elitsha uKumkanikazi waya abaphulaphuli bakhe, ngokuthatha unyana wakhe naye nokuzoba imizobo.

Ukumkanikazi entsha, enakekela nokuvelela nondiliseko, ngenceba wathabatha abakhi zinetalente Wabanika njengelungelo ukwenza ukwakhiwa ibhotwe lakhe. Ngoko ke wezakhiwo abaselula ithuba ukwahlula phambi ukumkanikazi. Zonke iiprojekthi zakhe ziye kwavunywa kwaze kwaphunyezwa.

Ubusika Palace

Nokufika uAnny Ioannovny umyili onesiphiwo uqala ukusebenza ubomi bakhe - waphathiswa ukuba agqibe basebhotwe eziphambili eSt Petersburg. Yintoni eyenza Bartolomeo Rastrelli? I-Winter Palace, kwakhiwa 1700s yokuqala, uKumkanikazi kwabonakala ezincinane eziqhelekileyo, ngoko yena ngovuyo zaqalisa isicwangciso nenxa womzobi eziphefumlelweyo, ngokutsho apho kuyimfuneko ukuthenga emva ezine emi kufuphi indlu, yaye indawo yazo, ukuba ukwakha izakhiwo yinzwakazi.

yagqitywa Kwiminyaka embalwa kamva isakhiwo, naphambi kwamehlo St. Petersburg thaca labeka kakuhle isakhiwo esinemigangatho emine, sibonakala ejongene Neva River, kwaye iyawasusa amagumbi phantse asixhenxe karhulumente kunye okulala angaphezu kwekhulu mnye, ngokunjalo yeqonga, gallery, Wena mboni, kunye omninzi umsebenzi kulinda ndawo.

Ebhotwe iye zinokuhonjiswa ukubetha kwaye ngokobutyebi, yaba ziintsika ngeenxa ndandisohlwaywa eqingqiweyo pediment, kwaye umgangatho yonke wokuqala wendlu ekuhlala kuzo gallery enkulu kunye nakwiingqameko.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuba Rastrelli kwafuneka kwakhona ukutshintsha Winter Palace. Kwathi emva kweminyaka engamashumi amabini kamva, ebukumkanini Elizabeth.

Indlovukazi entsha wafumana yokuhlala engundoqo Romanovs ezimdaka kwaye kufanelekile ukuba isimo sabo. Wayefuna ukwandisa isakhiwo ukuphakama kunye nobude. Kwafuneka ukuba adilize isakhiwo, kwaye endaweni yayo ekwakheni entsha, nofaneleke ngakumbi kubafundi ulwamkelo kwabalungiseleli kwamanye amazwe kwaye le mibhiyozo.

Isakhiwo ephawulekayo lakwaWinter Ibhotwe entsha, yona yayakhelayo phantsi kweliso Bartolomeo Rastrelli, waba ngumntu? Esi sakhiwo iqeshe amagumbi elinesihlanu anamashumi ligubungela ummandla kumawaka amathandathu cubic metres.

Palace ukuba imilo enkulu ende, nabaphethwe ngaphakathi iyunithi ngaphambili ezibanzi, sangaphandle selithe ngokugqibeleleyo, oko baxhotyiswa enezintlu ezahlulwe sisithuba ngokubanzi kunye neefestile esihle, ifestile casings weemilo ezahlukeneyo kunye zitsha eliqela eqingqiweyo, ibekwe phezu uthango.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuba imbono mihla lakwaWinter Palace, okwabizwa ngokuba Hermitage, phantse ngokupheleleyo ekwafanekisa le projekthi yokugqibela womzobi enkulu.

Umakhi for Biron

Ngowe-1730 Bartolomeo Rastrelli uqala ukunxibelelana ngokusondeleyo Biron - luthandwa of uAnny Ioannovny. Phantsi ukusekelwa ngumzobi yasebukhosini mlawuli uncrowned ithe umakhi na ukumkanikazi yangoku. Hi ndlela leyi, Elizaveta Petrovna, emva kweminyaka elishumi elinesihlanu, elafikayo yamandla kombuso komkhulu, nabo bafumana iinkonzo Rastrelli njengoko wezakhiwo oyintloko.

Kuba Biron umyili luphuhlisa kwaye uphumeza neeprojekthi ukwakhiwa kunye Mitavsky amabhotwe Rundale. Apha, inkosi uyila ikhulise isikali ezifunzele isakhiwo evaliweyo, apho element evelele elongate umzimba engundoqo.

Nge art ngalinye umzobo entsha Bartolomeo Rastrelli yaphuhliswa kwaye eziphuculweyo, imigca kunye nobuchule luya zeplastiki ngakumbi nesiqabu.

Sebenza ku ngokutsha. Anichkov Palace

Kuthi kwakufika umlawuli elilandelayo ngokomakhi abanetalente yaqala ukubonakala imiyalelo umdla esimnandi, enye yazo ukugqitywa sokwakha Fontanka River, eqalwe ngumzobi Zemtsov. isakhiwo eNtofontofo, eyakhiwa isimbo ezimbejembeje, waya ezantsi kwimbali njengoko Anichkov Palace. Bartolomeo Francesco Rastrelli kweliso ukwakhiwa kunye nokubulawa kwezakhiwo ezingaqhelekanga, imilo ifuze ileta "H".

Sebenza ku ngokutsha. Peterhof

Umyalelo elandelayo Rastrelli yaba ngokuhlanganisa Peterhof.

Elizaveta Petrovna yonke intliziyo yam wayefuna ukuphucula nokwandisa indawo uyise ongasekhoyo. Ukuze wenze oku, uyalelwe ukuba ukugcina imbonakalo isimbo kwesakhiwo uPetros nendawo xesha, ke, wayalela ukuba ukulobola ukwakhiwa ubuhle mihla kunye nobungakanani.

Bartolomeo Rastrelli, wakwazi ukwandisa kuzo nilunga-lungise ebhotwe, eshiya isakhiwo yayo ezichazayo engundoqo zilolo hlobo zazilulo. Asemacaleni kuyo atyabukile lomzimba, wamisa eminqubeni ezintsha, izihlanganisi nabo neegalari emihle, kwakunye eyakhelwe kumgangatho wesithathu kwaye siphuhlise inkqubo ipaki elihle.

Zizeyeyona nto omangalisayo ingaphakathi Peterhof - isikwere esine ithoni-ezimbini iholo phambi ngezinyuko, ezihonjiswe entanjeni obutofotofo.

Apha kukho yonke into - izinto gilding eninzi nokupeyinta ezintle yeendonga kunye sistucco, iinkuni nangokukrola kunye kwesinyithi.

Sebenza ku ngokutsha. Tsarskoye Selo

Enye iprojekthi yokwakha enkulu, nto leyo kwafuneka redone, waye senkosi ehlotyeni, elise Tsarskoye Selo. UKumkanikazi yakhe ingqalelo iphelelwe lixesha kakhulu nezincinane.

Yintoni utshintsho kwafuneka ukuba kwenziwe ukuze kuphuculwe i- Catherine Palace? Bartolomeo Francesco Rastrelli ukuhlangabezana iminqweno kakumkani yenza kuhlengahlengiso isimbo Russian yobuciko, singapheli imali okanye naziphi na ezinye iindlela. Umhombiso olungaphambili kunye eqingqiweyo ngaphandle ngaphezu kwekhulu eekhilogram zegolide.

Xa inkqubo ngokutsha womzobi wawuxhokonxa ngezinyuko grand ecaleni kumzantsi-ntshona wakomkhulu, ebhenca iyalibala beziza ngaxeshanye kwezinye iholo nganye mikhosi; nzulu azalise ngeefestile, ukudala ubutyebi umdlalo ukukhanya nethunzi; olungaphambili Zazihonjiswe sistucco eqingqiweyo ukuhombisa kubo athambileyo imibala ngegolide eluhlaza zizityebi. Konke oku kuye kunikwa kwibhotwe oluthandayo uKumkanikazi elimisiweyo festive nokuzibonakalisa kakhulu emphefumlweni.

iiprojekthi ezintsha

Nangona kunjalo, umsebenzi bokwakha ngu Bartolomeo Francesco Rastrelli ayiphelelanga kuphela ngokutsha kweeprojekthi amazwe. Umakhi wadala imizobo yakhe zinetalente original, awayakhayo akanaso kunye nezakhiwo zemikhosi. Enye yezi zakhiwo yaba Smolny Cathedral. Bartolomeo Francesco Rastrelli lizaliseke ngendlela isimbo iluhlaza yaye artsy Elizabeth ezimbejembeje, ubuciko kunye gables neeDormer kwaye zipeyintwe ngombala oluhlaza ukukhanya.

Zakhiwo kwezakhiwo zonqulo wenza engaqhelekanga kunye ezizodwa. Cathedral sakhiwe-angqukuva ezintlanu, kodwa uThixo amajukujuku enye kuphela (ukuba ubungakanani inkulu) inxulumene ngqo etempileni, ezinye ezine intsimbi.

Omnye umsebenzi onesiphiwo ye ngumzobi i Stroganov Palace. Bartolomeo Francesco Rastrelli zidityanisiwe izakhiwo ezintathu zibe ngathi omnye, iziko leyo iseke kwivaranda kunye ingubo iingalo, nako kuthwalelwa phandle umntu ezininzi ngezinyuko grand ezihonjiswe sistucco etyebileyo gilt wenza izinyeliso zentsimbi kunye gallery eliphangaleleyo, ezihonjiswe imifanekiso ihonjiswe nezibuko emikhulu.

Ngaphakathi sakhiwo kwaku ummandla kwiholo elikhulu elinamanci mabini anesibhozo square metres.

sunset lokwenza

Ekubeni ukufa Elizabeth zitshone zisabonakala bamakhazikhazi kunye nesimbo eninzi yobuciko, ngoko Bartolomeo Francesco Rastrelli ndibe ngaphandle umsebenzi. Kuye indawo iinkosi omtsha, abanolwazi zobuciko lwanamhlanje. Zingenawo imiyalelo kunye abaneengxaki zemali, umakhi ukwaluphala bagqiba kwelokuba bacele ikhefu aye eItali, ngelithi ukuba unyango.

Apha umakhi kuzichasa ukhangela kubathengi, kodwa ayisebenzi. Ngaxeshanye kunye nale Rastrelli abanetalente efumanisa ukuba Catherine wabelwe kwenye umakhi. Italian ke omkhulu ufumana ukuyeka buhlungu kunye pension kuwonkewonke iwaka engange.

Kunye nentsapho yakhe (ukusuka wezakhiwo umfazi oyintanda kunye nabantwana ababini) Rastrelli washiya eRashiya. Endleleni adibana kunye umxhasi wakhe baqiqa Biron wathumela kwilizwe lakhe ukuze Ukuhlengahlengisa kunye nokuphucula impahla Courland we Regent owayesakuba yoBukhosi baseRashiya.

Kuthiwa ukuba umsebenzi wokugqibela neengcibi abanetalente waba iprojekthi ye-Church of St. bakaSimon St. Anna, eyaye yondlalwa ingcibi onesiphiwo buqu ukuba Bala Panin ukucela imbuyekezo elinambini lamawaka. Nangona kunjalo, lo count alizithathi kuyimfuneko ukuphendula isikhalazo Rastrelli, nangona wakha ibandla ngokungqinelana ne imizobo, emva kokufa womzobi ngayo.

mihla yokugqibela

Le minyaka yokugqibela phambi kokufa kwakhe, umakhi enkulu eyayibanjwe zisabonakala kunye yedwa. Ihlabathi wetu akasafuni indalo yakhe entsha, akukho namnye bambuza ngayo iiprojekthi ezintsha kunye nezakhiwo. Ku lusizi kwaye xi whiled kude imihla yabo artist abanetalente. Ngakumbi buhlungu ubomi bakhe emva kokufa ngumfazi wakhe.

Ababhali-mbali nabagxeki de kube sekupheleni abazi umhla ngqo ngokufa Rastrelli. Wavele, wafa ngoMatshi-Apreli 1771. indawo yakhe yokungcwaba akwaziwa.

Noko ke, washiya ngasemva ilifa elikhulu, ezixabisekileyo Noluyolo - imisebenzi yakhe olukhulu bayagqobhoza, bayangena iinkulungwane neembandezelo. Bahlala bazisa futhi Baziyolise iindwendwe ezivela ehlabathini lonke.