Transport and indawo okuyo of Russia: omsebenzi osemqoka, nobubi. Kunye noqoqosho kunye nezothutho-geographical Isikhundla Russia

Russia lelona lizwe likhulu ehlabathini. Northern Indawo yezwe yi Cheliuskin m (t-to Tajmyr) Insular - .. M Fligely (of noRudolf.). isabelo Extreme ntshona kuthathwa kwi lamtshi- isanti eKaliningrad (kuLwandle lweBaltic), kwimpuma -. M Dezhnev (Chukotka).

Ezi nkcukacha kwale ndawo

Ubude kwimida inempembelelo ebalulekileyo kwi imeko yezoqoqosho kunye nezothutho kunye neendawo yaseRashiya. Phantse kuyo yonke indawo karhulumente ise eMpuma saseNtla. Uninzi lizwe kugqiba ubungakanani umahluko kwexesha - Iiyure ezi-10. In gqa iindawo igqithe timezones kweelwandle umda ecaleni esiqu. Kwiindawo ezinabantu abaninzi, ukuba ungqamane imida zolawulo izifundo. Zizonke Ubude kwemida Russian Federation - 60 amawaka km .. Kwezi, 40 thous. Km zithathwa elwandle. Ngokuba km 22.7 ezikunxweme. Kwi 370 km ukusuka nomsinga iziqithi indawo imida imimandla bamazwe noqoqosho lweli lizwe. Phakathi ilinganiselwe avunyelwe yeenqanawa naliphi na ilizwe. Le nokusengwa kwemithombo yamanzi yendalo kunye ongaphantsi kwenziwa kuphela ye-Russian Federation.

umda osemantla

Baya kucanda amanzi Arctic Ocean kweelwandle: i Barents, Kara, East Siberian, uLwandle Laptev. Zonke kodwa lokuqala lulungiselelwe ukuba umkhenkce umqulu ngonyaka. Kulo mba, ukuthutha iimpahla phezu kwabo nzima ngakumbi ukufunda. Ngaphakathi Arctic Ocean icandelo Russian le Arctic. Zonke neziqithi zayo kuba i-Russian Federation, ngaphandle mbalwa Svalbard leziqithi.

West ne East

Umda wasempumalanga ezigcinwe yi-Pacific Ocean kuLwandle Okhotsk, uLwandle wethu, uLwandle Japan. Sakhalin Island wahlukene yi ngayo. Hokkaido La Perouse Strait. Sea of Japan akuthethi ngumkhenkce, ebonelela amakhonkco zothutho kunye nabamelwane elikufutshane. Amanzi kwiBaltic elwandle Russian Federation edibene eJamani, kumazwe eBaltic, Poland, Sweden. Inxalenye esemntla kwamanzi kwezinye iindawo lumiswa, yaye kwelinye icala - akukho. I-Sea Baltic inika unxibelelwano zothutho kunye nenani kumazwe Western aseYurophu. Emzantsi-ntshona womda sezaselwandle uhamba nxamnye Black kunye Azov Seas. ubude encinci bamacandelo kuLwandle lweCaspian.

Transport and indawo okuyo of Russia (grade 9)

Phambi kokuwa eSoviet Union, eli lizwe 4 eKFC engundoqo ulwandle:

1. Sea Black.
2. North Sea.
3. Pacific.
4. Baltic.

Emva kokuwa yiSoviet Union ukuba zenze i-geqe, oko yadalwa ico. Ngokuphawulekayo zatshintsha izithuthi kunye indawo okuyo yaseRashiya. Ngokufutshane, sokonakalisa i-Union kuphela kakhulu ithuba lokufikelela elizimeleyo iindlela zorhwebo eziphambili eli lizwe. Oku ngokukodwa iphawulwe kummandla we-Black kunye eBaltic Seas. Oku, baba nefuthe kwi imeko neAfrika.

ichweba

Izithuthi kunye nemeko yendawo ye Russia namhlanje kunokuba nzima. Eli lizwe uye phantse kunqunyulwa aseBalti. A zibuko jikelele entshona namhlanje St. Petersburg. Inika inethiwekhi yangaphakathi yomendo leyo diverge ngathi fan kumacala ahlukeneyo kulo. Kaliningradskij Viborgskiy amazibuko kwaye babe nomthamo aphantsi kunye ingxinano. In the Black Sea-Azov lwesitya sokuhlambela, kukho iqela iingxaki. Kule ndawo esebenza kumazibuko amabini - Tuapse kunye Novorossiysk. Ngabo amazwe oyile kunye neenkozo amazwe. Kodwa ezi amazibuko akukho piers ngenxa yokulayisha impahla neenkonkxa isiqwenga. Transport and indawo okuyo of Russia kwakhona nzima nangakumbi ngumba wokuba kumzantsi emntla-ntshona kukho iziza yonxweme zikulungele ukwakhiwa kwe mkhumbi ngaphandle iindleko umda.

Northern Way

Ekhoyo izithuthi kunye indawo okuyo of Russia kakhulu eyenza ikhonkco elwandle kunye United of the West ngokusebenzisa i-Black kunye eBaltic ziilwandle. Kunye nale kwandisa indima amazibuko wasentla. Le ndlela lu dityanisiwe ophezulu-inkululeko kunokuba ababehamba yingozi. Noko ke, okwangoku kakhulu yingxaki nokoyika ukwandisa umthamo amazibuko wasentla. Ukuguqulwa kwendlela eya emendweni emikhulu athathe eminyaka. Ngoko ke, ngo-1932, ukususela Murmansk ukuya kwi wethu Strait, kwaye ngo-1935 - kwenzeka ngaphandle icebreaker ebusika Vladivostok "Siberians". ukuqubha rhoqo sele iqalile ukususela 1937. Iinqanawa Kwamthatha ngenyanga yokugubungela umgama. Ukuhamba indlela esemantla ziinyanga ezili-4. Le umendo inxibelelanisa i-East Far namazibuko baseYurophu, umlomo yemilambo zaseSiberia. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba eSiberia phantse akukho ezinye iindlela zokuhamba. Kulo mba, ixabiso kumgca wasentla uya kwandisa kuphela.

Far East

Etshintshileyo kususela kwimihla USSR zothutho kunye indawo okuyo of Russia, iingenelo neengozi xa sijonga kwingingqi nganye zisekuhleni kanye, nto enyanzela urhulumente ukuba babuyekeze iinzame zayo kuphuhliso kwimimandla ekwanti. Oku, ingakumbi, linxulunyaniswa nophuhliso ezibuthathaka zawo ezingqongileyo Far Eastern. Kwaye kukho iingenelo kule ngingqi. Enye yezinto ezincedayo waseMpuma Ekude kukunika iziphumo kwi-Pacific Ocean. Ukuba ukuphuhlisa olu lwalathiso, kunokwenzeka ukuba kakhulu ngcono izithuthi kunye indawo okuyo yaseRashiya. Nobubi le Namhlanje imeko ekhoyo kwi-East Far zibangelwa kuphela zangaphakathi kodwa iimeko zangaphandle. Ngoko ke, kusekho izikhalazo eJapan phezu ziqithi.

zikaloliwe

Ingakumbi ukuthutha kunye indawo okuyo of Russia wabonakalisa nje kuphela kuphuhliso iindlela yolwandle. Namhlanje kukho iingxaki ezinxulumene ne ukusebenza kwezithuthi kaloliwe. Imizekelo zezithuthi Russian kunye indawo okuyo eSoviet kwaye ngoku ndingqina ngokucacileyo oku. Ngoko ke, kule minyaka ye-USSR phezu imida esentshona zokunqumla kaloliwe 25 bagxila. Namhlanje, i-Russian Federation kuphela 3:

1. Ukususela ummandla eKaliningrad ukuya ePoland e Brest.
2. Nge eFinland.
3. Ukusuka St. Petersburg ukuya Grodno.

Bawo zohambo indawo zisekuhleni kwaye neRashiya endle kwezithuthi ezindleleni. Siwele emendweni ncam enzele eli lizwe. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, kukho ebonakalayo uxhotyiso olunyiniweyo kaloliwe kunye neendlela, kwakunye elwandle kunye emlanjeni namachweba.

EGP nezothutho-geographical Isikhundla Russia

Ukuze ubone indawo kwilizwe xa kuthelekiswa namanye amazwe, ukuhlalutya indawo yayo kwiziko enkulu yezoqoqosho kunye nenkcubeko. Ngokutsho kwezi zalathisi, ayivavanyi izithuthi kunye indawo okuyo yaseRashiya. Xa kuhlalutywa izikali ezahlukeneyo asetyenziswa:

1. kumanqanaba asezantsi. Lubonakala yi isikhundla lizwe jikelele, ehlabathini ngokumalunga mpumalanga, amaziko aphambili ezoqoqosho ngamazwe kunye nezopolitiko, iindlela zothutho.
2. Eziphakathi. Yena ephawula lizwe ngokunxulumene kumaqela amazwe eyenza imimandla zembali (Asia-Pacific, South Asia).
3. kumgangatho. Kule isikali, lacazulula uthutho kunye indawo okuyo of Russia ngokunxulumene kumazwe kumda.

indawo neAfrika ibonisa urhulumente kwi mephu kwezopolitiko zehlabathi. EGP luphawulwa indawo lizwe kwinqanaba kwezoqoqosho. Ukulinganisa ukwenza amaziko yezoqoqosho ephambili zehlabathi. EGP umiselwa zothutho kunye nendawo wejografi.

ezicwangciseke

Ngenxa yotshintsho kwimeko neAfrika, nayiphi na ukufuduka kwemali. Ngenxa ngokuwa USSR kwi lwabiwo yabasebenzi Russian yaqala. nokuphuma yokufudukela ethutyana baqalisa ukuhlala kwi Urals nommandla iVolga. Ipesenti enkulu kwasala Krasnodar kunye aseStavropol imimandla. Kunye iintshukumo ngokwelizwe baqalisa lokufuduswa empi kwiindawo umda. iinguqu ezibalulekileyo amakishiweyo isikhundla xa kuthelekiswa namaqabane urhwebo lwengingqi, iziko woshishino iindlela zothutho.

kokuhlala ngokobuhlanga

Namhlanje, imimandla ezisemajukujukwini imimiselo efanelekileyo zokwenza imisebenzi yezoqoqosho. Kukho iindawo kunye neengxaki ezithile kumashishini. Iqela lokuqala ke ezo ngaphakathi kummandla eziphembelela ezinkulu federal yokuhamba neenafu: Moscow kunye mmandla, imimandla yaselunxwemeni, ummandla Sverdlovsk, Perm. kwaye njalo njalo. Iqela lesibini liquka iingingqi ibekwe besiza: ummandla iVolga-Vyatka, Western naseMpuma eSiberia, i Magadan Oblast, Komi Republic kunye nezinye iindawo neuropathy.

eziza politiko

Mbali baqikelela ukuba USSR waba biopolyarnom ehlabathini (Melika - NATO, eSoviet Union - lombutho isiVumelwano Warsaw). Emva kokuba ngokuwa zatshintsha indawo neAfrika yaseRashiya. Ihlabathi iye multipolar. Kumgaqo-nkqubo wayo, Russia kufuneka akugxininisi naliphi iqela elinye lamazwe. Okwangoku, links kubalulekile kuphela ithi ico. Kuba Russia kuqala namhlanje isebenza ukuseka intsebenziswano kunye onke amazwe apho kwiimarike kusenokuba yinzuzo ukuba bathengise imveliso yabo bathenge impahla eziphelelwe ngokwakho. Urhulumente ukuba sigxininise kwezo magunya, leyo kunika ithuba lokuba ufumane ekwiqondo eliphezulu lobudlelwano bangaphandle. eziphambili ziye enxulumene ngaphambili kunye nenani yeemeko kwakusebenza ngoko. Namhlanje le meko itshintshe. Ngako oko, nezi ndlela zintsha kunye eziphambili. Balwela ukuba:

1. Southern kunye neNtshona yeYurophu. anonxibelelwano oluluqilima ziye zasekwa kunye eJamani.
2. Eastern European States. Baya Russia uceba ukuvuselela nokuphucula unxibelelwano.
3. amazwe Asia-Pacific (China, India, Japan, Korea).

Utshintsho kwi imeko neAfrika ziye zabangela eziliqela neziphumo ezibi. Okwangoku, urhwebo amazwe kunye namazwe yasentshona kunye ikhweyitha esemazantsi phakathi kwamazwe ico. Oku nzima kakhulu imisebenzi zothutho kunye nomsebenzi yohlobo ngamazwe amafutha kunye namandla ezintsonkothileyo.

isiphelo

Okwangoku, Russia usenayo indima enye abathumela zinkulu izinto ekrwada. Ngelo xesha linye lizwe umngenisi lotyalo-mali kunye nomthengi iimpahla ekurhwebeni ehlabathini. Nangona kunjalo, i "umzekelo resource" kuzisa umvuzo ethile, asikwazi ukuqinisekisa ngokupheleleyo uphuhliso olukhawulezayo noluzinzileyo karhulumente. Oku kubangelwa ubukhulu becala ngokuncipha kwamabala ezikhoyo, ukunqongophala kwenkxaso-mali eyaneleyo ukuze uphuhliso lobuchwepheshe wear izixhobo iinyembezi, iphelelwe kobugcisa nemveliso nokuqhutywa entsha. Omnye wemiba ephambili kwilizwe namhlanje, ngokutsho iingcali, inxaxheba Mandibabalwe iiprojekthi amaninzi abantu emhlabeni wonke. Russia okwangoku inxaxheba ngokukhutheleyo kwicandelo yehlabathi yabasebenzi. Nangona kunjalo, le nkqubo sikhatshwa zombini iziphumo ezintle nezimbi. Plus limi yi kukuba urhulumente unalo ithuba kuthenga kwimarike yamazwe ngamazwe, impahla eziyimfuneko kunye neenkonzo ngamaxabiso afikelelekayo kakhulu. Ngelo xesha, ilizwe nayo i kumazwe angaphandle. Ukuba amaxabiso lwangaphandle liba ngaphezu basekhaya, isiphumo salo msebenzi iya kuba mibi. Ekubeni zonke iingxaki, urhulumente ubamba-nkqubo ngokomgangatho omtsha. Kule iingenelo isetyenziswa ngokubanzi indawo. Namhlanje, eli lizwe kumazwe top ezilishumi aye asayina isivumelwano kwintsebenziswano kumgangatho wamazwe ngamazwe kunye aseBalti. Isivumelwano efanayo na amandla kunye yoLwandle Black.